Structure & Function of the Body

Höfundar: Kevin T. Patton; Frank B. Bell; Terry Thompson; Peggie L. Williamson (Útgáfa: 17)
Structure & Function of the Body

Kaup valmöguleikar

Gain a solid foundation in A&P with this easy-to-understand text! Clear and straightforward, Structure & Function of the Body, 17th Edition introduces the typical structure and function of the human body and describes what the body does to maintain homeostasis. The book shows how structure fits function, using clinical examples to reinforce A&P concepts and featuring hundreds of photos and micrographs for realistic visual detail.

Written by a team of experts led by Kevin Patton, this text includes an Evolve website packed with animations, audio pronunciations, review questions, and other interactive learning resources.NEW! Updated content is added, and new line art and photos ensure wider representation of skin color, sex, age, body type, and cultural diversity. NEW! Inclusive terminology reduces the emphasis on eponyms — for example, the term “normal” is more carefully used to avoid implying that healthy conditions outside the average are “abnormal.”NEW!

The latest scientific thinking introduces or expands upon emerging core concepts such as the human microbiome, with a new diagram illustrating the changes in the microbiome throughout the human life cycle.Clear, conversational writing style is paired with “chunked” content, which breaks down the material into smaller, bite-sized bits of information that are easier to read and understand.More than 400 full-color photos, micrographs, and drawings illustrate the diversity and detail of the human body.Language of Science and Medicine lists in each chapter includes key terms, pronunciations, and word parts to highlight new or complex medical terminology.NEW!

Updated Connect It! boxes refer you to articles on Evolve that integrate concepts and discuss the latest clinical developments and scientific research, showing “the big picture” of human structure and function.NEW! Updated Science Application boxes discuss possible career paths within the context of a diversity of historical figures and their life stories.NEW! Quick Guide to the Language of Science and Medicine is added to Evolve, helping you learn medical terminology without the need for a separate textbook.UNIQUE!

22-page Clear View of the Human Body insert allows you to peel back the layers of the human body, both male and female, by flipping through full-color, semi-transparent pages.Student-friendly features make learning easier with chapter outlines, chapter objectives, key terms, study hints, frequent Quick Check questions, chapter summaries, review questions, critical thinking questions, chapter tests, and more.Boxed sidebars include Health and Well-Being, Clinical Application, Research, Issues, and Trends, and Science Applications to help you apply concepts and develop critical thinking skills.Resources on the Evolve website include animations, audio summaries, audio pronunciations, the Body Spectrum anatomy coloring book, review questions, and FAQs with answers from the authors.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Elsevier Limited (UK)
ISBN
9780323871747
Print ISBN
9780323871730
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
17
Höfundar
Kevin T. Patton; Frank B. Bell; Terry Thompson; Peggie L. Williamson
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2024-06-25
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10

Kaflar

  • Structure & Function of the Body
  • Cover
  • Front matter
  • Structure & Function of the Body
  • Table of Contents
  • Inside front cover
  • Contents in brief
  • How to use
  • Copyright
  • About the authors
  • Contributor panel
  • Preface
  • Our mission and values
  • Instructional design
  • Unifying themes
  • Organization and content
  • Learning aids
  • Chapter elements
  • Active learning tools
  • Appendices
  • Clear view of the human body
  • Digital learning tools
  • Digital resources for instructors
  • TEACH instructor resources
  • Answer keys
  • Test bank
  • Image collection
  • Evolve link
  • Update guide
  • Supplements
  • Summary of changes to the 17th edition
  • A word of thanks
  • How to use this book
  • 1. Get your head into it
  • 2. Gain familiarity
  • 3. Seek proficiency
  • Contents
  • List of Illustrations
  • List of Tables
  • 1 : Introduction to the body
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Scientific method
  • Levels of organization
  • Anatomical position
  • Anatomical directions
  • Directional terms
  • Anatomical compass rosette
  • Planes of the body
  • Body cavities
  • Dorsal cavities
  • Ventral cavities
  • Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
  • Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
  • Abdominopelvic quadrants
  • Abdominopelvic regions
  • Body regions
  • Balance of body functions
  • Homeostasis
  • Feedback control
  • Negative feedback
  • Positive feedback
  • Healthy fluctuations
  • Human microbiome
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Scientific method
  • Levels of organization
  • Anatomical position
  • Anatomical directions
  • Planes of the body (see Figure 1-4 )
  • Body cavities (see Figure 1-5 and Table 1-1 )
  • Body regions (see Figure 1-9 and Table 1-2 )
  • Balance of body functions
  • Human microbiome
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 2 : Chemistry of life
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Levels of chemical organization
  • Atoms
  • Elements and compounds
  • Chemical bonding
  • Ionic bonds
  • Covalent bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Inorganic chemistry
  • Water
  • Solutions
  • Water chemistry
  • Acids, bases, and salts
  • Acids
  • Bases
  • pH
  • Salts
  • Homeostasis of pH
  • Organic chemistry
  • Types of organic compounds
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Chemistry in the human body
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Levels of chemical organization
  • Chemical bonding
  • Inorganic chemistry
  • Organic chemistry (see Table 2-3 )
  • Chemistry in the human body
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 3 : Cells
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Overview of cells
  • Size and shape
  • Composition
  • Parts of the cell
  • Plasma membrane
  • Membrane structure
  • Membrane function
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Overview of organelles
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes & proteasomes
  • Centrosome
  • Cell extensions
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
  • Nucleus
  • Control center of a cell
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin and chromosomes
  • Relationship of cell structure and function
  • Movement of substances through cell membranes
  • Types of membrane transport
  • Passive transport processes
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Dialysis
  • Filtration
  • Active transport processes
  • Ion pumps
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Other transport by vesicles
  • Cell growth and reproduction
  • Cell growth
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Ribonucleic acid
  • Protein synthesis
  • Transcription
  • Translation
  • Cell reproduction
  • Cell life cycle
  • DNA replication
  • Mitosis
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Results of cell division
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Overview of cells
  • Parts of the cell
  • Relationship of cell structure and function
  • Movements of substances through cell membranes
  • Cell growth and reproduction
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 4 : Tissues
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Introduction to tissues
  • Tissue types
  • Matrix
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Introduction to epithelial tissue
  • Overview
  • Shape of cells
  • Arrangement of cells
  • Squamous epithelium
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Cuboidal epithelium
  • Columnar epithelium
  • Pseudostratified epithelium
  • Transitional epithelium
  • Connective tissue
  • Introduction to connective tissue
  • Overview
  • Cells and matrix
  • Types of connective tissue
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • Loose fibrous connective tissue (areolar)
  • Adipose tissue
  • Reticular tissue
  • Dense fibrous connective tissue
  • Bone tissue
  • Cartilage tissue
  • Overview
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Blood tissue
  • Hematopoietic tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Introduction to muscle tissue
  • Skeletal muscle tissue
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
  • Smooth muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Tissues and the whole body
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Introduction to tissues
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Tissues and the whole body
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 5 : Organ systems
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Organ systems of the body
  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Muscles of other systems
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic and immune systems
  • Lymphatic system
  • Immune system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive systems
  • Human reproduction
  • Male reproductive system
  • Female reproductive system
  • Body as a whole
  • Homeostasis
  • Applying organ system concepts
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Definitions and concepts
  • Organ systems of the body
  • Body as a whole
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 6 : Skin & membranes
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Body membranes
  • Classification of membranes
  • Epithelial membranes
  • Cutaneous membrane
  • Serous membranes
  • Mucous membranes
  • Connective tissue membranes
  • Skin
  • Structure of the skin
  • Overview
  • Epidermis
  • Structure
  • Skin pigment
  • Dermal-epidermal junction
  • Dermis
  • Overview
  • Papillary layer
  • Reticular layer
  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Hair, nails, and skin receptors
  • Hair
  • Location of hair
  • Hair growth
  • Arrector pili muscle
  • Nails
  • Skin receptors
  • Skin glands
  • Sweat glands
  • Eccrine glands
  • Apocrine glands
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Functions of the skin
  • Protection
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sensation
  • Excretion
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Skin cancer
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma
  • Kaposi sarcoma
  • Burns
  • Classification of burns
  • First-degree burn
  • Second-degree burn
  • Third-degree burn
  • Fourth-degree burn
  • Estimating body surface area
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Body membranes
  • Skin
  • Skin cancer
  • Burns
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 7 : Skeletal system
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Functions of the skeletal system
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Gross structure of bones
  • Bone types
  • Structure of long bones
  • Structure of flat bones
  • Microscopic structure of bones
  • Bone tissue structure
  • Cancellous bone (spongy bone)
  • Compact bone
  • Cartilage tissue structure
  • Bone development
  • Making and remodeling bone
  • Endochondral ossification
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Axial skeleton
  • Skull
  • Regions of the skull
  • Sinuses
  • Sutures and fontanels
  • Hyoid bone
  • Vertebral column (spine)
  • Vertebrae
  • Sacrum and coccyx
  • Spinal curvatures
  • Convex and concave curvatures
  • Thorax
  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Upper extremity
  • Lower extremity
  • Skeletal variations
  • Sex-related skeletal differences
  • Age differences
  • Environmental factors
  • Joints
  • Articulation of bones
  • Kinds of joints
  • Synarthroses
  • Amphiarthroses
  • Diarthroses
  • Structure of diarthroses
  • Function of diarthroses
  • Ball-and-socket joints
  • Hinge joints
  • Pivot joints
  • Saddle joints
  • Gliding joints
  • Condyloid joints
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Functions of the skeletal system
  • Gross structure of bones
  • Microscopic structure of bones
  • Bone development
  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Skeletal variations
  • Joints
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 8 : Muscular system
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Muscle tissue
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Structure of skeletal muscle
  • Muscle organs
  • Muscle fibers
  • Structure of muscle fibers
  • Contraction of muscle fibers
  • Function of skeletal muscle
  • Movement
  • Posture
  • Heat production
  • Fatigue
  • Role of other body systems in movement
  • Motor unit
  • Muscle stimulus
  • Types of skeletal muscle contractions
  • Twitch and tetanic contractions
  • Isotonic contraction
  • Isometric contraction
  • Effects of exercise on skeletal muscle
  • Movements produced by skeletal muscle contractions
  • Angular movements
  • Circular movements
  • Special movements
  • Skeletal muscle groups
  • Muscles of the head and neck
  • Muscles that move the upper extremities
  • Muscles of the trunk
  • Muscles that move the lower extremities
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Introduction
  • Muscle tissue
  • Structure of skeletal muscle
  • Functions of skeletal muscle
  • Role of other body systems in movement
  • Motor unit
  • Muscle stimulus
  • Types of skeletal muscle contraction
  • Effects of exercise on skeletal muscle
  • Movements produced by skeletal muscle contractions (see Figure 8-8 , Figure 8-9 , and Figure 8-10 )
  • Skeletal muscle groups (see Table 8-2 )
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 9 : Nervous system
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Organization of the nervous system
  • Cells of the nervous system
  • Neurons
  • Neuron structure
  • Types of neurons
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons
  • Interneurons
  • Glia
  • Function of glia
  • Central glia
  • Peripheral glia
  • Nerves and tracts
  • Nerve signals
  • Reflex arcs
  • Neuron pathways
  • Structure of reflex arcs
  • Reflex responses
  • Nerve impulses
  • Definition of a nerve impulse
  • Mechanism of a nerve impulse
  • Conduction of nerve impulses
  • Synapses
  • Structure and function of a synapse
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Receptors
  • Central nervous system
  • Brain
  • Divisions of the brain
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
  • Structure of the cerebellum
  • Functions of the cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Pineal gland
  • Cerebrum
  • Structure of the cerebrum
  • Function of the cerebrum
  • Spinal cord
  • Structure of the spinal cord
  • Functions of the spinal cord
  • Coverings and fluid spaces
  • Meninges and bone
  • Cerebrospinal fluid spaces
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves
  • Structure of spinal nerves
  • Functions of the spinal nerves
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Overview
  • Functional anatomy
  • Autonomic conduction paths
  • Sympathetic division
  • Structure of the sympathetic division
  • Functions of the sympathetic division
  • Parasympathetic division
  • Structure of the parasympathetic division
  • Functions of the parasympathetic division
  • Autonomic neurotransmitters
  • Autonomic nervous system as a whole
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Introduction
  • Organization of the nervous system (see Figure 9-1 )
  • Cells of the nervous system
  • Nerves and tracts
  • Nerve signals
  • Central nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 10 : Senses
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Classification of senses
  • General senses
  • Special senses
  • Sensory receptor types
  • Sensory pathways
  • General senses
  • Distribution of general sense receptors
  • Modes of sensation
  • Special senses
  • Vision
  • Divisions of the eye
  • Fibrous layer
  • Vascular layer
  • Inner layer
  • Fluids of the eyeball
  • Visual pathway
  • Hearing and equilibrium
  • Divisions of the ear
  • External ear
  • Middle ear
  • Inner ear
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium
  • Taste
  • Smell
  • Integration of senses
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Classification of senses
  • Sensory pathways
  • General senses
  • Special senses
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 11 : Endocrine system
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Endocrine glands
  • Mechanisms of hormone action
  • Nonsteroid hormones
  • Steroid hormones
  • Regulation of hormone secretion
  • Negative feedback
  • Positive feedback
  • Levels of regulation
  • Prostaglandins
  • Pituitary gland
  • Structure of the pituitary gland
  • Anterior pituitary gland hormones
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Growth hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Posterior pituitary gland hormones
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Oxytocin
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thyroid gland
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Calcitonin
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Adrenal glands
  • Location of adrenal glands
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Zones of the adrenal cortex
  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol
  • Adrenal sex hormones
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Pancreatic islets
  • Sex glands
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
  • Thymus
  • Placenta
  • Pineal gland
  • Endocrine functions throughout the body
  • Other endocrine tissues
  • Hormone actions in every organ
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Endocrine glands
  • Mechanisms of hormone action
  • Regulation of hormone secretion
  • Prostaglandins
  • Pituitary gland
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pancreatic islets
  • Sex glands
  • Thymus
  • Placenta
  • Pineal gland
  • Endocrine functions throughout the body
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 12 : Blood
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Blood composition
  • Blood tissue
  • Blood plasma
  • Formed elements
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Red blood cells
  • Rbc structure and function
  • RBC count
  • Hemoglobin
  • Anemia
  • Blood types
  • Systems of blood typing
  • ABO system
  • Rh system
  • Combined ABO-Rh system
  • White blood cells
  • Introduction to wbcs
  • WBC count
  • WBC types
  • Granular leukocytes
  • Agranular leukocytes
  • WBC conditions
  • Platelets and blood clotting
  • Platelets
  • Blood clotting
  • Atypical blood clots
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Blood composition
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Platelets and blood clotting
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 13 : Cardiovascular system
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Heart
  • Location, size, and position
  • Functional anatomy
  • Heart chambers
  • Pericardium
  • Heart action
  • Heart valves
  • Heart sounds
  • Blood flow through the heart
  • Blood supply to heart muscle
  • Cardiac cycle
  • Electrical activity of the heart
  • Conduction system
  • Electrocardiography
  • Cardiac output
  • Definition of cardiac output
  • Heart rate
  • Stroke volume
  • Blood vessels
  • Types
  • Structure
  • Outer layer
  • Middle layer
  • Inner layer
  • Functions
  • Arteries and arterioles
  • Capillary exchange
  • Veins and venules
  • Routes of circulation
  • Systemic and pulmonary routes of circulation
  • Hepatic portal circulation
  • Fetal circulation
  • Hemodynamics
  • Defining blood pressure
  • Factors that influence blood pressure
  • Blood volume
  • Strength of heart contractions
  • Heart rate
  • Blood viscosity
  • Resistance to blood flow
  • Fluctuations in arterial blood pressure
  • Central venous blood pressure
  • Pulse
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Routes of circulation
  • Hemodynamics
  • Pulse
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 14 : Lymphatic system & immunity
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Lymphatic system
  • Organization of the lymphatic system
  • Lymph
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphoid organs
  • Lymph nodes
  • Location and structure
  • Filtration
  • Thymus
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • Immune system
  • Function of the immune system
  • Innate immunity
  • Overview
  • Inflammatory response
  • Other innate mechanisms
  • Adaptive immunity
  • Overview
  • Types of adaptive immunity
  • Immune system molecules
  • Cytokines
  • Antibodies
  • Definition
  • Functions
  • Complement
  • Immune system cells
  • Phagocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • Natural killer cells
  • B cells
  • Development of B cells
  • Function of B cells
  • T cells
  • Development of T cells
  • Functions of T cells
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Lymphatic system
  • Immune system
  • Immune system molecules
  • Immune system cells
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 15 : Respiratory system
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Structural plan
  • Overview
  • Respiratory tract
  • Respiratory mucosa
  • Structure
  • Function
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Lower respiratory tract
  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tree
  • Alveoli
  • Lungs
  • Pleurae
  • Respiration
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • Mechanics of breathing
  • Inspiration
  • Expiration
  • Pulmonary volumes
  • Regulation of ventilation
  • Homeostasis of blood gases
  • Brainstem control of respiration
  • Cerebral cortex control of respiration
  • Respiratory reflexes
  • Chemoreflexes
  • Pulmonary stretch reflexes
  • Breathing patterns
  • Gas exchange and transport
  • Pulmonary gas exchange
  • Systemic gas exchange
  • Blood transportation of gases
  • Transport of oxygen
  • Transport of carbon dioxide
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Carbaminohemoglobin
  • Bicarbonate
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Structural plan
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Lower respiratory tract
  • Respiration
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • Gas exchange and transport
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 16 : Digestive system
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Overview of digestion
  • Wall of the digestive tract
  • Structure of the wall
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa
  • Mouth
  • Structure of the oral cavity
  • Teeth
  • Types of teeth
  • Typical tooth
  • Salivary glands
  • Pharynx
  • Structure
  • Function
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Structure
  • Function
  • Small intestine
  • Structure
  • Function
  • Liver and gallbladder
  • Structure
  • Function
  • Pancreas
  • Large intestine
  • Structure
  • Function
  • Appendix
  • Peritoneum
  • Location
  • Extensions
  • Digestion
  • Overview of digestion
  • Enzymes and chemical digestion
  • Carbohydrate digestion
  • Protein digestion
  • Fat digestion
  • End products of digestion
  • Absorption
  • Mechanisms of absorption
  • Surface area and absorption
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Overview of digestion
  • Primary mechanisms of the digestive system
  • Wall of the digestive tract
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Liver and gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Large intestine
  • Appendix
  • Peritoneum
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 17 : Nutrition & metabolism
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Metabolic function of the liver
  • Macronutrients
  • Dietary sources of nutrients
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Glucose catabolism
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  • Glucose anabolism
  • Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
  • Fat metabolism
  • Protein metabolism
  • Micronutrients
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Regulating food intake
  • Metabolic rates
  • Body temperature
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Definitions
  • Digestive and metabolic functions of the liver
  • Macronutrients
  • Micronutrients
  • Regulating food intake
  • Metabolic rates
  • Body temperature
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 18 : Urinary system
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Kidneys
  • Location of the kidneys
  • Gross structure of the kidney
  • External anatomy
  • Internal anatomy
  • Microscopic structure of the kidney
  • Overview of kidney function
  • Formation of urine
  • Overview of urine formation
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
  • Summary of urine formation
  • Control of urine volume
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Aldosterone
  • Atrial natriuretic hormone
  • Atypical urine volume
  • Elimination of urine
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
  • Micturition
  • Atypical urine output
  • Urinalysis
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Kidneys
  • Formation of urine
  • Control of urine volume
  • Elimination of urine
  • Urinalysis
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 19 : Fluid & electrolyte balance
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Body fluid volumes
  • Body fluid compartments
  • Concept of fluid compartments
  • Extracellular fluid
  • Intracellular fluid
  • Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance
  • Overview of fluid balance
  • Regulation of fluid output
  • Routes of fluid output
  • Antidiuretic hormone mechanism
  • Aldosterone mechanism
  • Atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism
  • Regulation of fluid intake
  • Exchange of fluids by blood
  • Fluid imbalances
  • Dehydration
  • Overhydration
  • Importance of electrolytes in body fluids
  • Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
  • Ions
  • Electrolyte functions
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Homeostasis of electrolytes
  • Sodium imbalance
  • Potassium imbalance
  • Calcium imbalance
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Body fluid volumes
  • Body fluid compartments
  • Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance
  • Fluid imbalances
  • Importance of electrolytes in body fluids
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 20 : Acid-base balance
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • pH of body fluids
  • Using the pH scale
  • The pH unit
  • Mechanisms that control pH of body fluids
  • Overview of pH control mechanisms
  • Integration of pH control
  • Chemical pH control mechanisms
  • Physiological pH control mechanisms
  • Respiratory mechanism of pH control
  • Urinary mechanism of pH control
  • pH imbalances
  • Acidosis and alkalosis
  • Metabolic and respiratory disturbances
  • Compensation for pH imbalances
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • pH of body fluids
  • Mechanisms that control pH of body fluids
  • pH imbalances
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 21 : Reproductive systems
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Sexual reproduction
  • Producing offspring
  • Male and female systems
  • Male reproductive system
  • Structural plan
  • Reproductive tract
  • Essential organs
  • Accessory organs
  • Testes
  • Structure and location
  • Functions of the testes
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Sperm
  • Production of testosterone
  • Reproductive ducts
  • Overview
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct and urethra
  • Accessory glands
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral glands
  • External genitals
  • Female reproductive system
  • Structural plan
  • Essential organs
  • Accessory organs
  • Ovaries
  • Structure and location
  • Functions of the ovaries
  • Oogenesis
  • Production of estrogen and progesterone
  • Reproductive ducts
  • Overview
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Accessory glands
  • Vestibular glands
  • Breasts
  • External genitals
  • Menstrual cycle
  • Overview
  • Phases
  • Ovulation
  • Control of the menstrual cycle
  • Summary of the reproductive systems
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Sexual reproduction
  • Male reproductive system
  • Female reproductive system
  • Summary of the male and female reproductive systems
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • 22 : Growth, development, & aging
  • Outline
  • Objectives
  • Language of science & medicine
  • Prenatal period
  • Fertilization to implantation
  • Amniotic cavity and placenta
  • Periods of development
  • Formation of the primary germ layers
  • Histogenesis and organogenesis
  • Birth defects
  • Birth
  • Parturition
  • Stages of labor
  • Multiple births
  • Postnatal period
  • Growth, development, and aging
  • Infancy
  • Childhood
  • Adolescence
  • Adulthood
  • Older adulthood
  • Effects of aging
  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Central nervous system
  • Special senses
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Respiratory system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive systems
  • ❏ Outline summary
  • Prenatal period
  • Birth
  • Postnatal period
  • Effects of aging
  • ❏ Active learning
  • Study tips
  • Review Questions
  • Critical Thinking
  • Chapter Test
  • APPENDIX A : Body mass index
  • APPENDIX B : Common medical abbreviations, prefixes, & suffixes
  • Abbreviations and acronyms
  • Prefixes
  • Suffixes
  • APPENDIX C : Chapter test answers
  • Chapter 1
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 11
  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 13
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 15
  • Chapter 16
  • Chapter 17
  • Chapter 18
  • Chapter 19
  • Chapter 20
  • Chapter 21
  • Chapter 22
  • Glossary
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Y
  • Z
  • Illustration/photo credits
  • Chapter 1
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 11
  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 13
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 15
  • Chapter 16
  • Chapter 17
  • Chapter 18
  • Chapter 19
  • Chapter 20
  • Chapter 21
  • Chapter 22
  • GENERIC-TITLE
  • Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Y
  • Z
  • Tips and shortcuts for surviving and succeeding in A&P
  • Clear view of the human body
  • Introduction
  • Hints for using the clear view of the body
  • Key
  • Anatomical directions