Sonography Principles and Instruments

Höfundur: Frederick W. Kremkau (Útgáfa: 10)
Sonography Principles and Instruments

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Enhance your imaging skills with the latest sonographic technologies and prepare for the ARDMS SPI certification exam! Sonography: Principles and Instruments, 10th Edition explains how diagnostic ultrasound works and covers the essentials of ultrasound physics and instrumentation, including Doppler imaging, artifacts, safety, and quality assurance. More than 1,300 illustrations include ultrasound scans, helping to demonstrate imaging anatomy, motion, and flow.

In simplifying complicated concepts, Dr. Kremkau succeeds where other texts do not. With the right blend of imaging fundamentals, current techniques, and exam practice questions, this book is ideal for both students and experienced practitioners. Emphasis on the fundamentals of physics and sonography prepares you for the ARDMS SPI (Sonography Principles & Instrumentation) certification exam. Coverage of current technology includes the progress made with contrast agents and 3D, along with the more general aspects of transducers and instruments.

Straightforward explanations simplify complicated concepts. Over 120 ultrasound scans with a full-color design represent what you will encounter in the clinical setting. Learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter give you a measurable outcome to achieve. Key terms are listed at the beginning of each chapter and bolded in the text for fast and convenient lookup. Key Points are marked with an icon and special type, highlighting the most important information to help you study more efficiently.

Bulleted review at the end of each chapter identifies key concepts. End-of-chapter exercises test your knowledge and understanding with a blend of multiple-choice, matching, and true/false questions. Glossary at the end of the book serves as a quick reference to key terms, letting you look up definitions without having to search through each chapter. Appendices offer convenient access to a list of symbols and equations, plus a mathematics review.

Student resources on the Evolve companion website enhance learning with videos, a physics review, an image collection, and advanced concepts. NEW! Introduction of the new paradigm for understanding and applying sonographic principles explains how virtual beam-forming and high-speed postprocessing can be used to improve nearly every aspect of sonographic imaging. NEW! UPDATED content reflects questions on the latest American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) certification exam.

NEW and EXPANDED coverage keeps you current with sonographic techniques including elastography, shear wave imaging, acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI), miniaturization and POCUS, and vector imaging in cardiac and vascular flow studies. NEW! The latest patient safety guidelines are included. Softcover format makes the book easier to carry around and facilitates note taking.

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Útgefandi
Elsevier Health Sciences (US)
ISBN
9780323597098
Print ISBN
9780323597081
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
10
Höfundar
Frederick W. Kremkau
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2019-11-01
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10

Kaflar

  • Sonography
  • Cover Image
  • Inside front cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Reviewers
  • Preface
  • Differences among earlier editions and national examinations
  • Features
  • New to this edition
  • Personal note
  • For the student
  • For the instructor
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Sonography—a window into the human body
  • Outline
  • Learning objectives
  • Key terms
  • Sonography—two principles of operation
  • Doppler ultrasound—detecting and displaying motion
  • Review
  • Exercises
  • 2 Ultrasound: Sound we don’t hear
  • Outline
  • Learning objectives
  • Key terms
  • Sound
  • Waves
  • Frequency
  • Period
  • Wavelength
  • Propagation speed
  • Harmonics
  • Pulsed ultrasound
  • Pulse-repetition frequency and period
  • Pulse duration
  • Duty factor
  • Spatial pulse length
  • Frequency
  • Bandwidth
  • Attenuation
  • Amplitude
  • Intensity
  • Attenuation
  • Echoes
  • Perpendicular incidence
  • Impedance
  • Oblique incidence
  • Refraction
  • Scattering
  • Speckle
  • Contrast agents
  • Range
  • Review
  • Exercises
  • 3 Transducers: Sending and receiving
  • Outline
  • Learning objectives
  • Key terms
  • Construction and operation
  • Piezoelectric element
  • Damping material
  • Matching layer
  • Coupling medium
  • Invasive transducers
  • Beams and focusing
  • Focusing
  • Arrays
  • Linear array
  • Convex array
  • Phased array
  • Electronic focus
  • Variable aperture
  • Two-dimensional arrays
  • Grating lobes
  • Vector array
  • Reception steering, focus, and aperture
  • Detail resolution
  • Axial resolution
  • Lateral resolution
  • Elevational resolution
  • Virtual beam forming
  • Useful frequency range
  • Review
  • Exercises
  • 4 Instruments: Imaging anatomy with principle 1
  • Outline
  • Learning objectives
  • Key terms
  • Two principles of system operation
  • Principle 1 instruments
  • Beam former
  • Pulser
  • Pulse delays
  • Channels
  • Transmit/receive switch
  • Amplifiers
  • Digitizer
  • Echo delays
  • Summer (adder)
  • Signal processor
  • Filtering
  • Detection
  • Compression
  • Image processor
  • Preprocessing
  • Pixel interpolation
  • Persistence
  • Volume imaging
  • Image memory
  • Pixels and bits
  • Binary numbers
  • Postprocessing
  • B color
  • Volume presentation
  • Digital-to-analog converter
  • Display
  • Flat-panel display
  • M mode and A mode
  • Contrast and temporal resolutions
  • Contrast resolution
  • Temporal resolution
  • Contemporary features
  • Harmonic imaging
  • Panoramic imaging
  • Spatial compounding
  • Elastography
  • Cardiac strain imaging
  • Artificial intelligence
  • Fusion imaging
  • Output devices
  • Picture archiving and communications systems
  • Review
  • Exercises
  • 5 Instruments: Imaging motion and flow with principle 1
  • Outline
  • Learning objectives
  • Key terms
  • Flow
  • Fluid
  • Pressure, resistance, and volumetric flow rate
  • Poiseuille equation
  • Types of flow
  • Pulsatile flow
  • Continuity rule
  • Bernoulli effect
  • Doppler effect
  • Doppler shift
  • Doppler ultrasound
  • Operating frequency
  • Doppler angle
  • Angle accuracy
  • Color-doppler displays
  • Color-doppler principle
  • Instruments
  • Doppler-shift detection
  • Color controls
  • Color-doppler limitations
  • Doppler-shift displays
  • Angle
  • Doppler-power displays
  • Spectral-doppler displays
  • Continuous-wave operation
  • Components of a continuous-wave doppler system
  • Continuous-wave sample volume
  • Angle incorporation or correction
  • Wall filter
  • Pulsed-wave operation
  • Range gate
  • Duplex instrument
  • Spectral analysis
  • Frequency spectrum
  • Fast fourier transform
  • Spectral displays
  • Spectral broadening
  • Downstream (distal) and upstream (proximal) conditions
  • Review
  • Exercises
  • 6 Instruments: Imaging anatomy, motion, and flow with principle 2
  • Outline
  • Learning objectives
  • Key terms
  • Two principles of operation
  • Comparing Principle 1 and Principle 2
  • Principle 2 instruments
  • Beam former
  • Image former
  • Anatomic imaging
  • Detail, contrast, and temporal resolutions
  • Motion and flow imaging
  • Review
  • Exercises
  • 7 Artifacts: What can go wrong
  • Outline
  • Learning objectives
  • Key terms
  • Propagation
  • Slice thickness
  • Speckle
  • Reverberation
  • Mirror image
  • Refraction
  • Grating lobes
  • Speed error
  • Range ambiguity
  • Attenuation
  • Shadowing
  • Enhancement
  • Spectral doppler
  • Aliasing
  • Nyquist limit
  • Range ambiguity
  • Mirror image
  • Color doppler
  • Aliasing
  • Mirror image, shadowing, refraction, clutter, and noise
  • Review
  • Exercises
  • 8 Is it performing well?
  • Outline
  • Learning objectives
  • Key terms
  • Performance measurements
  • Gray-scale test objects and tissue-equivalent phantoms
  • Doppler test objects and tissue-equivalent phantoms
  • Output measurements
  • Review
  • Exercises
  • 9 Is it safe?
  • Outline
  • Learning objectives
  • Key terms
  • Bioeffects
  • Cells
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Safety
  • Instrument outputs
  • US Food and Drug Administration
  • Epidemiology
  • Prudent use
  • Review
  • Exercises
  • 10 To conclude
  • Outline
  • ARDMS SPI Examination Content Outline and JRC-DMS National Education Curriculum
  • Comprehensive examination
  • Glossary
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Y
  • Z
  • Answers to exercises
  • Chapter 1
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 10
  • Appendix A Lists of symbols
  • Appendix B Compilation of equations
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 9
  • Appendix C Mathematics review
  • Algebra
  • Trigonometry
  • Scientific notation
  • Binary numbers
  • Units
  • Statistics
  • Exercises
  • Answers
  • References
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9
  • Glossary
  • Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Y
  • Z