Urban Drainage

Name: Urban Drainage
Price: 6390 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: David Butler; Christopher Digman; Christos Makropoulos; John W. Davies
ISBN: 9781040229101

Höfundar: David Butler; Christopher Digman; Christos Makropoulos; John W. Davies (Útgáfa: 5)

Kaup valmöguleikar

This new edition of a well-established textbook covers the health, environmental, and engineering aspects of the management of rainwater and wastewater in areas of human development. Urban Drainage deals comprehensively not only with the design of new systems but also with the analysis and upgrading of existing infrastructure. Keeping its balance of principles, practice, and research, the fifth edition has had the most comprehensive update of any edition so far.

It includes a new chapter on urban drainage planning, some significant restructuring of others and the introduction of new topics, including emerging contaminants, wastewater surveillance, AI, digital twins, and cyber-physical security. It also addresses current concerns about climate change impacts and intermittent wastewater pollution, and new ideas about sustainable and resilient systems. In all cases, the aim is to provide comprehensive, authoritative, and evidence-based content prioritising innovation, improved methods, and solutions.

This is an essential text for undergraduates and graduate students, lecturers, and researchers in water engineering, environmental engineering, public health engineering, engineering hydrology, and related non-engineering disciplines. It also serves as a dependable and up-to-date reference for drainage engineers in water service providers, local authorities, and consulting engineers. Throughout the text, extensive examples are used to support and demonstrate the key issues.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi: Taylor & Francis

ISBN: 9781040229101

Print ISBN: 9781032528359

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 5

Höfundar: David Butler; Christopher Digman; Christos Makropoulos; John W. Davies

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2024-12-24

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Verkfræði

Efnisflokkar: Tækni og verkfræði › Almennt Tækni og verkfræði › Stíflur og lón Tækni og verkfræði › Vatnsveitur

Kaflar

Cover Page
Half Title page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Half Title
Readership
Acknowledgements
Notation
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 What is urban drainage?
1.2 Effects of urbanisation
1.3 Effects of climate change
1.4 Urban drainage priorities
1.4.1 Public health
1.4.2 Minimising adverse impacts
1.5 History
1.5.1 Ancient civilisations
1.5.2 Ancient to modern
1.5.3 London
1.6 Geography
1.7 Types of system
1.7.1 Combined systems
1.7.2 Separate systems
1.7.3 Mixed and partially separate systems
1.7.4 Non-pipe systems
1.8 Urban water system
1.9 Changing context
1.10 Future challenges
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 2 Water quality
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basics
2.2.1 Strength
2.2.2 Equivalent concentrations
2.3 Parameters
2.3.1 Sampling and analysis
2.3.2 Solids
2.3.2.1 Gross solids
2.3.2.2 Grit
2.3.2.3 Suspended solids
2.3.2.4 Volatile solids
2.3.3 Oxygen
2.3.3.1 Dissolved oxygen
2.3.4 Organic compounds
2.3.4.1 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
2.3.4.2 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
2.3.4.3 Total organic carbon (TOC)
2.3.5 Nitrogen
2.3.5.1 Organic nitrogen (org.N)
2.3.5.2 Ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N)
2.3.5.3 Nitrite and nitrate nitrogen (NO2−−N,NO3−−N)
2.3.6 Phosphorus
2.3.7 Sulphur
2.3.8 Hydrocarbons
2.3.9 FOG
2.3.10 Heavy metals and synthetic compounds
2.3.11 Microorganisms
2.3.12 Priority substances
2.3.12.1 Phthalates
2.3.12.2 PFAS
2.3.13 Micro- and nanoplastics
2.4 Processes
2.4.1 Hydrolysis
2.4.2 Aerobic degradation
2.4.2.1 Nitrification
2.4.3 Denitrification
2.4.4 Anaerobic degradation
2.5 Receiving water impacts
2.5.1 Emissions
2.5.2 Processes
2.5.3 Specific impacts
2.5.3.1 DO depletion
2.5.3.2 Eutrophication
2.5.3.3 Toxics
2.5.3.4 Public health
2.5.3.5 Aesthetics
2.5.4 Other causes of pollution
2.5.5 Scale and severity
2.6 Receiving water standards
2.6.1 Legislation and regulatory regime
2.6.1.1 Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
2.6.1.2 Bathing Water Directive
2.6.1.3 Water Framework Directive
2.6.1.4 Marine Strategy Framework Directive
2.6.2 Urban Pollution Management (UPM) Manual
2.6.3 Environmental quality standards
2.6.3.1 Freshwater aquatic life standards
2.6.3.2 Shellfish standards
2.6.3.3 Bathing standards
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 3 Wastewater
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Domestic
3.2.1 Water use
3.2.1.1 Climate and weather
3.2.1.2 Demography and user behaviour
3.2.1.3 Socio-economic factors
3.2.1.4 Development type
3.2.1.5 Extent of and type of metering and water conservation measures
3.2.1.6 COVID-19 pandemic
3.2.1.7 Quantification
3.2.2 Water–wastewater relationship
3.2.3 Temporal variability
3.2.3.1 Long term
3.2.3.2 Annual
3.2.3.3 Weekly
3.2.3.4 Diurnal
3.2.4 Appliances
3.3 Non-domestic
3.3.1 Commercial
3.3.2 Industrial
3.4 Infiltration and inflow
3.4.1 Problems
3.4.2 Quantification
3.4.3 Exfiltration
3.5 Wastewater quality
3.5.1 Pollutant sources
3.5.1.1 Human excreta
3.5.1.2 Toilet/WC
3.5.1.3 Food
3.5.1.4 Washing, laundry, and consumer products
3.5.1.5 Industry
3.5.1.6 Carriage water and groundwater
3.5.2 Pollutant levels
3.6 Wastewater-based epidemiology
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 4 Rainfall
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Measurement
4.2.1 Rain gauges
4.2.1.1 Siting
4.2.2 Radar
4.2.3 Satellites
4.2.4 Microwave links
4.2.5 Other approaches
4.2.6 Data requirements
4.3 Analysis
4.3.1 Basics
4.3.2 IDF relationships
4.3.2.1 Definition
4.3.2.2 Derivation
4.3.2.3 IDFs in practice
4.3.3 Wallingford Procedure
4.3.4 Annual rainfall
4.3.5 Areal extent
4.3.6 Flood Estimation Handbook
4.3.7 Seasonality
4.4 Single events
4.4.1 Synthetic design storms
4.4.2 Historical single events
4.4.3 Critical input hyetograph (Superstorm)
4.5 Multiple events
4.5.1 Historical time series
4.5.2 Synthetic time series
4.5.2.1 Stochastic rainfall generation
4.5.2.2 Stochastic disaggregation models
4.5.2.3 Comparison of historical and synthetic series
4.6 Climate change
4.6.1 Causes
4.6.2 Future trends
4.6.3 Design rainfall under climate change
4.6.3.1 Design storms
4.6.3.2 Rainfall time series
4.6.4 Implications
4.6.5 Solutions
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 5 Stormwater
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Runoff generation
5.2.1 Initial losses
5.2.1.1 Interception and wetting losses
5.2.1.2 Depression storage
5.2.1.3 Representation
5.2.2 Continuing losses
5.2.2.1 Evapo-transpiration
5.2.2.2 Infiltration
5.2.2.3 Representation
5.2.3 Fixed (Wallingford) runoff equation
5.2.3.1 PIMP
5.2.3.2 SOIL
5.2.3.3 UCWI
5.2.3.4 Limitations
5.2.4 Variable (new) runoff equation
5.2.4.1 Impervious area runoff
5.2.4.2 Pervious area runoff
5.2.5 UK Water Industry Research (UKWIR) runoff equation
5.2.6 Direct runoff approach
5.3 Overland flow
5.3.1 Unit hydrographs
5.3.2 Synthetic unit hydrographs
5.3.3 Time–area diagrams
5.3.4 Reservoir models
5.3.5 Kinematic wave
5.4 Stormwater quality
5.4.1 Pollutant sources
5.4.1.1 Atmospheric deposition
5.4.1.2 Vehicles
5.4.1.3 Buildings and roads
5.4.1.4 Animals
5.4.1.5 De-icing
5.4.1.6 Urban debris
5.4.1.7 Spills/leaks
5.4.2 Surface pollutants
5.4.3 Pollutant levels
5.4.4 Representation
5.4.4.1 Event mean concentrations
5.4.4.2 Regression equations
5.4.4.3 Buildup
5.4.4.4 Washoff
5.5 Sewer misconnections
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 6 System components and layout
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Building drainage
6.2.1 Soil and waste drainage
6.2.1.1 Inside
6.2.1.2 Outside
6.2.1.3 Components
6.2.1.4 Layout
6.2.2 Roof drainage
6.3 System components
6.3.1 Sewers
6.3.1.1 Vertical alignment
6.3.1.2 Horizontal alignment
6.3.2 Manholes
6.3.3 Gully inlets
6.3.4 Ventilation
6.4 Design
6.4.1 Stages
6.4.2 Sewers for adoption
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 7 Hydraulics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic principles
7.2.1 Pressure
7.2.2 Continuity of flow
7.2.3 Flow classification
7.2.4 Laminar and turbulent flow
7.2.5 Energy and head
7.3 Pipe flow
7.3.1 Head (energy) losses
7.3.2 Friction losses
7.3.3 Friction factor
7.3.4 Tables and charts
7.3.4.1 Tables
7.3.4.2 Charts
7.3.5 Roughness
7.3.6 Local losses
7.4 Part-full pipe flow
7.4.1 Normal depth
7.4.2 Geometric and hydraulic elements
7.4.3 Butler–Pinkerton charts
7.4.4 Non-circular sections
7.4.5 Surcharge
7.4.6 Velocity profiles
7.4.7 Minimum velocity
7.4.8 Minimum shear stress
7.4.9 Maximum velocity
7.5 Open-channel flow
7.5.1 Uniform flow
7.5.1.1 Manning’s equation
7.5.2 Nonuniform flow
7.5.3 Specific energy
7.5.4 Critical, subcritical, and supercritical flow
7.5.5 Gradually varied flow
7.5.6 Rapidly varied flow
Problems
Key source
References
Chapter 8 Hydraulic features
8.1 Flow controls
8.1.1 Orifice plate
8.1.2 Penstock
8.1.3 Vortex regulator
8.1.4 Throttle pipe
8.1.5 Flap valve
8.1.6 Summary of characteristics of flow control devices
8.2 Weirs
8.2.1 Transverse weirs
8.2.2 Side weirs
8.3 Sewer drops
8.3.1 Vortex drop shafts
8.3.2 Other sewer drop arrangements
8.4 Inverted siphons
8.5 Gully spacing
8.5.1 Road channel flow
8.5.2 Gully hydraulic efficiency
8.5.3 Gully inlet hydraulics
8.5.4 Spacing
8.5.4.1 Intermediate gullies
8.5.4.2 Initial gullies
8.5.4.3 Potential optimisation
8.6 Culverts
8.6.1 Culverts in urban drainage
8.6.2 Flow cases
Problems
References
Chapter 9 Foul sewers
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Flow regime
9.2 Design
9.2.1 Choice of design period
9.2.2 Criterion of satisfactory service
9.3 Large sewers
9.3.1 Flow patterns
9.3.2 Dry weather flow
9.3.3 Domestic flow (PG)
9.3.3.1 Population (P)
9.3.3.2 Per capita water consumption (G)
9.3.4 Infiltration (I)
9.3.4.1 Measurement
9.3.4.2 Prevention
9.3.5 Non-domestic flows (E)
9.3.6 Peak flow
9.3.7 Design criteria
9.3.7.1 Capacity
9.3.7.2 Self-cleansing
9.3.7.3 Roughness
9.3.7.4 Minimum pipe sizes
9.3.8 Design method
9.4 Small sewers
9.4.1 Discharge unit method
9.4.1.1 Probabilistic framework
9.4.1.2 Design criterion
9.4.1.3 Mixed appliances
9.4.2 Design criteria
9.4.3 Choice of methods
9.5 Solids transport
9.5.1 Large sewers
9.5.2 Small sewers
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 10 Storm sewers
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Flow regime
10.2 Design
10.2.1 Design storm
10.2.2 Optimal design
10.2.3 Return period and design life probability of exceedance
10.3 Contributing area
10.3.1 Catchment area measurement
10.3.2 Land use
10.3.3 Urban creep
10.3.4 Runoff coefficient
10.3.5 Time of concentration
10.3.5.1 Time of entry
10.3.5.2 Time of flow
10.4 Rational Method
10.4.1 Steady-state runoff
10.4.2 Critical rainfall intensity
10.4.2.1 Small areas
10.4.3 Modified Rational Method
10.4.3.1 Volumetric runoff coefficient (Cv)
10.4.3.2 Dimensionless routing coefficient (CR)
10.4.4 Design criteria
10.4.4.1 Capacity
10.4.4.2 Self-cleansing
10.4.4.3 Roughness
10.4.4.4 Minimum pipe sizes
10.4.5 Design method
10.4.6 Limitations
10.5 Time–Area Method
10.5.1 The need
10.5.2 Diagram construction
10.6 Hydrograph methods
10.6.1 Time–Area Method
10.6.1.1 Limitations
10.6.2 Level pool routing method
10.6.3 Limitations
10.7 Undeveloped site runoff
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 11 Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Components
11.2.1 Inlet controls
11.2.1.1 Blue roofs
11.2.1.2 Green roofs
11.2.1.3 Water butts and rainwater harvesting
11.2.1.4 Paved area ponding
11.2.2 Infiltration components
11.2.3 Vegetated surfaces
11.2.4 Pervious pavements
11.2.5 Filter drains
11.2.6 Infiltration basins
11.2.7 Detention basins
11.2.8 Ponds
11.2.9 Constructed wetlands
11.2.10 Oil separators
11.3 Elements of design
11.3.1 Rainfall
11.3.2 Runoff
11.3.3 Conveyance
11.3.4 Inlets and outlets
11.3.5 Exceedance flows
11.3.6 Storage volume related to inflow and outflow
11.3.7 Infiltration from a pervious pavement sub-base
11.3.8 Infiltration from a soakaway or infiltration trench
11.3.8.1 BRE Digest 365 method
11.3.8.2 CIRIA 156 method
11.3.9 Water quality
11.3.9.1 Mass balance
11.3.9.2 Treatment volume
11.3.9.3 Nutrient neutrality
11.3.10 Amenity
11.3.11 Biodiversity
11.3.12 Multiple benefits
11.3.13 Modelling
11.4 SuDS applications
11.4.1 Management train
11.4.2 Retrofit
11.5 Public attitudes and community engagement
11.6 Issues
11.6.1 Long-term performance
11.6.2 Maintenance
11.6.3 Adoption
11.6.4 Costs
11.6.5 Groundwater pollution
11.6.6 Failures
11.7 Site runoff control
11.7.1 Design principles
11.7.1.1 Interception storage (small rainfall events)
11.7.1.2 Long-term storage (extreme rainfall events)
11.7.1.3 Attenuation storage (flow rate limitation)
11.7.1.4 Treatment volume
11.7.2 Non-Statutory Technical Standards (NSTS)
11.7.3 Statutory standards
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 12 Surface water flooding
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Exceedance
12.2.1 Systems interface
12.2.2 Exceedance flow
12.3 Standards
12.4 Flood risk
12.4.1 Flood damage
12.4.1.1 Flood depth
12.4.2 Risk assessment
12.4.3 Surface flood risk maps
12.5 Management
12.5.1 Options
12.5.2 Surface flow features
12.5.2.1 Gully inlets
12.5.2.2 Surface pathways
12.5.2.3 Surface storage
12.5.2.4 Safety
12.5.3 Flood protection of buildings
12.5.3.1 Layout
12.5.3.2 Fabric
12.6 Flood resilience
12.6.1 Attributes
12.6.2 Performance
12.6.3 Combined approach
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 13 Combined sewers and combined sewer overflows
13.1 Introduction
13.2 System flows
13.2.1 Low flow rates
13.3 The role of CSOs
13.3.1 Flow
13.3.2 Pollution
13.3.3 First foul flush
13.4 Control of pollution
13.4.1 CSO permits and standards
13.4.1.1 Technical Committee Formula A
13.4.1.2 Scottish Development Department (SDD)
13.4.1.3 Freshwater standards
13.4.1.4 Estuaries and coastal water standards
13.4.1.5 Shellfish waters standards
13.4.1.6 Bathing waters standards
13.4.1.7 Aesthetic control standards
13.4.2 Storm Overflows Discharge Reduction Plan
13.4.2.1 Protecting the environment
13.4.2.2 Protecting public health in designated bathing waters
13.4.2.3 Ensuring storm overflows operate only in unusually heavy rainfall events
13.4.3 Monitoring
13.5 CSO design
13.5.1 High side weir
13.5.1.1 Principles
13.5.1.2 Dimensions and layout
13.5.2 Screens
13.5.2.1 Principles
13.5.2.2 Development
13.5.2.3 Dimensions and layout
13.5.3 Stilling pond
13.5.3.1 Principles
13.5.3.2 Development
13.5.3.3 Dimensions and layout
13.5.4 Hydrodynamic vortex separator
13.5.4.1 Principles
13.5.4.2 Development
13.5.4.3 Dimensions and layout
13.5.5 WRcCSO
13.5.5.1 Principles
13.5.5.2 Development
13.5.5.3 Dimensions and layout
13.5.6 Storage
13.5.6.1 Principles
13.5.6.2 Development
13.5.6.3 Dimensions and layout
13.6 CSO design details
13.6.1 Design return period
13.6.2 Diameter of inflow pipe
13.6.3 Creating good inlet flow conditions
13.6.4 Weirs
13.6.5 Selecting, sizing and accommodating the screen
13.6.6 Control of outflow
13.6.7 Chamber invert
13.6.8 Top water level
13.6.9 Access
13.7 CSO performance
13.7.1 Pollutant removal
13.7.2 Choice of design
13.8 System management
13.8.1 Problems
13.8.2 Options
13.8.2.1 Treatment options
13.8.2.2 Sewer separation
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 14 Storage
14.1 Function of storage
14.2 Overall design
14.2.1 Online
14.2.2 Offline
14.2.3 Flow control
14.3 Sizing
14.3.1 Preliminary storage sizing
14.3.2 Storage routing
14.4 Level pool (or reservoir) routing
14.5 Storage routing using variation of water depth with time
14.6 Optimal location of storage
Problems
References
Chapter 15 Pumped systems
15.1 Why use a pumping system?
15.2 General arrangement of a pumping system
15.3 Hydraulic design
15.3.1 Pump characteristics
15.3.2 System characteristics
15.3.3 Power
15.3.4 Pumps in parallel
15.3.5 Suction and delivery pipes
15.4 Rising mains
15.4.1 Differences from gravity sewers
15.4.1.1 Hydraulic gradient
15.4.1.2 Flow is not continuous
15.4.1.3 Power input
15.4.1.4 The pipes are under pressure
15.4.2 Design features
15.4.3 Surge
15.5 Types of pump
15.6 Pumping station design
15.6.1 Main elements
15.6.1.1 Wet well–dry well
15.6.1.2 Wet well only
15.6.2 Number of pumps
15.6.3 Control
15.6.4 Sump volume
15.6.5 Flow arrangements
15.6.6 Maintenance
15.6.7 Energy demands
15.7 Non-gravity systems
15.8 Energy use and net zero emissions
Problems
References
Chapter 16 Sewer construction and rehabilitation
16.1 Types of construction
16.2 Pipes
16.2.1 General
16.2.2 Materials
16.2.2.1 Clay
16.2.2.2 Concrete
16.2.2.3 Ductile iron
16.2.2.4 Steel
16.2.2.5 Unplasticised PVC (PVC-U)
16.2.2.6 Polyethylene (PE)
16.2.2.7 Other materials
16.2.2.8 Sizes
16.2.3 Pipe joints
16.2.3.1 Spigot and socket
16.2.3.2 Sleeve
16.2.3.3 Bolted flange joints
16.2.3.4 Heat fusion jointing
16.3 Structural design
16.4 Site investigation
16.4.1 Site investigation for construction
16.4.2 Underground assets
16.5 Open-trench construction
16.5.1 Excavation
16.5.2 Pipe laying
16.6 Tunnelling
16.6.1 Lining
16.6.1.1 Primary lining
16.6.1.2 Secondary lining
16.6.2 Ground treatment and control of groundwater
16.6.2.1 Dewatering
16.6.2.2 Ground freezing
16.6.2.3 Injection of grouts or chemicals
16.6.2.4 Compressed air
16.6.3 Excavation
16.7 Trenchless methods
16.7.1 Pipejacking
16.7.2 Microtunnelling
16.7.3 Auger boring
16.7.4 Directional drilling (DD)
16.7.5 Impact moling
16.7.6 Pipe ramming
16.7.7 Timber headings
16.8 Rehabilitation – introduction
16.8.1 The need for rehabilitation
16.8.2 Rehabilitation approaches
16.9 Methods of structural renovation and repair
16.9.1 Renovation
16.9.1.1 Laterals
16.9.1.2 Cleaning
16.9.1.3 Structural aspects
16.9.2 Repair
16.10 Hydraulic rehabilitation
Problems
Key sources
References
Standards and specifications
Chapter 17 Sediments
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Origins
17.2.1 Definition
17.2.2 Sources
17.3 Effects
17.3.1 Problems
17.3.2 Hydraulic
17.3.2.1 Suspension
17.3.2.2 Geometry
17.3.2.3 Bed roughness
17.3.3 Pollution
17.3.4 Transport
17.3.5 Entrainment
17.3.6 Transport
17.3.7 Deposition
17.3.8 Sediment beds and bed-load transport
17.4 Characteristics
17.4.1 Deposited sediment
17.4.1.1 Physical characteristics
17.4.1.2 Chemical characteristics
17.4.1.3 Significance of deposits
17.4.2 Mobile sediment
17.4.2.1 Suspension
17.4.2.2 Near-bed
17.4.2.3 Granular bed-load
17.4.2.4 Particle size
17.5 Self-cleansing design
17.5.1 Velocity based
17.5.2 Tractive force based
17.5.3 The CIRIA method
17.5.3.1 Self-cleansing
17.5.3.2 Movement criteria
17.5.3.3 Design procedure
17.5.3.4 Limitations
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 18 Operation and maintenance
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Maintenance strategies
18.2.1 Public health
18.2.2 Asset management
18.2.3 Maintain hydraulic capacity
18.2.4 Minimise pollution and maintain public health and safety
18.2.5 Minimise disruption
18.2.6 Reactive maintenance
18.2.7 Planned maintenance
18.2.8 Operational functions
18.2.9 Maintenance scheduling
18.3 Sewer location and inspection
18.3.1 Applications
18.3.2 Frequency
18.3.3 Locational survey
18.3.4 Manual inspection
18.3.5 Closed-circuit television (CCTV)
18.3.5.1 Propulsion
18.3.5.2 Camera operation
18.3.5.3 Manhole zoom cameras (MZCs)
18.3.5.4 Limitations
18.3.5.5 Automation
18.3.6 Other techniques
18.3.6.1 Laser profiling
18.3.6.2 LiDAR scanning
18.3.6.3 Sonar
18.3.6.4 Infrared
18.3.6.5 Acoustics
18.3.6.6 UAVs
18.3.7 Data storage and management
18.4 Sewer monitoring
18.4.1 Flow surveys
18.4.2 CSO monitors
18.4.3 Smart manholes
18.5 Sewer blockage
18.5.1 Definition
18.5.2 Causes
18.5.2.1 Gross solids/sanitary waste (input)
18.5.2.2 FOG/scale (input)
18.5.2.3 Sediment (input)
18.5.2.4 Defects (system)
18.5.2.5 Traps (system)
18.5.2.6 Intruding laterals (system)
18.5.2.7 Tree roots (system)
18.5.3 Prediction and detection
18.5.4 Blockage control
18.5.4.1 Flushability standards
18.5.4.2 Customer awareness campaigns
18.5.4.3 Operational techniques
18.6 Sewer cleaning
18.6.1 Objectives
18.6.2 Cleaning techniques
18.6.2.1 Rodding or boring
18.6.2.2 Winching or dragging
18.6.2.3 Jetting
18.6.2.4 Flushing
18.6.2.5 Hand excavation
18.6.2.6 Invert traps
18.6.2.7 Gully pots
18.6.3 Comparison of methods
18.6.4 FOG control
18.6.4.1 At source
18.6.4.2 Recycling
18.6.4.3 Chemical treatment
18.6.4.4 Bio-augmentation
18.7 Ancillary and network equipment maintenance
18.8 SuDS maintenance
18.9 Health and safety
18.9.1 Atmospheric hazards
18.9.2 Physical injury
18.9.3 Infectious diseases
18.9.4 Safety equipment
18.9.5 Rodent control
18.10 Gas generation and control
18.10.1 Mechanisms
18.10.2 Favourable conditions
18.10.3 Sulphide buildup
18.10.4 H2S control
18.10.4.1 Sewerage detail design
18.10.4.2 Ventilation
18.10.4.3 Aeration
18.10.4.4 Oxidation
18.10.4.5 Chemical addition
18.10.5 Greenhouse gases
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 19 Planning
19.1 What is drainage planning?
19.1.1 Need and development
19.1.2 Frameworks in practice
19.1.3 Wider asset management
19.2 Creating drainage plans
19.2.1 Elements that steer drainage plans
19.2.1.1 Cost
19.2.1.2 Carbon
19.2.1.3 Benefits
19.2.1.4 Level of service and risk management
19.2.1.5 Legal and regulatory requirements
19.2.1.6 Investment choices within a Totex framework
19.2.1.7 Maximising existing asset life and value
19.2.1.8 Responding to public pressure
19.2.2 Understanding asset performance
19.2.2.1 Current and future performance quantification
19.2.2.2 Critical factors
19.2.3 Evaluating costs, carbon and benefits of plans, programmes and projects
19.2.3.1 Determining costs
19.2.3.2 Determining carbon emissions
19.2.3.3 Determining benefits
19.2.3.4 Utilising a cost–carbon–benefit framework
19.2.4 Engaging with stakeholders
19.3 Drainage planning in the broader context
19.3.1 Applying systems thinking
19.3.2 Integrated planning
19.3.3 Creating adaptive plans to align investment choices through collaboration
19.3.3.1 Connecting opportunities from different organisations
19.3.3.2 Creating aligned plans in the future
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 20 Modelling in practice
20.1 Models in urban drainage engineering
20.1.1 Use of models
20.1.2 Model types
20.1.3 Modelling aims
20.2 Urban drainage models in context
20.2.1 The modeller
20.2.2 Confidence in the model
20.2.3 Model use
20.3 Elements of urban drainage models
20.3.1 Overview of the components
20.3.2 Rainfall
20.3.3 Rainfall to runoff
20.3.4 Overland flow direct from runoff
20.3.5 Dry weather flow
20.3.6 Infiltration
20.3.7 Surface flooding
20.4 Water quality modelling
20.4.1 The processes to be modelled
20.4.2 Wastewater inflow
20.4.3 Catchment surface
20.4.4 Gully pots
20.4.5 Transport through the system
20.4.6 Pipe and tank deposits
20.5 Matching the modelling approach to the aims
20.6 Setting up and validating a system model
20.6.1 Input data
20.6.2 Model testing
20.6.3 Flow surveys
20.6.4 Model calibration/verification against measured flow data
20.6.5 Evaluating confidence
20.6.6 Documentation
20.7 Using water quality models
20.7.1 Model applications
20.7.2 Types of sewer quality models
20.7.3 Types and complexity of river quality models
20.7.4 Planning an integrated quality study
20.7.4.1 Drivers
20.7.4.2 Catchment boundary
20.7.4.3 Waterbodies
20.7.4.4 River modelling approach
20.7.4.5 Point source discharges
20.7.4.6 Rainfall and evaporation
20.7.5 Input data and model calibration/verification
20.7.6 Data collection in sewers and receiving waters
20.8 Modelling flow in sewers
20.8.1 Representing unsteady flow
20.8.2 The Saint-Venant equations
20.8.3 Simplifications of the full equations
20.8.4 Numerical methods of solution
20.8.5 Surcharge
20.9 Modelling SuDS
20.10 Modelling flooding
20.10.1 DTM/DEMs
20.10.2 Virtual flood cones
20.10.3 One-dimensional–two-dimensional (1D–2D) coupled models
20.10.4 Rapid flood spreading models
20.11 Modelling quality
20.11.1 Advection/dispersion
20.11.2 Completely mixed “tank”
20.11.3 Sediment transport
20.11.3.1 Mechanics
20.11.3.2 Sediment bed
20.11.3.3 Solid attachment
20.11.4 Gross solids
20.11.5 Modelling pollutant transformation
20.11.6 Conservative pollutants
20.11.7 Simple decay expressions
20.11.8 Complex processes approach
20.11.8.1 Oxygen balance
20.11.8.2 Reaeration
20.11.8.3 Oxygen consumption in the bulk flow
20.11.8.4 Oxygen consumption in the biofilm
20.11.8.5 Oxygen consumption in the sediment
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 21 Innovations in modelling
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Alternative, non-physically based, modelling approaches
21.2.1 Empirical models
21.2.2 Machine Learning Models and AI
21.2.3 Conceptual or meta-models
21.2.4 Stochastic models
21.3 Optimisation
21.4 Integrated modelling
21.4.1 Why do we need integrated models?
21.4.2 Defining and classifying the level of integration
21.4.3 Methods and tools for integrated system modelling and design
21.4.4 Benchmarks
21.5 Coupling model to other models: Emerging standards
21.6 Calibration aspects for integrated urban wastewater systems
21.6.1 Computational approaches
21.7 Uncertainty analysis
21.7.1 Types of uncertainty in urban drainage modelling
21.7.2 Uncertainty analysis in urban drainage modelling
21.8 Virtual case studies
21.9 Visualising the results of models
21.9.1 Emerging trends in visualisation: immersive and playful
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 22 Smart systems
22.1 Introduction
22.2 New data sources
22.2.1 Earth observation and soft sensors
22.2.2 Crowdsourcing and citizen observatories
22.3 Digital twins
22.4 Real-time control
22.4.1 Definition
22.4.2 Equipment
22.4.2.1 Sensors
22.4.2.2 Regulators
22.4.2.3 Controllers
22.4.2.4 Data transmission systems
22.4.3 Control
22.4.3.1 Classification
22.4.3.2 Control loop
22.4.3.3 Control strategy
22.4.4 Integrated control
22.4.4.1 Multi-objective control
22.4.4.2 Emerging approaches
22.4.5 Applicability
22.4.6 Benefits and drawbacks
22.5 Early warning systems
22.5.1 Definition and elements
22.5.1.1 Risk knowledge
22.5.1.2 Monitoring and warning service
22.5.1.3 Dissemination
22.5.1.4 Emergency response capacity
22.5.2 Forecast services
22.5.2.1 Flow forecasting models
22.5.2.2 Meteorological predictions
22.5.2.3 Flood occurrence criteria
22.6 Emerging risks in cyber-physical urban water systems
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 23 Low-income communities
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Public health implications
23.2.1 Diseases
23.2.2 Concerns
23.3 Option selection
23.3.1 Sanitation
23.3.2 Storm drainage
23.4 On-site sanitation
23.4.1 Latrines
23.4.1.1 Pit latrine
23.4.1.2 VIP latrines
23.4.1.3 Pour-flush latrines
23.4.1.4 Composting latrines
23.4.1.5 Communal latrines
23.4.2 Septic tank systems
23.4.3 Aqua privies
23.4.4 Urine-diverting dry toilets
23.4.5 New technologies
23.5 Off-site sanitation
23.5.1 Bucket latrines
23.5.2 Vault latrines
23.5.3 Conventional sewerage
23.5.3.1 Septicity
23.5.3.2 Blockage
23.5.4 Unconventional sewerage
23.5.4.1 Simplified sewerage
23.5.4.2 Settled sewerage
23.6 Storm drainage
23.6.1 Flooding
23.6.2 Open drainage
23.6.2.1 Open channels
23.6.2.2 Road-as-drain
23.6.3 Closed drainage
23.6.3.1 Conventional drainage
23.6.3.2 Dual drainage
23.6.4 SuDS
23.7 Grey water management
23.7.1 Options
23.8 Impact of climate change
Problems
Key sources
References
Chapter 24 Towards sustainable and resilient urban water management
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Sustainability: definitions and objectives
24.2.1 Sustainable development
24.2.2 Sustainability
24.2.3 Sustainable urban water management
24.2.4 Sustainability in urban drainage
24.2.5 Sustainability and climate change
24.3 Building sustainability in urban drainage
24.3.1 Strategies
24.3.2 Water transport
24.3.2.1 Downstream performance
24.3.2.2 User acceptance
24.3.2.3 Water and energy consumption
24.3.3 Mixing of industrial and domestic wastes
24.3.4 Mixing of stormwater and wastewater
24.3.5 Integration
24.3.6 Decentralisation – does size matter?
24.3.7 Hybrid grey–green systems
24.4 Promising technologies and approaches
24.4.1 Grey water recycling
24.4.2 Nutrient recycling
24.4.3 Heat recovery
24.5 Assessing sustainability
24.6 Resilience: definitions and objectives
24.6.1 Threats
24.6.2 Interpretations and applications
24.6.3 Resilience and sustainability
24.7 Building resilience in urban drainage
24.7.1 Strategies
24.7.2 Attributes and interventions
24.8 Assessing resilience
24.8.1 Resilience in strategic planning
24.8.2 Developing approaches
24.9 Where to next?
24.9.1 Urban futures
24.9.2 Transition states
24.9.3 Pathways
Problems
Key sources
References
Index