The Substantive Law of the EU

Name: The Substantive Law of the EU
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Author: Catherine Barnard
ISBN: 9780198937999

Höfundur: Catherine Barnard (Útgáfa: 8)

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Þessi leiðandi kennslubók um frelsin fjögur nýtur vinsælda jafnt meðal nemenda sem fræðafólks. Hún hefur að geyma ítarlega og gagnrýna greiningu á meginreglum efnisréttar Evrópusambandsins. The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms veitir einstaka yfirsýn yfir efnið ásamt innsæi sérfræðings, sett fram á hnitmiðuðu og aðgengilegu formi með áhugaverðum dæmisögum og skýringarmyndum.

Fjallar ítarlega um frelsin fjögur og skýrir mikilvægi þeirra fyrir þróun ESB-réttar og framtíð Evrópusambandsins.
Býður upp á gagnrýna greiningu og greinargóðar athugasemdir um helstu álitamál sem móta ESB-rétt og setur meginreglur hans í pólitískt og félagslegt samhengi.
Catherine Barnard er sérfræðingur á sviðinu með mikla reynslu af kennslu og ritstörfum. Framsetning hennar er einstaklega skýr og áhugaverð og umfjöllunin ítarleg án þess að íþyngja lesandanum.
Skýringarmyndir og flæðirit auðvelda skilning á flóknum hugmyndum og ferlum.
Í lok hvers kafla eru leslistar og ítarlegar heimildatilvísanir sem styðja við frekari rannsóknir og undirbúning námsmats.

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Útgefandi: Oxford University Press Academic UK

ISBN: 9780198937999

Print ISBN: 9780198938002

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 8

Höfundar: Catherine Barnard

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2025-07-14

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Lögfræði

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Cover Page
Title page
Copyright page
Table of Contents
New to this Edition
Map of the European Union
Preface
Table of Legislation
Treaties and conventions
Secondary legislation
Regulations
Directives
Decisions
UK Legislation
Statutes
Statutory Instruments
Other jurisdictions
Germany
United States
Table of Cases
Alphabetical
Numerical General Court Cases prefixed ‘T’ are tabled after the ECJ cases in each year
EFTA Court
Table of Equivalences
Abbreviations
List of Tables
List of Figures
Part I Introduction
1 Introduction to the Issues
A. Introduction
B. Free Trade
1. Introduction
2. The Theory of Comparative Advantage
3. The Problems with the Basic Model
3.1 ‘Free’ Trade
3.2 The Creation of Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers
C. The Different Stages of Integration
1. Introduction
2. No Trade Agreements/WTO
3. Free Trade Agreements
4. Customs Union
4.1 What Is It?
4.2 Common External Tariff
5. Common Market, Single Market, and Beyond
5.1 The Common Market
5.2 The Single Market
5.3 Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice
6. Economic, Monetary, and Political Union
D. Understanding the Integration Process
E. The Principles Underpinning the Common Market
1. The Decentralized Model
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Host state control
(a) Non-discrimination
(b) Market Access
Market access v. discrimination tests
The meaning of ‘market access’
Market access v. exercise
The convergence or unity thesis
1.3 Home state control
1.4 Competitive Federalism
2. The Centralized Model
F. Conclusions
Further Reading
Part II Free Movement of Goods
2 Fiscal Measures: Customs Duties and Internal Taxation
A. Introduction
B. ‘Goods’
C. Article 30 TFEU: Customs duties and charges having equivalent effect
1. Introduction
2. Customs Duties
3. Charges Having Equivalent Effect to Customs Duties
3.1 Introduction
3.2 ‘Any pecuniary charge, however small …’
3.3 ‘… whatever its designation and mode of application …’
3.4 ‘… imposed unilaterally on domestic or foreign goods …’
3.5 ‘… by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier …’
3.6 ‘ … even if it is not imposed for the benefit of the State, is not discriminatory or protective in effect and if the product on which the charge is imposed is not in competition with the domestic product.’
4. Derogations?
5. Remedies
5.1 Direct Effect
5.2 Repayment of Unlawful Charges
6. ‘Permissible’ Charges
6.1 Payments for Genuine Administrative Services Rendered to the Importer/Exporter
6.2 Charges for Inspections Required by Union Law
6.3 Charges Falling within the Scope of Internal Taxation
D. Article 110 TFEU: Internal taxation
1. Introduction
2. Member State Autonomy to Determine Its Own Taxation Policies
3. The Scope of Article 110 TFEU
4. Goods Which Are Similar (Article 110(1) TFEU)
4.1 Definition of ‘Similar’
4.2 Types of Discrimination
(a) Direct discrimination
(b) Indirect discrimination
5. Goods Which Are in Competition (Article 110(2) TFEU)
5.1 The Court’s Approach to Article 110(2) TFEU
5.2 The Globalized Approach to Article 110 TFEU?
6. Remedies
E. The boundary between Article 110 TFEU and other Treaty provisions
1. Introduction
2. The ‘Exotic’ Import
3. Para-Fiscal Charges
4. Other ‘Levies’
F. Conclusions
Further reading
3 Non-Fiscal Measures: Quantitative Restrictions and Measures Having Equivalent Effect
A. Introduction
B. Quantitative Restrictions
C. Measures Having Equivalent Effect
1. Introduction
2. What Are Measures Having Equivalent Effect?
2.1 The Dassonville Formula
2.2 ‘All Trading Rules’
2.3 ‘Enacted by Member States’
(a) ‘Enacted’
(b) Direct effect: Vertical and horizontal?
2.4 ‘Directly or Indirectly, Actually or Potentially’
(a) ‘Actually or potentially’
(b) ‘Directly or indirectly’
D. Distinctly Applicable Measures
1. Introduction
2. Examples of Distinctly Applicable Measures
2.1 Imposing an Additional Requirement on the Imported/Exported Goods
2.2 Rules Limiting Channels of Distribution
2.3 National Rules Giving Preference to Domestic Goods
(a) ‘Buy national’ rules
(b) Origin marking rules
(c) Charges
3. Defending Distinctly Applicable Measures
4. Discrimination Arising from Treating National and Imported Goods Alike: Price Fixing
5. ‘Reverse Discrimination’
E. Indistinctly Applicable Measures
1. Introduction
2. The Decision in Cassis de Dijon
2.1 Mandatory Requirements and the Principle of Mutual Recognition
2.2 The Implications of the Decision
2.3 The Commission’s Response to Cassis
3. Product Requirement Cases
4. Article 35 TFEU and Indistinctly Applicable Measures
F. The Market Access Approach
1. Introduction
2. Commission v. Italy (trailers)
3. The Implications of the Trailers Case
G. Litigation Avoidance: Directive 2015/1535 on the Provision of Information in the Field of Technical Standards and Regulations
H. Conclusions
Further Reading
4 Article 34 TFEU and (Certain) Selling Arrangements
A. Introduction
B. Market Circumstances Rules and Article 34 TFEU
1. What Are Market Circumstances Rules?
2. The Court’s Original Approach to Market Circumstances Rules?
3. A New Way of Dealing with the Problem
C. The Decision in Keck
1. The Judgment
2. Certain Selling Arrangements
2.1 The Case Law
2.2 Borderline Cases
3. The Paragraph 16 Proviso
4. Analysis of the Court’s Approach in Keck
D. Problem Situations
1. Discriminatory Selling Arrangements
1.1 The Nature of the Problem
1.2 De Agostini, Heimdienst, and DocMorris
1.3 Presumptions and the Burden of Proof
1.4 Shifting Sands
2. Rules Preventing or (Greatly) Restricting the Use of Goods
3. Rules Preventing or (Severely) Restricting an Activity
4. Non-Discriminatory Selling Arrangements Preventing or Substantially Restricting Access to the Market
5. The Future of Keck
E. Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29
F. Conclusions
Further Reading
5 Derogations and Justifications
A. Introduction
B. The Article 36 TFEU derogations
1. Introduction
2. Public Morality
3. Public Policy
3.1 Public Policy and the Import and Export of Goods
(a) The position under the Treaty
(b) The Monti Regulation
4 Public Security
4.1 Public Security under Article 36 TFEU
4.2 Public Security and other Treaty Provisions
5. The Protection of Health and Life of Humans, Animals, or Plants
5.1 Human Health
(a) What is covered?
(b) Level of scrutiny
(c) Scientific uncertainty and the precautionary principle
(d) Healthcare services
5.2 Animal Health
5.3 Environmental Protection?
6. The Protection of National Treasures Possessing Artistic, Historic, or Archaeological Value
7. The Protection of Industrial and Commercial Property
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The General Principles
7.3 Quasi-IP Cases
8. The Second Sentence of Article 36 TFEU: Arbitrary Discrimination and a Disguised Restriction on Trade
C. The ‘mandatory’ or public interest requirements
1. Introduction
2. Examples of Public Interest Requirements
3. Consumer Protection
4. Environmental Protection
5. Fundamental Rights
D. Proportionality
1. The Test
2. Applying the Proportionality Test
3. The Measures That Can Be Taken by the Defendant State
3.1 Bans, Licences, and Authorizations
3.2 Minimum Pricing v. Taxation
3.3 Labelling
4. Proportionality and Public Health
5. Proceduralization of Proportionality
E. Fundamental human rights
F. Harmonization and trust
G. The Mutual Recognition Regulation 515/2019
H. Conclusions
Further reading
Part III Free Movement of Persons and Services
6 The Free Movement of Persons: Key Principles
A. Introduction
B. The Evolution of and Justification for the Rights to Free Movement
C. Who Benefits from the Free Movement Rules?
1. Personal Scope
1.1 Nationality
1.2 Economic Activity
2. Material Scope
3. Territorial Scope
3.1 The Need for an Inter-State Element
3.2 The Wholly Internal Situation
3.3 Abuse and Fraud
3.4 Reverse Discrimination
D. Establishing a Breach of the Treaty Provision
1. Introduction
2. Refusal of Exit and Entry, and the State’s Freedom to Deport
3. Discrimination on the Grounds of Nationality
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Direct Discrimination/Distinctly Applicable Measures
3.3 Indirect Discrimination/Indistinctly Applicable Measures
(a) Definition
(b) Justifications
3.4 Non-Discriminatory Measures
(a) Pure non-discrimination
(b) Non-discriminatory measures which prevent or hinder market access
4. Going Beyond the Discrimination Model
4.1 The Market Access Approach: Restrictions Liable to Prohibit, Impede, or Render Less Attractive Free Movement
4.2 Problems with the Restrictions Formula
E. Can the Treaty Provisions Be Invoked Against the Defendant?
1. The Question of Direct Effect
2. Remedies
F. Conclusions
Further Reading
7 Free Movement of Workers under Article 45 TFEU and the Self-Employed under Article 49 TFEU
A. Introduction
B. The personal scope of the Treaty provisions
1. Workers
1.1 Genuine and Effective Economic Activity
1.2 Work Seekers
2. The Self-Employed
3. Others Deemed ‘Workers’ and ‘Self-Employed’
C. The rights conferred on workers
1. Introduction
2. Employment Rights
2.1 Access to Employment
(a) Direct discrimination
(b) Indirect discrimination
(c) Non-discriminatory measures which hinder market access
(d) The restrictions/obstacles approach
2.2 Exercise of the Employment
(a) Equal treatment in respect of the terms and conditions of employment
(b) Equal treatment in respect of tax advantages
(c) Equal treatment in respect of social advantages
(d) Equal treatment and vocational training
(e) Equal treatment and other benefits
3. Enforcement of Rights
D. The rights enjoyed by the self-employed
1. Rights of Departure, Entry, and Residence
2. The Right of Access to Self-Employment in the Host State
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Primary and Secondary Establishment
2.3 Equal Treatment and Beyond
(a) The discrimination approach
(b) The ‘restrictions’ approach
(c) Restricting the restrictions approach
3. The Exercise of Activities as a Self-Employed Person
3.1 Equal Treatment and Beyond in Respect of the Exercise of Self-Employment
3.2 Equal Treatment in Respect of Social Advantages
3.3 Equal Treatment and Beyond in Respect of Tax Advantages
E. Qualifications
1. The Context
2. The Recognition of Professional Qualifications Directive
2.1 The Basic Rules
2.2 Free Provision of Services
2.3 Freedom of Establishment
(a) System of automatic recognition of qualifications for specific professions
(b) System of automatic recognition of qualifications attested by professional experience in certain industrial, craft, and commercial activities
(c) The general system for the recognition of professional qualifications
(d) Common provisions
(e) Abuse
F. Conclusions
Further reading
8 Freedom for Individuals to Provide and Receive Services
A. Introduction
B. Who can rely on Articles 56 and 57 TFEU?
1. The Three Aspects of the Freedom
1.1 The Freedom to Provide Services
1.2 The Freedom to Travel to Receive Services
1.3 Neither Provider nor Recipient Travels
2. Performance of a Service for Remuneration
2.1 What Activities Constitute ‘Services’?
2.2 Services Are ‘Normally Provided for Remuneration’
(a) The need for an economic link
(b) Services and the welfare state
2.3 The Temporary Nature of Services
C. The rights conferred on service providers and receivers
1. Rights of Departure, Entry, and Residence
2. Rights of Access to the Market in Services in Other Member States
2.1 Discriminatory Measures
(a) Comparator
(b) Distinctly applicable measures
(c) Indistinctly applicable measures
(d) Non-discriminatory measures
2.2 Measures ‘Liable to Prohibit or Otherwise Impede’ Freedom to Provide Services
2.3 Justification and Proportionality
(a) Grounds of justification
(b) Home state control
(c) Proportionality
3. The Exercise of Service Activity
3.1 Social Advantages
3.2 Tax Advantages
D. The healthcare cases
1. Introduction
2. Kohll and Decker: Opening Up the Market
3. Intramural Care
4. Extramural Care
5. Application of These Principles to a Benefits-in-Kind System
6. The Patients’ Rights Directive
E. Conclusions
Further reading
9 Union Citizenship
A. Introduction
B. Citizenship of the Union
1. Introduction
2. Rights and Duties
2.1 The Main Treaty Provisions
2.2 The Citizens’ Rights Directive (CRD) 2004/38
3. Membership
3.1 Nationality
(a) Article 20(1) TFEU
(b) Depriving the individual of the status conferred by Article 20 TFEU
(c) Limitations on Article 20 rights
3.2 Belonging and Identity
4. Participation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Elections to the European Parliament
4.3 Deliberative or Participatory Democracy
4.4 Direct Participation
4.5 Access to Justice
C. The Citizens’ Rights Directive: Personal scope
1. The Union citizen
2. Family Members
2.1 Mandatory Admission
(a) Spouse
(b) Registered partners
(c) Descendants under 21 and dependent descendants and ascendants
2.2 Discretionary Admission
D. The Citizens’ Rights Directive: Rights of departure, entry, and return
1. The Right to Depart From the Home State and the Need for Travel Documents
2. The Right to Enter the Host State
3. The Right to Return to the Home State
E. The Citizens’ Rights Directive: The right of residence in the host state
1. ‘Right of Residence’ For Up to Three Months
2. ‘Right of Residence’ For More Than Three Months and Up to Five Years
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Persons of Independent Means
(a) Sufficient resources
(b) Comprehensive Sickness Insurance
2.3 Students
2.4 The Effect of Dano and the subsequent case law
(a) Grzelczyk and Baumbast
(b) Dano and beyond
2.5 Family Members’ Rights
(a) Family members’ right to reside
(b) Family members’ rights on the death or departure of the Union citizen or on divorce
2.6 Administrative Requirements
2.7 Expulsion Decision
3. Right of Permanent Residence
3.1 Article 16: Five Years’ Residence
3.2 Article 17: Other Ways of Acquiring Permanent Residence
3.3 Administrative Formalities
F. The Citizens’ Rights Directive: The right to equal treatment for EU citizens and their family members
1. Article 24(1) and (2) CRD
1.1 The Right
1.2 Derogations
(a) Social assistance (SA)
(b) Student grants or loans
1.3 The Residual role of Article 21 TFEU
2. Tax Advantages
3. Specific Rights for Family Members
3.1 Right to Work
3.2 Equal Treatment and Schooling
3.3 Equal Treatment and Housing
G. Conclusions
Further reading
10 Legally Resident Third-Country Nationals
A. Introduction
B. Measures concerning those already lawfully resident in the EU
1. Family Reunification
2. Rights of Long-Term Residents
C. The ‘first admissions’ Directives
1. Introduction
2. Students and Volunteers Directive
3. The Blue Card Directive
4. The Horizontal Directive
5. Seasonal Workers and Intra-Corporate Transferees
6. Interim Conclusions
D. The rights of Turkish workers and their families in the EU
1. Introduction
2. Employment Rights
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Criteria under Article 6(1)
2.3 Other Rights
3. Family Rights
3.1 The Right to Employment
3.2 The Position of a Turkish Worker’s Children
4. Derogations
E. The Withdrawal Agreement and the EU Settlement Scheme
F. Conclusions
Further reading
11 Freedom of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services: Legal Persons
A. Introduction
B. The freedom of establishment
1. Introduction
2. The Rights Conferred on Legal Persons
2.1 The Right of Departure and right of entry
(a) Introduction
(b) Daily Mail, Polbud, and home state rules
(c) Host state rules on conversion
(d) The right to establish a branch or agency in another Member State
2.2 Access to the Market of the Host State
(a) Primary and secondary establishment
(b) From equal treatment to the restrictions approach
2.3 The Exercise of the Right of Establishment
2.4 Taxation
(a) Introduction
(b) Principles of tax law in cross-border situations
(c) Marks & Spencer
(d) A shift to the discrimination approach
(e) Prevention of abuse of law: Wholly artificial arrangements
(f) Remedies
C. Freedom to provide and receive services
1. The Rights Conferred on Service Providers and Receivers
1.1 The Rights of Access to the Host State’s Market on Equal Terms with Nationals
1.2 The Right of Access to the Host State’s Market Without Restrictions
(a) Examples of restrictions
(b) Restricting the restrictions approach
(c) Gambling cases
(d) Restrictions created by the home state
2. The Position of the Provider’s Workforce
2.1 The Decision in Rush Portuguesa and the Posted Workers Directive 96/71
2.2 The Decision in Laval
2.3 Directive 2018/957
2.4 Administrative Controls and the Enforcement Directive 2014/67
3. Tax Advantages
3.1 The Provision of Services
3.2 Receipt of Services
4. Abuse
D. The Services Directive 2006/123
1. Scope
1.1 The Meaning of Services
1.2 Requirements, Restrictions, and Barriers
2. Exclusions, Limitations, and Derogations
2.1 Exclusions and Limitations
2.2 Other Derogations
3. Chapter III Establishment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Wholly Internal Situations
3.3 Authorization Schemes
(a) The rules
(b) ORRPI
(c) The criteria for granting authorization
(d) Procedural protection
3.4 ‘Other Requirements’
(a) Prohibited requirements
(b) Suspect requirements
3.5 Reporting, Mutual Evaluation, and the Standstill Provision
4. Chapter IV Freedom to Provide Services
4.1 Article 16(1): Freedom to Provide Services v. The CoOP
4.2 Article 16(2): Particularly Suspect Requirements
4.3 (Narrow) Justifications
4.4 Derogations
4.5 The Reporting Provisions
5. Rights of Recipients of Services
6. Quality of Services
7. The Role of the State
E. Conclusions
Further reading
12 Derogations and Justifications
A. Introduction
B. Public policy, public security, and public health
1. Introduction
2. Public Policy and Public Security
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Public Policy, Public Security, and the Individual
(a) Personal conduct
(b) Public security
2.3 Public Policy, Public Security, and Legal Persons
2.4 Broader public policy concerns of the state
3. Public Health
3.1 Public Health and the Individual
3.2 Public Health and Welfare Policies of States
4. Measures Which Can Be Taken Against a Person Exercising Free Movement Rights
4.1 Exclusion or Expulsion
4.2 Other Measures
4.3 The Right to Reapply
5. Procedural Requirements
5.1 General Provisions
5.2 Remedies
(a) The CRD rules
(b) Access to judicial redress: Appeal and review
(c) Administrative redress
5.3 Assessment
C. Public service exception
1. Introduction
2. Article 45(4) TFEU: ‘Employment in the Public Service’
3. The Exercise of ‘Official Authority’
D. Public interest justifications
1. Introduction
2. The Justifications Recognized by the Court
2.1 The range of justifications
2.2 Economic justifications
E. Proportionality
1. Introduction
2. Suitability and Necessity
3. Proportionality in the Strict Sense
4. Evidence
5. Good Governance
6. Positive Obligations on the State
F. Fundamental rights
G. Conclusions
Further reading
Part IV Free Movement of Capital
13 Free Movement of Capital
A. Introduction
B. The need for free movement of capital
C. The development of free movement of capital and payments
1. Capital
2. Payments
D. The scope of the provisions on capital
1. The Definition of ‘Capital’
2. The Territorial Scope
2.1 Inter-State Movement
2.2 Movement Between an EU Member State and a Third Country
(a) The reasons for the broad reach
(b) The limitations on the broad territorial scope of Article 63 TFEU
3. The Direct Effect of Article 63 TFEU
4. The Relationship Between the Provisions on Capital and the Other Freedoms
4.1 Freedom of Establishment v. Free Movement of Capital
4.2 Free Movement of Services v. Free Movement of Capital
4.3 Areas in Which Only Free Movement of Capital Applies
E. What is prohibited under Article 63(1) TFEU?
1. Introduction
2. The Discrimination Approach
2.1 Direct and Indirect Discrimination
2.2 Non-Discriminatory National Rules
3. National Rules Which Restrict or Create an Obstacle to the Free Movement of Capital
3.1 Establishing a Breach
3.2 Examples of Restrictions on the Free Movement of Capital
4. Taxation
4.1 Restriction v. Discrimination Approach
4.2 Examples of Cases Where the State’s Taxation Rules Breaches Article 63 TFEU
(a) Inheritances
(b) Property
(c) Shares, dividends, and deductions
(d) Charitable gifts
4.3 Cases Involving Movement of Capital Between a Member State and a Third Country
5. Public Interest Requirements and Proportionality
5.1 Public Interest Requirements
5.2 Proportionality
F. Express derogations
1. Introduction
2. Article 65(1)(a) TFEU: Tax Provisions Distinguishing Between Resident and Non-Resident Taxpayers or the Place Where Their Capital Is Invested
3. Article 65(1)(b) TFEU: General Derogations and Proportionality
3.1 ‘All requisite measures to prevent infringements of national law and regulations, in particular in the field of taxation and the prudential supervision of financial institutions’
3.2 ‘To lay down procedures for the declaration of capital movements for the purposes of administrative or statistical information’
3.3 Public Policy and Public Security
G. Conclusions
Further reading
Part V Completing the Single Market
14 Regulating the Internal Market
A. Introduction
B. The power to harmonize
1. Introduction
2. Article 114 TFEU
2.1 The Conditions to be Satisfied under Article 114 TFEU
2.2 The Circumstances in Which Article 114 TFEU Can Be Used
(a) Elimination of obstacles to the exercise of fundamental freedoms
(b) Removal of appreciable distortions of competition
2.3 The Follow-Up to Tobacco Advertising I
2.4 The Case Law after Tobacco Advertising I
(a) Departing from Tobacco Advertising I
(b) Indirect harmonization
3. Choice of Legal Basis
4. The Application of the Principles of Subsidiarity and Proportionality to Measures Adopted under Article 114 TFEU
5. Derogations From Measures Adopted under Article 114(1) TFEU
6. Non-Legislative Acts
C. Different approaches to harmonization
1. Introduction
2. Mutual Recognition
3. Exhaustive Harmonization
3.1 What Is It?
3.2 The Problem with Exhaustive Harmonization
3.3 Subordinate Legislation
4. Optional Harmonization
5. Minimum Harmonization
5.1 What Is It?
5.2 Reverse Discrimination
6. The New Approach to Technical Harmonization and Standardization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Fundamental Principles
6.3 The Toy Safety Directive
6.4 Assessment
7. ‘New Governance’ Approaches
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Reflexive Harmonization and the Open Method of Coordination
D. Completing the internal market?
1. Post-1992
2. Market Management
2.1 Simplification/Improving Quality of Legislation
2.2 Implementation
2.3 Enforcement
3. Market Surveillance
E. The future of the Single Market
1. Introduction
2. Digital Single Market
F. Conclusions
Further reading
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Images
1 Introduction to the Issues
2 Fiscal Measures: Customs Duties and Internal Taxation
3 Non-Fiscal Measures: Quantitative Restrictions and Measures Having Equivalent Effect
4 Article 34 TFEU and (Certain) Selling Arrangements
5 Derogations and Justifications
6 The Free Movement of Persons: Key Principles
8 Freedom for Individuals to Provide and Receive Services
9 Union Citizenship
11 Freedom of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services: Legal Persons
12 Derogations and Justifications
13 Free Movement of Capital