The New Testament

Höfundur: Bart Ehrman (Útgáfa: 8)
The New Testament

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Featuring vibrant full color throughout, the eighth edition of Bart D. Ehrman's highly successful introduction approaches the New Testament from a consistently historical and comparative perspective, emphasizing the rich diversity of the earliest Christian literature. New to this edition, Hugo Méndez has brought fresh perspectives to the text. Distinctive to this study is The New Testament's unique focus on the historical, literary, and religious milieux of the Greco-Roman world, including early Judaism.

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Útgefandi
Oxford University Press Academic US
ISBN
9780197754030
Print ISBN
9780197754023
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
8
Höfundar
Bart Ehrman
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2023-11-17
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Frontispiece
  • Title page
  • Copyright page
  • Contents
  • Boxes
  • Maps, Timelines, and Diagrams
  • Maps
  • Timelines and Diagrams
  • Preface
  • Notes on Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Credits
  • Excursus 4
  • Photo Essay 1: Ancient Manuscripts of the New Testament
  • Photo Essay 2: The Material World of Jesus and the Gospels
  • Photo Essay 3: The Cities and Roads of Paul
  • Master Timeline
  • Introduction
  • Religious Reasons
  • Historical Reasons
  • Literary Reasons
  • CHAPTER 1 What Is the New Testament?
  • The Diversity of Early Christianity
  • Ebionite Adoptionists
  • Marcionite Christians
  • Gnostic Christians
  • “Proto-Orthodox” Christians
  • The New Testament Canon of Scripture
  • The New Testament: Some Basic Information
  • Other Early Christian Writings
  • The Development of the Christian Canon
  • Implication for Our Study
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 2 Do We Have the Original New Testament?
  • Publishing Books: Now and Then
  • How Can We Know If We Have an Ancient Author’s Actual Words?
  • What Manuscripts of the New Testament Do We Have? The Good News and Bad News
  • A Concrete Example
  • Accidental Mistakes
  • Intentional Errors
  • Criteria for Establishing the Text
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 3 The Greco-Roman World of Early Christian Traditions
  • The Problem of Beginnings
  • One Remarkable Life
  • The Environment of the New Testament: Religions in the Greco-Roman World
  • Greco-Roman Religiosity: A Basic Sketch
  • Polytheism Instead of Monotheism.
  • Cultic Acts Rather Than Doctrine.
  • Church and State Together Instead of Separated.
  • Plurality Instead of Exclusivity.
  • Magic and Mystery in Greco-Roman Religion
  • Philosophy and Religion in the Greco-Roman World
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Anthologies of Texts
  • Studies of “Pagan” Religions
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 4 The Jewish World of Jesus and His Followers
  • Judaism as a Greco-Roman Religion
  • Monotheism: The Belief in the One True God
  • The Covenant: Israel’s Pact with Its God
  • The Law: Israel’s Covenantal Obligations
  • Temple and Synagogue: Israel’s Places of Worship
  • The Jewish Temple.
  • The Synagogue.
  • Forms of Early Judaism
  • Political Crises in Palestine and Their Ramifications
  • The Formation of Jewish Groups
  • Pharisees
  • Sadducees
  • Essenes
  • The “Fourth Philosophy”
  • The Jewish Context for the Traditions about Jesus
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Anthologies of Texts
  • Studies of Early Judaism
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 5 From Oral Traditions to Written Gospels
  • Oral Traditions behind the Gospels
  • The Nature of the Gospel Traditions
  • A Piece of Evidence
  • Implications: The Early Traditions About Jesus
  • The Earliest Christian Gospels
  • The Question of Genre
  • Biography as a Greco-Roman Genre
  • The Gospels as Ancient Biographies
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 6 Jesus, the Suffering Son of God
  • The Beginning of the Gospel: Jesus the Messiah, the Son of God Who Fulfills Scripture
  • Jesus, the Authoritative Son of God
  • Jesus, the Opposed Son of God
  • Jesus, the Misunderstood Son of God
  • Jesus, the Acknowledged Son of God
  • Jesus, the Suffering Son of God
  • Jesus, the Crucified Son of God
  • Jesus, the Vindicated Son of God
  • Conclusion: Mark and His Readers
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 7 The Synoptic Problem
  • Evidence of Literary Copying
  • Markan Priority
  • Why Mark Came First
  • Mark’s Language.
  • Mark’s Stories.
  • Harder Readings.
  • Markan Priority and Redaction Criticism
  • Reception of Mark.
  • The Authors of Matthew and Luke.
  • The Relationship of Matthew and Luke
  • The Case for Q: The Four-Source Hypothesis
  • Different Stories.
  • Different Sayings.
  • Different Sequences.
  • Reconstructing Q.
  • The Plausibility of Q.
  • The Case against Q: The Farrer Hypothesis
  • Occam’s Razor.
  • Luke’s Freedom to Change Matthew.
  • Parallel Narrative Sequences.
  • Changes to Mark.
  • Why Not Both?
  • Why Q Matters
  • Looking Ahead
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 8 Jesus, the Jewish Messiah
  • The Importance of Beginnings: Jesus the Jewish Messiah in Fulfillment of the Jewish Scriptures
  • The Genealogy of Jesus the Messiah
  • The Birth of the Messiah
  • The Rejected King of the Jews
  • Jesus and His Forerunner from Matthew’s Perspective
  • The Portrayal of Jesus in Matthew: The Sermon on the Mount as a Springboard
  • Jesus: The New Moses and the New Law
  • Jesus and the Law
  • Jesus’ Followers and the Law
  • The Fulfillment of the Law
  • Jesus and the Jewish Cultic Practices Prescribed by the Law
  • Jesus Rejected by the Jewish Leaders
  • Jesus’ Passion in Matthew
  • Matthew and His Readers
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 9 Jesus, the Savior of the World
  • The Comparative Method and the Gospel of Luke
  • A Comparative Overview of the Gospel
  • The Preface to Luke’s Gospel
  • Luke’s Birth Narrative in Comparative Perspective
  • An Illustration of the Comparative Method: Joseph and Mary’s Hometown
  • The Salvation of the Jews: Luke’s Orientation to the Temple
  • The Salvation of the Gentiles: Luke’s Orientation to the Whole World
  • From Jew to Gentile: Luke’s Portrayal of Jesus the Rejected Prophet
  • Luke’s Distinctive Emphases throughout His Gospel
  • Jesus the Prophet
  • Jesus as a Prophet in Life.
  • Jesus as a Prophet in Death.
  • Jesus’ Death in Luke
  • The Gentile Mission
  • The Divine Plan
  • The Delay of the End of Time
  • The Social Implications of the Gospel
  • Conclusion: Luke in Comparative Perspective
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 10 Jesus, the Celestial Man
  • John versus the Synoptics
  • Different Narrative Features
  • A Prologue.
  • Different Stories.
  • Different Chronologies.
  • Different Miracles.
  • Little to No Verbatim Agreement.
  • Different Teachings
  • No Parables.
  • New Discourses.
  • Different Teachings.
  • The Teachings of Jesus in John
  • Jesus, the Celestial Man
  • The Celestial Humans
  • Jesus’ Departure
  • Celestial Access and Abiding
  • A Recast Message
  • Did the Author of John Know the Synoptics?
  • John and Narrative Criticism
  • Plot Structure
  • Symbolism
  • Symbolic “Signs.”
  • Nonmiraculous Symbolic Episodes.
  • Irony
  • Dramatic Irony.
  • Situational Irony.
  • Composing John
  • The Author
  • An Eyewitness Claim.
  • An Enigmatic Author.
  • A Complex Composition Process.
  • A Later Addition.
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 11 From John’s Jesus to the Gnostic Christ
  • The Question of Genre
  • The Epistles as “Johannine”
  • The New Testament Epistles and the Contextual Method
  • The Johannine Epistles from a Contextual Perspective
  • Reflections on the Contextual Method
  • The Rise of Christian Gnosticism
  • The Problems of Definitions, Sources, and Dating
  • Major Views of Various Gnostic Groups
  • Sethian Gnostics
  • Valentinian Gnostics
  • A Third Current: “Thomasine” Texts
  • The Gnostics and the Johannine Literature
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 12 Jesus from Different Perspectives
  • Narrative Gospels
  • The Jewish-Christian Gospels
  • The Gospel of the Nazareans.
  • The Gospel of the Ebionites.
  • The Gospel of the Hebrews.
  • Marcion’s Gospel
  • Sayings Gospels
  • The Gospel of Thomas
  • The Sayings of the Collection.
  • The Reputed Author.
  • The Character of the Sayings.
  • The Overarching Message of the Book.
  • Thomas and the Synoptics.
  • Thomas and the Q Source.
  • Conclusion: The Date of Thomas and Its Traditions.
  • Revelation Discourses
  • The Gospel of Mary.
  • Several Nag Hammadi Documents.
  • A Proto-orthodox Example.
  • Infancy Gospels
  • Passion Gospels
  • The Gospel of Peter
  • The Coptic Apocalypse of Peter
  • The Gospel of Judas Iscariot
  • Conclusion: The Other Gospels
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 13 The Historical Jesus
  • Problems with Sources
  • Non-Christian Sources
  • Pagan Sources
  • Jewish Sources
  • Christian Sources
  • Outside the New Testament Gospels
  • The New Testament Gospels
  • Using Our Sources: Some of the Basic Rules of Thumb
  • The Earlier, the Better
  • Theological Merits / Historical Demerits
  • Beware the Bias
  • Specific Criteria and Their Rationale
  • Piling on the Testimony: The Criterion of Independent Attestation
  • That Seems Strange! The Criterion of Dissimilarity
  • If the Shoe Fits: The Criterion of Contextual Credibility
  • Conclusion: Reconstructing the Life of Jesus
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 14 Jesus in Context
  • Popular Modes of Resistance to Oppression
  • Silent Protests
  • Nonviolent Uprisings
  • Prophetic Proclamations
  • Violent Insurrections
  • An Ideology of Resistance
  • Dualism
  • Pessimism
  • Vindication
  • Imminence
  • Jesus in His Apocalyptic Context
  • Considering the Rules of Thumb
  • Considering the Specific Criteria
  • Contextual Credibility.
  • Dissimilarity.
  • Independent Attestation.
  • The Beginning and End as Keys to the Middle
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 15 Jesus, the Apocalyptic Prophet
  • The Apocalyptic Deeds of Jesus
  • The Crucifixion
  • The Temple Incident
  • Jesus’ Associations
  • Jesus’ Reputation as an Exorcist and Healer
  • In Sum: The Deeds of Jesus
  • The Apocalyptic Teachings of Jesus
  • The Apocalyptic Death of Jesus
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 16 From Jesus to the Gospels
  • The Beginning of Christianity
  • Jesus’ Resurrection from an Apocalyptic Perspective
  • Jesus’ Death, According to the Scriptures
  • The Emergence of Different Understandings of Jesus
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 17 Luke’s Second Volume
  • The Genre of Acts and Its Significance
  • The Thematic Approach to Acts
  • From Gospel to Acts: The Opening Transition
  • Themes in the Speeches in Acts
  • Speeches to Christian Believers
  • Peter’s Opening Speech.
  • The Speeches at the Jerusalem Council.
  • In Sum: Speeches to Believers in Acts.
  • Evangelistic Speeches: Peter’s Speech on the Day of Pentecost
  • Apologetic Speeches: Paul’s Final Appeal to Jews in Rome
  • Conclusion: The Author and His Themes in Context
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 18 Paul the Apostle
  • The Study of Paul: Methodological Difficulties
  • The Problem of Pauline Pseudepigrapha
  • The Problem of Acts
  • Events of Paul’s Life.
  • Paul’s Teaching.
  • The Occasional Nature of Paul’s Letters
  • The Life of Paul
  • Paul the Pharisee
  • Paul’s Conversion and Its Implications
  • The Confirmation of Paul’s Views in Light of Jesus’ Resurrection.
  • The Reformulation of Paul’s Views in Light of Jesus’ Resurrection.
  • Paul the Apostle
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 19 Paul and His Apostolic Mission
  • The Founding of the Church in Thessalonica
  • Paul’s Modus Operandi
  • Paul’s Message
  • The Beginning of the Thessalonian Church: A Sociohistorical Perspective
  • The Church at Thessalonica after Paul’s Departure
  • The Major Issue in the Congregation
  • Conclusion: Paul the Apostle
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 20 Paul and the Crises of His Churches
  • 1 Corinthians
  • The Beginnings of the Church
  • The Subsequent History of the Community
  • Paul’s Response to the Situation: The End as the Key to the Middle
  • In Sum: Paul’s Gospel Message to the Corinthians
  • 2 Corinthians
  • The Unity of the Letter
  • The History of Paul’s Relationship with the Community
  • Paul’s First Visit.
  • Paul’s First Letter.
  • The Corinthians’ First Letter to Paul.
  • Paul’s Second Letter: 1 Corinthians.
  • Paul’s Second Visit.
  • The Arrival of the Superapostles.
  • Paul’s Third Letter (the “Painful” Letter, Partly Embodied in 2 Corinthians 10–13).
  • The Overarching Points of the Letter
  • Galatians
  • The Occasion and Purpose of the Epistle
  • Paul’s Response
  • Why Then Did God Give the Law in the First Place?
  • Who Then Are the True Descendants of Abraham?
  • Doesn’t This Teaching Lead to Lawlessness?
  • In Sum: Paul and the Law
  • Philippians
  • The Unity of the Letter
  • The Overarching Points of the Letter
  • Philemon
  • The Occasion and Purpose of the Letter
  • Insights into Paul’s Apostolic Ministry
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 21 The Gospel According to Paul
  • The Occasion and Purpose of the Letter
  • The Theme of the Epistle
  • Pauline Models for Salvation
  • The Judicial Model
  • The Participationist Model
  • Comparison and Contrast of the Two Models
  • The Flow of Paul’s Argument
  • Conclusion: Paul and the Romans
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 22 Does the Tradition Miscarry?
  • Paul in Relation to What Came Before
  • Paul and the Traditions about Jesus
  • Option One.
  • Option Two.
  • Option Three.
  • Paul and the Historical Jesus
  • Paul in Relation to What Came After
  • Paul and James
  • Paul and Thecla
  • Paul and Theudas
  • Conclusion: Pauline Christianities
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 23 In the Wake of the Apostle
  • Pseudonymity in the Ancient World
  • The Deutero-Pauline Epistles
  • 2 Thessalonians
  • Colossians
  • Ephesians
  • The Pastoral Epistles
  • 1 Timothy
  • 2 Timothy
  • Titus
  • The Historical Situation and Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles
  • The Clergy
  • The Creed
  • The Canon
  • Conclusion: The Post-Pauline Pastoral Epistles
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 24 From Paul’s Female Colleagues to the Pastor’s Intimidated Women
  • Women in Paul’s Churches
  • Women Associated with Jesus
  • Paul’s Understanding of Women in the Church
  • Women in the Aftermath of Paul
  • Ancient Ideologies of Gender
  • Gender Ideology and the Pauline Churches
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 25 Christians and Jews
  • Early Christian Self-Definition
  • Continuity and Superiority: The Epistle to the Hebrews
  • The Book, the Author, and the Audience
  • The Overarching Theme of the Sermon: The Superiority of Christ
  • Christ Is Superior to the Prophets (Heb 1:1–3).
  • Christ Is Superior to the Angels (1:4–11; 2:5–18).
  • Christ Is Superior to Moses (3:1–6).
  • Christ Is Superior to Joshua (4:1–11).
  • Christ Is Superior to the Jewish Priesthood (4:14–5:10; 7:1–29).
  • Christ Is Minister of a Superior Covenant (8:1–13).
  • Christ Is Minister in a Superior Tabernacle (9:1–28).
  • Christ Makes a Superior Sacrifice (10:1–18).
  • The Method of the Author’s Demonstration
  • Prophecy-Fulfillment.
  • Shadow-Reality.
  • The Goal of the Author’s Exposition
  • The Epistle to the Hebrews and the Problem of Self-Definition
  • Discontinuity and Supremacy: The Epistle of Barnabas
  • Conclusion: The Rise of Christian Anti-Judaism
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 26 Christians and Pagans
  • The Persecution of the Early Christians
  • The Legal Standing of Christians
  • Christians as Disturbers of the Peace
  • Official Persecution
  • Christians in a Hostile World: The Letter of 1 Peter
  • The Addressees
  • The Context of Persecution
  • The Author’s Response
  • The Author of 1 Peter
  • Christians Sentenced to Death: The Letters of Ignatius
  • The Historical Background
  • The Overarching Themes
  • The Church’s Unity.
  • The Church’s Purity.
  • The Church’s Leadership.
  • Ignatius and Christian Persecution
  • Christians before the Tribunal: The Martyrdom of Polycarp
  • Christians on the Defensive: The Later Apologetic Literature
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 27 Christians and Christians
  • The Epistle of James
  • The Didache
  • Polycarp’s Letter to the Philippians
  • 1 Clement
  • Jude
  • 2 Peter
  • Conclusion: Conflicts within the Early Christian Communities
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • CHAPTER 28 Christians and the Cosmos
  • Introduction: The End of the World and the Revelation of John
  • The Content and Structure of the Book of Revelation
  • The Book of Revelation from a Historical Perspective
  • Apocalyptic Worldviews and the Apocalyptic Genre
  • Apocalypse as a Genre: General Description
  • Apocalypse as a Genre: Specific Literary Features
  • Pseudonymity.
  • Bizarre Symbolic Visions.
  • Violent Repetitions.
  • Triumphalist Movement.
  • Motivational Function.
  • The Revelation of John in Historical Context
  • Bizarre Symbolism.
  • The Great Whore of Babylon.
  • The Number of the Beast, 666.
  • Violent Repetitions.
  • Triumphalist Movement.
  • Imminence.
  • Encouragement and Admonition.
  • The Shepherd of Hermas
  • The Apocalypse of Peter
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Studies
  • Commentaries
  • List of Key Terms
  • Glossary of Terms
  • Index
  • List of Illustrations
  • Images
  • Master Timeline
  • CHAPTER 1 What Is the New Testament?
  • CHAPTER 2 Do We Have the Original New Testament?
  • CHAPTER 3 The Greco-Roman World of Early Christian Traditions
  • CHAPTER 4 The Jewish World of Jesus and His Followers
  • CHAPTER 5 From Oral Traditions to Written Gospels
  • CHAPTER 6 Jesus, the Suffering Son of God
  • CHAPTER 7 The Synoptic Problem
  • CHAPTER 8 Jesus, the Jewish Messiah
  • CHAPTER 9 Jesus, the Savior of the World
  • CHAPTER 10 Jesus, the Celestial Man
  • CHAPTER 11 From John’s Jesus to the Gnostic Christ
  • CHAPTER 12 Jesus from Different Perspectives
  • CHAPTER 13 The Historical Jesus
  • CHAPTER 14 Jesus in Context
  • CHAPTER 15 Jesus, the Apocalyptic Prophet
  • CHAPTER 16 From Jesus to the Gospels
  • CHAPTER 17 Luke’s Second Volume
  • CHAPTER 18 Paul the Apostle
  • CHAPTER 19 Paul and His Apostolic Mission
  • CHAPTER 20 Paul and the Crises of His Churches
  • CHAPTER 21 The Gospel According to Paul
  • CHAPTER 22 Does the Tradition Miscarry?
  • CHAPTER 23 In the Wake of the Apostle
  • CHAPTER 24 From Paul’s Female Colleagues to the Pastor’s Intimidated Women
  • CHAPTER 25 Christians and Jews
  • CHAPTER 26 Christians and Pagans
  • CHAPTER 27 Christians and Christians
  • CHAPTER 28 Christians and the Cosmos