The Principles of Learning and Behavior

Höfundur: Michael P. Domjan (Útgáfa: 7)
The Principles of Learning and Behavior

Kaup valmöguleikar

From habituation, classical conditioning, and instrumental conditioning to stimulus control, aversive control, and their applications to the study of cognition, this learning and behavior textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the elementary forms of learning that have been the focus of research for much of the 20th century. Applications boxes help you understand how findings from animal research relate to human learning and behavior, while neuroscience boxes offer you insights into the brain activity underlying learning.

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Útgefandi
Cengage Learning US
ISBN
9798214351032
Print ISBN
9780357671016
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
7
Höfundar
Michael P. Domjan
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2020-09-03
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Preface
  • About the Authors
  • Chapter 1. Background and Rationale for the Study of Learning and Behavior
  • Historical Antecedents
  • Historical Developments in the Study of the Mind
  • Historical Developments in the Study of Reflexes
  • The Dawn of the Modern Era
  • Comparative Cognition and the Evolution of Intelligence
  • Functional Neurology
  • Animal Models of Human Behavior
  • Animal Models and Drug Development
  • Animal Models and Machine Learning
  • The Definition of Learning
  • The Learning–Performance Distinction
  • Learning and Other Sources of Behavior Change
  • Learning and Levels of Analysis
  • Methodological Aspects of the Study of Learning
  • Learning as an Experimental Science
  • The General-Process Approach to the Study of Learning
  • Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research on Learning
  • Rationale for the Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research on Learning
  • Laboratory Animals and Normal Behavior
  • Public Debate about Research With Nonhuman Animals
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 2. Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization
  • The Nature of Elicited Behavior
  • The Concept of the Reflex
  • Modal Action Patterns
  • Eliciting Stimuli for Modal Action Patterns
  • The Sequential Organization of Behavior
  • Effects of Repeated Stimulation
  • Salivation and Hedonic Ratings of Taste in People
  • Visual Attention in Human Infants
  • The Startle Response
  • Sensitization and the Modulation of Elicited Behavior
  • Adaptiveness and Pervasiveness of Habituation and Sensitization
  • Habituation Versus Sensory Adaptation and Response Fatigue
  • The Dual-Process Theory of Habituation and Sensitization
  • Applications of the Dual-Process Theory
  • Implications of the Dual-Process Theory
  • Habituation and Sensitization of Emotions and Motivated Behavior
  • Emotional Reactions and Their Aftereffects
  • The Opponent Process Theory of Motivation
  • Concluding Comments
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 3. Classical Conditioning: Foundations
  • The Early Years of Classical Conditioning
  • The Discoveries of Vul’fson and Snarskii
  • The Classical Conditioning Paradigm
  • Experimental Situations
  • Fear Conditioning
  • Eyeblink Conditioning
  • Sign Tracking and Goal Tracking
  • Learning Taste Preferences and Aversions
  • Excitatory Pavlovian Conditioning Methods
  • Common Pavlovian Conditioning Procedures
  • Measuring Conditioned Responses
  • Control Procedures for Classical Conditioning
  • Effectiveness of Common Conditioning Procedures
  • Inhibitory Pavlovian Conditioning
  • Procedures for Inhibitory Conditioning
  • Measuring Conditioned Inhibition
  • Prevalence of Classical Conditioning
  • Concluding Comments
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 4. Classical Conditioning: Mechanisms
  • What Makes Effective Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli?
  • Initial Responses to the Stimuli
  • Novelty of Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli
  • CS and US Intensity and Salience
  • CS–US Relevance, or Belongingness
  • Learning Without an Unconditioned Stimulus
  • What Determines the Nature of the Conditioned Response?
  • The US as a Determining Factor for the CR
  • The CS as a Determining Factor for the CR
  • The CS–US Interval as a Determining Factor for the CR
  • Conditioned Responding and Behavior Systems
  • S–R Versus S–S Learning
  • Pavlovian Conditioning as Modification of Responses to the Unconditioned Stimulus
  • How Do Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli Become Associated?
  • The Blocking Effect
  • The Rescorla–Wagner Model
  • Attentional Models of Conditioning
  • Timing and Information Theory Models
  • The Comparator Hypothesis
  • Concluding Comments
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 5. Instrumental Conditioning: Foundations
  • Early Investigations of Instrumental Conditioning
  • Modern Approaches to the Study of Instrumental Conditioning
  • Discrete-Trial Procedures
  • Free-Operant Procedures
  • Instrumental Conditioning Procedures
  • Positive Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Negative Reinforcement
  • Omission Training or Negative Punishment
  • Fundamental Elements of Instrumental Conditioning
  • The Instrumental Response
  • The Instrumental Reinforcer
  • The Response–Reinforcer Relation
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 6. Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior
  • Simple Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement
  • Ratio Schedules
  • Interval Schedules
  • Comparison of Ratio and Interval Schedules
  • Choice Behavior: Concurrent Schedules
  • Measures of Choice Behavior
  • The Matching Law
  • Mechanisms of the Matching Law
  • Complex Choice and Self-Control
  • Concurrent-Chain Schedules
  • Self-Control Choice and Delay Discounting
  • Concluding Comments
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 7. Instrumental Conditioning: Motivational Mechanisms
  • The Associative Structure of Instrumental Conditioning
  • The S–R Association and the Law of Effect
  • Expectancy of Reward and the S–O Association
  • R–O and S(R–O) Relations in Instrumental Conditioning
  • Response Allocation and Behavioral Economics
  • Antecedents of the Response-Allocation Approach
  • The Response Allocation Approach
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Contributions of the Response-Allocation Approach and Behavioral Economics
  • Concluding Comments
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 8. Stimulus Control of Behavior
  • Identification and Measurement of Stimulus Control
  • Differential Responding and Stimulus Discrimination
  • Stimulus Generalization
  • Stimulus and Reinforcement Variables
  • Sensory Capacity and Orientation
  • Relative Ease of Conditioning Various Stimuli
  • Type of Reinforcement
  • Stimulus Elements Versus Configural Cues in Compound Stimuli
  • Learning Factors in Stimulus Control
  • Stimulus Discrimination Training
  • What Is Learned in Discrimination Training?
  • Spence’s Theory of Discrimination Learning
  • Interactions Between S+ and S−: The Peak-Shift Effect
  • Stimulus Equivalence Training
  • Contextual Cues and Conditional Relations
  • Control by Contextual Cues
  • Control by Conditional Relations
  • Concluding Comments
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 9. Extinction of Conditioned Behavior
  • Effects of Extinction Procedures
  • Forms of Recovery From Extinction
  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • Renewal of Conditioned Responding
  • Reinstatement of Conditioned Responding
  • Resurgence of Conditioned Behavior
  • Enhancing Extinction
  • Number and Spacing of Extinction Trials
  • Immediate Versus Delayed Extinction
  • Repetition of Extinction/Test Cycles
  • Conducting Extinction in Multiple Contexts
  • Presenting Extinction Reminder Cues
  • Compounding Extinction Stimuli
  • Priming Extinction to Update Memory for Reconsolidation
  • What Is Learned in Extinction?
  • Paradoxical Reward Effects
  • Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect
  • Resistance to Change and Behavioral Momentum
  • Concluding Comments
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 10. Aversive Control: Avoidance and Punishment
  • Avoidance Behavior
  • Origins of the Study of Avoidance Behavior
  • The Discriminated Avoidance Procedure
  • Two-Process Theory of Avoidance
  • Experimental Analysis of Avoidance Behavior
  • Alternative Theoretical Accounts of Avoidance Behavior
  • The Avoidance Puzzle: Concluding Comments
  • Punishment
  • Experimental Analysis of Punishment
  • Theories of Punishment
  • Punishment Outside the Laboratory
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 11. Comparative Cognition I: Memory Mechanisms
  • Comparative Cognition, Consciousness, and Anthropomorphism
  • Memory: Basic Concepts
  • Stages of Information Processing
  • Types of Memory
  • Working and Reference Memory
  • Delayed Matching to Sample
  • Spatial Memory in Mazes
  • Memory Mechanisms
  • Acquisition and the Problem of Stimulus Coding
  • Retrospective and Prospective Coding
  • Retention and the Problem of Rehearsal
  • Retrieval
  • Forgetting and Sources of Memory Failure
  • Proactive and Retroactive Interference
  • Retrograde Amnesia
  • Consolidation, Reconsolidation, and Memory Updating
  • Reconsolidation
  • Concluding Comments
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 12. Comparative Cognition II: Special Topics
  • Food Caching and Recovery
  • Spatial Memory in Food Caching and Recovery
  • Episodic Memory in Food Caching and Recovery
  • Timing
  • Techniques for Studying the Temporal Control of Behavior
  • Properties of Temporally Controlled Behavior
  • Models of Timing
  • Serial Order Learning
  • Possible Bases of Serial Order Performance
  • Techniques for the Study of Serial Order Learning
  • Categorization and Concept Learning
  • Perceptual Concept Learning
  • Learning Higher-Level Concepts
  • Learning Abstract Concepts
  • Tool Use in Nonhuman Animals
  • Language Learning in Nonhuman Animals
  • Early Attempts at Language Training
  • Language Training Procedures
  • Components of Linguistic Skill
  • Evidence of “Grammar” in Great Apes
  • Sample Questions
  • Key Terms
  • References