Statistics: A Tool for Social Research and Data Analysis

Höfundar: Joseph F. Healey; Christopher Donoghue (Útgáfa: 12)
Statistics: A Tool for Social Research and Data Analysis

Kaup valmöguleikar

Í 12. útgáfu Healey/Donoghue af „Statistics: A Tool for Social Research and Data Analysis“ er lögð áhersla á raunveruleg gögn, málefni líðandi stundar og vinsælan tölfræðihugbúnað. Fjallað er um grundvallarhugtök tölfræði og hagnýtingu þeirra við rannsóknir á samfélagslegum viðfangsefnum. Dæmi úr daglegu lífi sýna mikilvægi tölfræði í menntun, viðskiptum, heilbrigðismálum, fjölmiðlum, stjórnmálum og íþróttum. Nýtt efni veitir leiðbeiningar um notkun Microsoft Excel og Google Sheets við gagnagreiningu, auk nýrra SPSS-gagnasafna um gervigreind og notkun samfélagsmiðla. Í lok kaflanna eru verkefni tengd félagsvísindum, ásamt umfjöllun um mikilvæg hugtök og aðferðir.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Cengage Learning US
ISBN
9798214158624
Print ISBN
9798214158549
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
12
Höfundar
Joseph F. Healey; Christopher Donoghue
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2026-03-12
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • About the Authors
  • Prologue: Basic Mathematics Review
  • 1. Introduction
  • Why Study Statistics?
  • Do Statistics Make You Nervous?
  • The Role of Statistics in Scientific Inquiry
  • A Journey Through the Scientific Process
  • The Goals of This Text
  • Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
  • Descriptive Statistics
  • Inferential Statistics
  • Discrete and Continuous Variables
  • Discrete Variables
  • Continuous Variables
  • Level of Measurement
  • The Nominal Level of Measurement
  • The Ordinal Level of Measurement
  • The Interval-Ratio Level of Measurement
  • Some Final Points
  • Summary
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • Part I. Descriptive Statistics
  • 2. Basic Descriptive Statistics: Tables, Percentages, Ratios and Rates, and Graphs
  • Data for Storytelling
  • Frequency Distributions for Nominal-Level Variables
  • Enhancing Clarity: Percentages and Proportions
  • Frequency Distributions for Ordinal-Level Variables
  • Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio-Level Variables
  • Constructing Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio-Level Variables
  • Stated Limits
  • Midpoints
  • Real Limits
  • Cumulative Frequency and Cumulative Percentage
  • Unequal Class Intervals
  • Summary: Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio Level Variables
  • Ratios, Rates, and Percentage Change
  • Ratios
  • Rates
  • Percentage Change
  • Using Graphs to Present Data
  • Pie Charts
  • Bar Charts
  • Histograms
  • Line Charts
  • Interpreting Statistics: Changing Patterns of American Family Life
  • The U.S. Family
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • 3. Measures of Central Tendency
  • How Much Would You Pay for a Dozen Eggs?
  • The Mode
  • The Median
  • Other Measures of Position: Percentiles, Deciles, and Quartiles
  • Percentiles
  • Deciles and Quartiles
  • Using Percentiles to Find the Median and the Mode
  • The Mean
  • Three Characteristics of the Mean
  • The Weighted Mean
  • Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency
  • Interpreting Statistics: Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency to Describe Income
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • 4. Measures of Variation
  • A Lesson in Stress from Monkeys in Costa Rica
  • Measures of Variation
  • The Range (R) and Interquartile Range (Q)
  • Computing the Range and Interquartile Range
  • Using a Frequency Distribution to Find the Range and the Interquartile Range
  • The Standard Deviation and Variance
  • Computing the Standard Deviation: An Additional Example
  • The Coefficient of Variation
  • Visualizing Variation: Boxplots
  • Interpreting the Standard Deviation
  • Interpreting Statistics: The Changing Distribution of Income in the United States
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • 5. The Normal Curve
  • Heightened Insights
  • Properties of the Normal Curve
  • Using the Normal Curve
  • Computing Z Scores
  • The Normal Curve Table (Appendix A)
  • Finding the Total Area Above and Below a Score
  • Finding Areas Between Two Scores
  • Using the Normal Curve to Estimate Probabilities
  • Estimating Probabilities
  • Probability and the Normal Curve
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You are the Researcher
  • Part I. Cumulative Exercises
  • Part II. Inferential Statistics
  • 6. Introduction to Inferential Statistics: Sampling and the Sampling Distribution
  • What percentage of Americans are pro-choice?
  • Probability Sampling: Basic Concepts and Terms
  • EPSEM Sampling Techniques
  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Systematic Random Sampling
  • Stratified Random Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
  • The Sampling Distribution
  • The Three Distributions Used in Inferential Statistics
  • Constructing a Sampling Distribution
  • Two Theorems
  • Summary: Two Theorems
  • The Sampling Distribution: An Additional Example Using the General Social Survey (GSS)
  • The GSS and the Population
  • The GSS and the Sample
  • The GSS and the Sampling Distribution
  • Symbols and Terminology
  • Summary
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • 7. Estimation Procedures
  • Predicting Presidential Elections
  • Estimation
  • Estimation Selection Criteria: Bias and Efficiency
  • BIAS
  • Efficiency
  • Interval Estimation Procedures
  • Interval Estimation Procedures Using Sample Means (Large Samples)
  • Interval Estimation Procedures Using Sample Proportions (Large Samples)
  • Computing Confidence Intervals: A Summary
  • Controlling the Width of Interval Estimates
  • Interval Width and Confidence Level
  • Interval Width and Sample Size
  • Interpreting Statistics: Predicting Election Outcomes and Judging the Performance of the President
  • The 2024 Presidential Election
  • Breaking Down The Poll Numbers
  • The Ups and Downs of Presidential Popularity
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • 8. Hypothesis Testing I: The One-Sample Case
  • The Race to Develop a Vaccine for COVID-19
  • An Overview of Hypothesis Testing
  • The Five-Step Model for Hypothesis Testing
  • Step 1. Making Assumptions and Meeting Test Requirements
  • Choosing a One-Tailed or Two-Tailed Test
  • Types of Significance Tests
  • One-Versus Two-Tailed Tests and The Five-Step Model
  • Using A One-Tailed Test
  • Selecting an Alpha Level
  • The Student’s t Distribution
  • The Distribution of t : Using Appendix B
  • Using the t Distribution in a Test of Hypothesis
  • Tests of Hypothesis for Single-Sample Proportions (Large Samples)
  • A Test of Hypothesis Using Sample Proportions
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • 9. Hypothesis Testing II: The Two-Sample Case
  • Physical Fitness and Gender
  • The One-Sample Case Versus the Two-Sample Case
  • Hypothesis Testing with Sample Means (Large Samples)
  • Hypothesis Testing with Sample Means (Small Samples)
  • The Five-Step Model and The t Distribution
  • Hypothesis Testing with Sample Proportions (Large Samples)
  • Conducting a Test of Hypothesis with Sample Proportions (Large Samples)
  • The Limitations of Hypothesis Testing: Significance Versus Importance
  • Power and Effect Size
  • Interpreting Statistics: Is There a Statistically Significant Gender Gap in Income?
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • 10. Hypothesis Testing III: The Analysis of Variance
  • Who Does Generation Z Trust?
  • The Logic of the Analysis of Variance
  • The Computation of ANOVA
  • An Example of Computing the Analysis of Variance
  • A Test of Significance for ANOVA
  • An Additional Example of Computing and Testing the Analysis of Variance
  • The Limitations of the Test
  • Interpreting Statistics: Religious Preference and Science
  • Post Hoc Analysis
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • 11. Hypothesis Testing IV: Chi Square
  • The Gun Control Debate
  • Bivariate Tables
  • The Logic of Chi Square
  • The Computation of Chi Square
  • The Chi Square Test for Independence
  • Step 1. Making Assumptions and Meeting Test Requirements
  • Column Percentages
  • The Chi Square Test: An Additional Example
  • Step 1. Making Assumptions and Meeting Test Requirements
  • Chi Square and the Goodness-of-Fit Test
  • Step 1. Making Assumptions and Meeting Test Requirements
  • The Limitations of the Chi Square Test
  • Interpreting Statistics: Family Values and Social Class
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • Part II. Cumulative Exercises
  • Part III. Bivariate Measures of Association
  • 12. Bivariate Association for Nominal- and Ordinal-Level Variables
  • The Diploma Divide
  • Association and Bivariate Tables
  • Three Characteristics of Bivariate Associations
  • Does an Association Exist?
  • How Strong Is the Association?
  • What Is the Pattern and/or the Direction of the Association?
  • Association and Statistical Significance
  • Association and Causation
  • Measures of Association: Introduction
  • Measures of Association for Nominal Variables
  • Chi-Square—Based Measures of Association: Phi and Cramer’s V
  • The Limitations of Phi and Cramer’s V
  • A Measure of Association Based on Proportional Reduction in Error
  • The Limitations of Lambda
  • Measures of Association for Collapsed Ordinal Variables
  • Gamma
  • A Measure of Association for Continuous Ordinal Variables: Spearman’s Rho ( r s )
  • Computing Spearman’s Rho
  • Interpreting Statistics: Education and the Impact of COVID-19
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • 13. Association Between Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level
  • Social Media Use and Mental Health
  • Scatterplots and Regression Analysis
  • Constructing Scatterplots
  • Adding a “Freehand” Regression Line
  • Using Scatterplots to Answer the Three Questions
  • Using Scatterplots to Check for Linearity
  • Using Scatterplots for Prediction
  • The Regression Line
  • Computing and Interpreting the Regression Coefficients ( a and b )
  • Computing the Slope ( b )
  • Interpreting the Slope ( b )
  • Computing the Y Intercept ( a )
  • Predicting Scores on Y with the Least-Squares Regression Line
  • The Correlation Coefficient (Pearson’s r )
  • Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient r 2
  • The Correlation Matrix
  • Correlation, Regression, Level of Measurement, and Dummy Variables
  • Testing Pearson’s r for Significance
  • Interpreting Statistics: The Impact of Urbanization
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • Part III. Cumulative Exercises
  • Part IV. Multivariate Techniques
  • 14. Elaborating Bivariate Tables
  • Social Media Use and Mental Health Revisited
  • Controlling for a Third Variable
  • The Bivariate Relationship
  • Partial Tables
  • Interpreting Partial Tables
  • Direct Relationships
  • Spurious or Intervening Relationships
  • Interaction
  • Partial Gamma ( G p )
  • Where Do Control Variables Come From?
  • The Limitations of Elaborating Bivariate Tables
  • Interpreting Statistics: Education and Income Change During the Pandemic Revisited
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • 15. Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation
  • Is Returning to College After a Break Worth It?
  • Partial Correlation
  • Types of Relationships
  • Computing and Interpreting the Partial Correlation Coefficient
  • Multiple Regression: Predicting the Dependent Variable
  • Partial Slopes
  • Multiple Regression: Assessing the Effects of the Independent Variables
  • Computing the Standardized Regression Coefficients
  • The Standardized Least-Squares Regression Line
  • Multiple Correlation
  • Computing and Interpreting R 2
  • Interpreting Statistics: Modern Development and Life Expectancy
  • The Limitations of Multiple Regression and Correlation
  • Summary
  • Summary of Formulas
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
  • Part IV. Cumulative Exercises
  • Appendix A. Area Under the Normal Curve
  • Appendix B. Distribution of t
  • Appendix C. Distribution of Chi-square
  • Appendix D. Distribution of F
  • Appendix E. Using Statistics: Ideas for Research Projects
  • Appendix F. An Introduction to SPSS
  • Appendix G. Codebooks for All Data Sets
  • Frequently Used Formulas
  • Answers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Problems and Cumulative Exercises
  • Glossary of Symbols
  • Greek Letters