Social Gerontology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective

Höfundar: Nancy R. Hooyman; Kevin Y. Kawamoto; H. Asuman Kiyak (Útgáfa: 10)
Social Gerontology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective

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This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. This best-selling, multidisciplinary, social aging text presents positive images of aging while considering the many factors that contribute to how aging individuals experiences life. Up-to-date and expanded, this text offers a comprehensive view that presents aging positively, portraying concepts of active aging and resiliency, and defining “productive aging” by elaborating on the numerous ways elders contribute to society and their families.

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Útgefandi
Pearson Education (US)
ISBN
9780133913132
Print ISBN
9780133894776
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
10
Höfundar
Nancy R. Hooyman; Kevin Y. Kawamoto; H. Asuman Kiyak
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2017-06-02
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Social Gerontology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
  • Social Gerontology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Aims and Focus
  • Features
  • New to This Edition
  • A Note on Terminology
  • REVEL™
  • Available Instructor Resources
  • About the Authors
  • Primary Authors
  • Contributors
  • Chapter 1 The Growth of Social Gerontology
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter introduces the field of social gerontology, including the following:
  • 1.1: The Field of Gerontology
  • 1.1.1: Why Study Aging?
  • 1.1.2: Careers in Aging
  • Growing Need for Trained Personnel
  • 1.2: How Is Aging Defined?
  • 1.2.1: Diversity and Terminology
  • 1.2.2: How Do We Label Older Adults by Age Category?
  • 1.2.3: What Is Ageism?
  • 1.2.4: Confronting Perceptions and Real Issues
  • 1.3: An Active Aging Framework
  • 1.4: A Person–Environment Perspective on Social Gerontology
  • 1.4.1: Environmental Press
  • Individual Competence
  • 1.4.2: Environmental Interventions
  • 1.5: Growth of the Older Population
  • 1.5.1: Changes in Life Expectancy
  • 1.5.2: Maximum Life Span
  • 1.5.3: Who Are the Oldest-Old?
  • 1.5.4: Centenarians
  • The New England Centenarian Study
  • The Okinawa Centenarian Study
  • The Longest-Lived Population
  • 1.5.5: Population Pyramids
  • Proportion of Older Adults to Younger Adults
  • Contrasts Over Time
  • 1.5.6: Support Ratios
  • 1.6: Population Trends
  • 1.6.1: Elders of Color
  • 1.6.2: Geographic Distribution
  • 1.6.3: Educational and Economic Status
  • 1.6.4: Impact of Demographic Trends
  • 1.7: Longevity in Health or Disease
  • 1.8: How Aging and Older Adults Are Studied
  • 1.8.1: Development of Gerontology as a Scientific Discipline
  • Formal Development of the Field
  • 1.8.2: Major Research Centers Founded
  • 1.8.3: Research Methods
  • The Age/Period/Cohort Problem
  • 1.8.4: Cross-Sectional Studies
  • 1.8.5: Longitudinal Studies
  • Misinterpreting Longitudinal Data
  • 1.8.6: Sequential Designs
  • 1.8.7: Problems With Representative Samples of Older Persons in Research
  • Implications for the Future
  • Summary: The Growth of Social Gerontology
  • The Growth of Social Gerontology
  • Building on the Roots of Gerontology
  • Research and Results for Use Today and Tomorrow
  • Chapter 2 Aging in Other Countries and Across Cultures in the United States
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter describes the phenomenon of global aging, including the following:
  • 2.1: Global Trends
  • 2.1.1: The Phenomenon of Global Aging
  • Defining Older Adulthood
  • Life Expectancy in Industrial Nations
  • Aging in China
  • Aging in Japan
  • Median Age
  • Government Efforts to Increase Birthrates
  • 2.1.2: Economic Implications of Aging for Industrialized Countries
  • New Retirement Policies
  • Immigration
  • 2.2: Modernization and Older Adults’ Roles in Traditional Societies
  • 2.2.1: Resources Held by Older Adults
  • 2.2.2: Modernization Theory
  • Disease
  • 2.2.3: Modernization and Intergenerational Relations in China
  • 2.2.4: Modernization and Filial Piety in China
  • 2.2.5: Modernization and Intergenerational Relations in Other Asian Countries
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Singapore
  • 2.3: Immigrants from Traditional Cultures to the United States
  • 2.3.1: The Challenges of Biculturalism
  • 2.3.2: Mental Health
  • 2.3.3: Living Arrangements of Older Immigrants
  • Role of Filial Piety for Immigrants
  • 2.3.4: Financial Dilemmas Facing Immigrant Elders
  • 2.4: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Aging in Other Countries and Across Cultures in the United States
  • Global Aging Trends
  • Pension Reform
  • Control of Resources
  • The Importance of Reciprocity
  • Adult Immigrants
  • Chapter 3 The Social Consequences of Physical Aging
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter describes the social consequences of physical aging, including the following:
  • 3.1: Biological Theories of Aging
  • 3.1.1: Wear-and-Tear Theory
  • 3.1.2: Cellular Aging Theory
  • 3.1.3: Immunological Theory
  • 3.1.4: Free Radical Theory
  • 3.1.5: Mitochondrial DNA Mutation Theory
  • 3.2: Can Aging Be Reversed or Delayed?
  • 3.2.1: Growth Hormones
  • 3.2.2: Caloric Restriction
  • Antiaging as Big Business
  • Antiaging Compounds
  • 3.3: Research on Physiological Changes with Age
  • 3.3.1: Normal Changes Within the Body
  • Muscle, Fat, AND Water
  • Changes in the Skin
  • Changes in Hair
  • 3.3.2: Changes in Organ Systems
  • 3.3.3: Changes in the Musculoskeletal and Kinesthetic System
  • 3.3.4: Changes in the Respiratory System
  • 3.3.5: Cardiovascular Changes and the Effects of Exercise
  • How to Calculate Maximum Achievable Heart Rate
  • 3.3.6: Changes in the Urinary and Gastrointestinal System
  • Urinary System
  • 3.3.7: Changes in the Endocrine System
  • Immune System
  • 3.3.8: Changes in the Nervous System
  • 3.3.9: Changes in Sleep Patterns with Aging
  • 3.4: Changes in Sensory Functions
  • 3.4.1: Changes in Vision
  • Vision Problems Related to Oxygen and Fluid Levels
  • The Lens
  • Other Changes in Vision
  • Environmental Modifications to Assist
  • 3.4.2: Changes in Hearing
  • Compensation and Environmental Modifications
  • Hearing Aids
  • Helping Older Adults With Hearing Impairment
  • Loss of Vision and Hearing
  • 3.4.3: Changes in the Sense of Touch
  • 3.4.4: Sense Changes in Taste and Smell
  • 3.5: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: The Social Consequences of Physical Aging
  • Biological Theories of Aging
  • The Social Consequences of Physical Aging
  • Decline of Various Organs
  • Vision
  • Auditory
  • Taste and Smell
  • Chapter 4 Managing Chronic Diseases and Promoting Well-Being in Old Age
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter examines the processes of managing chronic illness and promoting well-being for older adults, including the following:
  • 4.1: Defining Health
  • 4.1.1: Important Terminology in Health and Aging Study
  • 4.1.2: Defining Disability
  • Frailty
  • 4.1.3: Causes of Death in Old Age
  • 4.1.4: Successful Aging
  • 4.2: Acute and Chronic Diseases
  • 4.2.1: Acute Disease
  • 4.2.2: Chronic Disease
  • 4.2.3: Health Disparities and Social Determinants
  • 4.2.4: Negative Impacts of Chronic Illness
  • 4.3: Heart Disease and Other Common Chronic Conditions
  • 4.3.1: Congestive Heart Failure
  • 4.3.2: Strokes and Other Cerebrovascular Problems
  • Hypertension and Hypotension
  • 4.3.3: Cancer
  • 4.3.4: Diabetes
  • Comorbidity and Management of Diabetes
  • Obesity and Diabetes
  • 4.4: Arthritis and Osteoporosis
  • 4.4.1: Impact and Management of Arthritis
  • 4.4.2: Chronic Pain
  • Assessment and Treatment of Chronic Pain
  • 4.4.3: Osteoporosis
  • Strategies to Prevent Osteoporosis
  • 4.4.4: Problems With the Kidneys and Urinary Tract
  • Incontinence
  • Treatment and Management of Incontinence
  • 4.5: Other Conditions of Concern
  • 4.5.1: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or Respiratory Problems
  • 4.5.2: Problems With the Intestinal System
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
  • 4.5.3: Oral Diseases
  • 4.5.4: HIV/AIDS in the Older Population
  • Risk of HIV/AIDS in Old Age
  • Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of HIV/AIDS
  • HIV Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management
  • When Should Older Adults Be Tested for HIV/AIDS?
  • Management of HIV/AIDS in Older Adults
  • Antiretroviral Drug Therapy
  • Accessible Treatment Options
  • 4.6: Medication Use and Misuse
  • 4.7: Accidents Among Older Adults
  • 4.7.1: Older Drivers
  • 4.7.2: Falls and Their Prevention
  • Risk Factors for Falls
  • Fall Prevention Programs
  • 4.8: Health Promotion for Older Adults
  • 4.8.1: The Relationship Between Health Practices and Health Outcomes
  • Importance of Nutrition
  • Benefits of Antioxidants in the Diet
  • 4.8.2: Exercise Is Central to Health Promotion
  • Recommended Exercises for Older Adults
  • Detailed Exercise Recommendations for Older Adults
  • Recommendations
  • Hints for Ways to Make This Happen
  • Ultimate Goals for the Best Outcomes
  • Definitions of Activities
  • 4.8.3: Motivation to Change Health Behaviors
  • Enhance Wellness and Enhance Fitness
  • 4.8.4: Improving the Impact of Health Promotion Programs
  • Programs That Work
  • Health Promotion Benefits, Limitations, and Policy
  • 4.9: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Managing Chronic Diseases and Promoting Well-Being in Old Age
  • Factors That Influence Health Status
  • Increased Risks of Chronic Illness
  • The Impact of Prevention on Death Rates
  • The Importance of a Healthy Lifestyle
  • Use of Health Services
  • The Promise of Health Promotion
  • Chapter 5 Cognitive Changes With Aging
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter describes the cognitive changes associated with aging, including:
  • 5.1: Intelligence and Aging
  • 5.1.1: Primary Mental Abilities
  • 5.1.2: Classic Aging Pattern
  • 5.1.3: Problems in the Measurement of Cognitive Function
  • 5.1.4: Longitudinal Studies of Intelligence
  • Limitations Associated With Assessing Learning Ability
  • 5.1.5: General Slowing Hypothesis
  • 5.1.6: Intellectually Active Elders
  • 5.1.7: Factors That Affect Intelligence and Learning
  • Strategies to Promote Older Adults’ Learning in Test Situations
  • 5.2: The Process of Learning and Memory
  • 5.2.1: Working or Primary Memory
  • 5.2.2: Permanent Long-Term Memory
  • Types of Secondary Memory
  • Variations in Types of Memory
  • Age Differences in Secondary Memory
  • Information Processing in Learning New Names
  • 5.2.3: Spatial Memory
  • 5.3: Retrieval of Information: Recall and Recognition
  • 5.3.1: Tip-of-the-Tongue States
  • 5.4: The Role of Attention in Learning
  • 5.4.1: The Positivity Effect in Information Processing
  • 5.4.2: Executive Function
  • 5.5: Enhancing Cognitive Abilities in Old Age
  • 5.5.1: Cognitive Retraining
  • Online Games for Memory Enhancement
  • Lifelong Learning
  • Exercise, Diet, and Cognitive Change
  • 5.5.2: Memory Mediators
  • 5.5.3: External Cognitive Aids
  • Memory Retrieval or Loss?
  • 5.5.4: Cognitive and Neural Plasticity
  • 5.6: Wisdom and Creativity
  • 5.6.1: Perspectives on Wisdom
  • 5.6.2: Perspectives on Creativity
  • Divergent Thinking
  • Creative Contributions
  • 5.7: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Cognitive Changes With Aging
  • Cognitive Changes with Aging
  • Intelligence
  • Learning and Memory
  • Wisdom and Creativity
  • Chapter 6 Personality and Mental Health in Old Age
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter examines key aspects of personality and mental health, including:
  • 6.1: Defining Personality
  • 6.2: Stage Theories of Personality
  • 6.2.1: Jung’s Psychoanalytic Perspective
  • 6.2.2: Erikson’s Psychosocial Model
  • The Legacy Project
  • Erikson’s Widely Accepted Framework and Stages of Development
  • Extending Erikson’s Theory
  • 6.2.3: Empirical Testing of Stage Theories
  • 6.2.4: Dialectical Models of Adult Personality
  • 6.3: Trait Theories of Personality
  • 6.3.1: Alternatives to Trait Theory
  • 6.3.2: Emotional Expression and Regulation
  • 6.4: Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
  • 6.4.1: Self-Concept
  • 6.4.2: Self-Esteem
  • Role Loss and Its Impact on Self-Esteem
  • 6.5:  Successful Aging
  • 6.5.1: Cognitive Functioning and a Sense of Purpose
  • 6.5.2: A Critique of the Successful Aging Paradigm
  • 6.5.3: Alternatives to the Model of Successful Aging
  • A More Inclusive Definition of Successful Aging
  • Aging With Consciousness
  • 6.5.4: Resilience
  • Resilience of Historically Disadvantaged Populations
  • 6.5.5: Positive Aging
  • 6.6: Mental Disorders Among Older Persons
  • 6.6.1: Prevalence Rates
  • 6.6.2: Depression
  • Depression Among Elders of Color
  • Diagnosing Depression
  • Other Causes of Depressive Symptoms
  • Medications That May Produce Symptoms of Depression
  • The Costs of Depression
  • 6.6.3: Therapeutic Interventions for Depression
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions (CBI)
  • Reminiscence Therapy and Life Review and Other Therapies
  • Depression in Skilled Nursing Facilities
  • The Role of Prevention
  • 6.6.4: Suicide Among Older People
  • 6.7: Anxiety and Paranoia
  • 6.7.1: Schizophrenia and the Severely Mentally Ill
  • 6.7.2: Dementia
  • Types of Dementia
  • 6.7.3: Parkinson’s Disease
  • Treatment and Complications of Parkinson’s
  • 6.8: Alzheimer’s Disease
  • 6.8.1: Potential Causes and Risk Factors
  • Changes in the Brain Associated with AD
  • Genetic Factors and Family History of AD
  • Education and Social and Cognitive Engagement
  • Exercise and AD Risk
  • 6.8.2: The Alzheimer’s Diagnosis
  • Levels of Memory Decline Due to AD
  • Assessment of Dementia
  • 6.8.3: Treatment of AD
  • Health Care Costs of Dementia
  • Addressing Alzheimer’s Disease
  • Behavioral Treatment and Environmental Interventions
  • Medications to Manage Behavioral Problems
  • 6.8.4: Caring for People With AD
  • Strategies for Care in Each Stage of AD
  • Use of Assistive Technology
  • 6.9: Substance Use and Dependency
  • 6.9.1: Heavy Alcohol Consumption
  • Risk Factors for Alcohol Abuse
  • Diagnosing Alcohol Abusers
  • Treatment for Older Alcoholics
  • 6.9.2: Drug Misuse and Abuse
  • Medication Misuse Can Threaten Elders’ Autonomy
  • Illegal Drug Use
  • 6.9.3: Gambling
  • 6.10: Use of Mental Health Services
  • 6.11: Integrated Models of Care
  • 6.12: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Personality and Mental Health in Old Age
  • Research on Personality Traits, and Psychological Disorders
  • Depression
  • Dementia
  • Alcoholism and Drug Abuse
  • Mental Health Services
  • Chapter 7 Love, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Old Age
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter explores a full range of aspects of sex, sexuality, and intimacy in later life, including:
  • 7.1: Attitudes and Beliefs About Sexuality in Later Life
  • 7.2: Myths and Reality About Sexuality in Later Life
  • 7.2.1: Early Studies of Sexual Activity
  • 7.2.2: Methodological Issues
  • Methodological Limits of Research on Sexuality and Older Adults
  • 7.2.3: Later Studies of Sexual Activity and Satisfaction
  • Continuity and Change in Sexuality
  • Sexual Satisfaction
  • Gender Differences
  • 7.3: Older LGBTQ Partners
  • 7.3.1: Sociohistorical Context and Cohort Effect
  • 7.3.2: Older Lesbians
  • 7.3.3: Older Gay Males
  • Risks and Occurrence of HIV
  • 7.3.4: Transgender Older Adults
  • 7.3.5: Implications for Service Providers
  • 7.4: Women and Age-Related Physiological Changes
  • 7.4.1: Perimenopause, Menopause, and Hot Flashes
  • 7.4.2: Urogenital Atrophy
  • Nonmedical Remedies to Relieve Hot Flashes
  • 7.4.3: Alternatives to Estrogen to Treat Menopausal Symptoms
  • Summary of Normal Age-Related Changes for Women
  • 7.5: Men and Age-Related Physiological Changes
  • 7.5.1: Impotence
  • 7.5.2: Sexupharmaceuticals and Aging
  • Summary of Normal Age-Related Changes for Men
  • 7.6: Chronic Diseases and Sexuality
  • 7.6.1: Diseases of the Prostate
  • Prostate Cancer
  • 7.6.2: Impact of Other Diseases on Sexuality
  • Dementia and Sexual Consent
  • Supportive Environments
  • 7.6.3: Medications
  • 7.6.4: Alcohol Use
  • 7.7: Psychological and Social Aspects of Sex, Sexuality, and Intimacy
  • 7.7.1: Partner Availability
  • 7.7.2: Effects of Long-Term Care Facilities
  • 7.7.3: Facilitating Older Adults’ Intimacy and Sexuality
  • 7.8: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Love, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Old Age
  • Life-Affirming and Adaptable
  • Emphasis on Psychosocial Factors
  • Importance of Touch for Elders
  • Awareness for Practitioners
  • Chapter 8 Social Theories of Aging
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter explores important social theories of aging, including the following:
  • 8.1: The Importance of Social Theories of Aging
  • 8.2: Social Gerontological Theory Before 1961
  • 8.2.1: Role Theory
  • Age Norms
  • 8.2.2: Activity Theory
  • Life-Space Mobility
  • 8.3: The First Transformation of Theory
  • 8.3.1: Disengagement Theory
  • 8.3.2: Gerotranscendence Theory
  • Disengagement and Gerotranscendence Theories in Use
  • 8.3.3: Continuity Theory
  • 8.4: Alternative Theoretical Perspectives
  • 8.4.1: Age Stratification Theory
  • Convoy Model
  • Structural Lag
  • 8.4.2: Social Exchange Theory
  • 8.4.3: Political Economy of Aging
  • 8.4.4: Life-Course Perspective
  • 8.5: The Second Transformation of Theory
  • 8.5.1: Social Constructivism
  • 8.5.2: Social Constructionism
  • 8.5.3: Critical Theory and Feminist Perspectives
  • Critical Theory
  • Feminist Theory
  • Queer Theory
  • Intersectionality
  • 8.5.4: Postmodernist Theories of Aging
  • Postmodern Gerontology
  • 8.5.5: Successful Aging as a Positive Perspective
  • Postmodern Images of Successful Aging
  • Transdisciplinary Theories of Aging
  • 8.6: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Social Theories of Aging
  • Shifts in Theoretical Development
  • Greater Attention the Subjective Experience of Aging and the Social Construction of Age
  • Multiple Lens to Encompass Diversity of Aging Experience
  • Emerging Theories
  • Chapter 9 Importance of Social Supports for Older Adults
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter focuses on the significance of informal social support for older adults, including:
  • 9.1: The Nature and Function of Informal Supports
  • 9.1.1: The Impact of Informal Networks and Social Supports on Well-Being
  • 9.1.2: A Satisfying Base of Support
  • 9.1.3: Variability in Social Supports
  • 9.1.4: Social Isolation
  • 9.2: Older Family Members
  • 9.2.1: Defining Family
  • Trends in Family Structures
  • 9.2.2: The Growth of the Multigenerational Family
  • Cultural Diversity and the Growth of Multigenerational Family
  • 9.2.3: Older Spouses and Partners*
  • Refining the Differences
  • 9.2.4: Marital Quality
  • The Effects of Negative Interactions in Marriage
  • 9.2.5: Divorce in Old Age
  • 9.2.6: Remarriage and Cohabitation in Old Age
  • 9.2.7: Dating in Old Age
  • 9.3: LGBTQ Informal Supports
  • 9.3.1: Importance of a Life Course Perspective
  • 9.3.2: Coming Out in Old Age
  • 9.3.3: LGBTQ Partnerships in Old Age
  • Families of Choice
  • Strength and Resilience of Social Networks
  • The Need for LGBTQ-friendly Housing Options
  • 9.3.4: LGBTQ Elders of Color
  • 9.3.5: Legal Issues and LGBTQ Social Supports
  • LGBTQ Elder-friendly Organizations
  • 9.4: Older People Living Alone
  • 9.5: Childless Older Adults
  • 9.6: Sibling Relationships and Other Kin
  • 9.7: Intergenerational Relationships
  • 9.7.1: Adult Children
  • Intergenerational Ambivalence
  • Aging Parents Caring for Adult Children
  • 9.7.2: Grandparenthood and Great-Grandparenthood
  • Frequency of Contact
  • Satisfaction with Grandparenting
  • 9.7.3: Grandparent Households
  • Grandparents As Primary Caregivers of Grandchildren
  • An Increase in Grandparent Caregiving
  • 9.7.4: Legal Issues Related to Grandparent Caregiving
  • Formal and Informal Kinship Care
  • Informal Kinship Care
  • 9.7.5: Great-Grandparents
  • 9.7.6: The Effects of Divorce and Changing Marital Patterns on Grandparenthood
  • 9.8: Friends and Neighbors as Social Supports
  • 9.8.1: Friendship and the Life Course
  • 9.8.2: Value of Friendship as Informal Support
  • 9.9: Interventions to Strengthen or Build Social Supports
  • 9.9.1: Personal Network Building
  • 9.9.2: Mutual Help Networks and Community-Building
  • 9.9.3: Intergenerational Initiatives
  • A Planned Cross-Generational Community
  • Movement Toward Intergenerational Interaction
  • 9.10: Relationships With Pets
  • 9.11: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Importance of Social Supports for Older Adults
  • Salience of Informal Networks for Elders’ Well-Being
  • Marriage as Social Support
  • Relationships with Adult Children
  • Multigenerational Families
  • Other Family Relationships and Living Alone
  • Friends and Neighbors as Social Support
  • Pets Provide Support Too
  • Chapter 10 Opportunities and Challenges of Informal Caregiving
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter addresses a range of issues related to informal caregiving, including:
  • 10.1: Who Are Informal Caregivers?
  • 10.2: Trends Affecting Caregiving
  • 10.2.1: Societal and Demographic Trends
  • 10.2.2: Complex Levels of Care
  • 10.2.3: The Future of Family Caregiving
  • 10.3: The Costs of Informal Care
  • 10.3.1: Stressors and Burden
  • 10.3.2: Factors That Intensify Burden
  • 10.3.3: Primary Costs for Families
  • 10.3.4: Physical Health Costs
  • 10.3.5: Emotional or Mental Health Costs
  • 10.3.6: Financial Costs
  • 10.4: Gains for Caregivers
  • 10.5: The Type of Care Relationship
  • 10.5.1: Adult Children Caring for Parents
  • 10.5.2: Spouses or Partners as Caregivers
  • Husbands As Caregivers
  • 10.6:  The Gendered Nature of Family Care
  • 10.6.1: Feminist and Cultural Perspectives
  • 10.6.2: Women in the Middle
  • 10.7: LGBTQ Caregivers
  • 10.8: Caregivers of Color
  • 10.8.1: African American Caregivers
  • 10.8.2: Latina Caregivers
  • 10.8.3: Asian and Pacific Islander Caregivers
  • 10.8.4: Native American/American Indian Caregivers
  • 10.9: Caregiving for Persons Living With Dementia
  • 10.9.1: Issues of Loss and Grief
  • 10.9.2: Informative Programs and Helpful Practices
  • 10.10: Legislation to Support Family Caregivers
  • 10.10.1: Family and Medical Leave Act
  • 10.10.2: The National Family Caregiver Support Program (NFCSP)
  • 10.11: Supportive Services for Family Caregivers
  • 10.11.1: Caregiver Assessment
  • TCARE®—Tailored Caregiver Assessment and Referral
  • 10.11.2: Service Utilization
  • 10.11.3: Multicomponent Interventions
  • Summary of Multicomponent Caregiver Interventions
  • 10.11.4: Support Groups
  • 10.11.5: Psychoeducational Resources
  • 10.11.6: E-Supports
  • 10.11.7: Respite Care
  • 10.11.8: Future Service Directions for Family Caregivers
  • 10.12: Elder Mistreatment
  • 10.12.1: Incidence and Types of Elder Mistreatment
  • 10.12.2: Types of Mistreatment and Warning Signs
  • 10.12.3: Most Common Types of Mistreatment
  • 10.12.4: Assessment and Reporting
  • 10.13: Underpaid Caregivers: Direct Care Workers
  • 10.13.1: Who Is a Direct Care Worker?
  • 10.13.2: Racial Inequities
  • 10.13.3: Impact on Quality of Care
  • 10.13.4: Advocacy and Policy Change
  • 10.13.5: A Movement to Change the Way We Care
  • 10.14: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Opportunities and Challenges of Informal Caregiving
  • Families Aim to Provide Care
  • Value, Costs, and Benefits of Informal Care
  • Services to Support Family Caregivers
  • When the Stress of Caregiving Becomes Too Great
  • Chapter 11 Living Arrangements and Social Interactions
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter discusses living arrangements and their effect on social interactions, including the following:
  • 11.1: Person–Environment Theories of Aging
  • 11.2: The Aging Experience in Rural, Urban, and Suburban Areas
  • 11.2.1: Rural Older Adults
  • 11.2.2: Suburban Older Adults
  • 11.2.3: Urban Older Adults
  • 11.3: Relocation
  • 11.3.1: Relocation Stress
  • What to do With a Lifetime of Possessions?
  • 11.4: Housing Patterns of Older People
  • 11.4.1: Independent Housing
  • 11.4.2: Aging in Place or in Community
  • 11.4.3: Aging-Friendly Communities
  • Inclusion Framework for Age-friendly Communities
  • Independence and Cross-Generational Exchanges
  • Asset Mapping
  • Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities
  • The Village Movement
  • Cohousing
  • Flexible Housing and Universal Design
  • Assistive Technology
  • High-Tech Technology and Smart Homes
  • Flexible Housing
  • 11.5:  Planned Housing
  • 11.5.1: Two Categories of Older Adult Residential Facilities
  • 11.5.2: Assisted Living
  • Who Are ALF Residents?
  • Diversity in AL Models
  • 11.5.3: Adult Family Homes
  • Checklist for Evaluating Residential Care Options
  • 11.5.4: Skilled Nursing Facilities (SNFs)
  • Ongoing Demand for and Benefits of SNFs
  • The SNF Landscape Nationally
  • 11.5.5: Culture Change in Long-Term Care
  • Innovations in Cultural Change
  • 11.6: Social and Health Services to Promote Aging in Place in the Community
  • 11.6.1: Home Health Care
  • 11.6.2: Adult Day Care and Adult Day Health Care
  • 11.6.3: Housing Policy and Growing Housing Needs
  • 11.6.4: Aging in Place on the Streets
  • The Chronically and Newly Homeless
  • Housing Services for Homeless Elders
  • 11.6.5: Aging in Place Among Older Prisoners
  • A Compassionate Approach Toward Older Prisoners’ Health
  • 11.7: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Living Arrangements and Social Interactions
  • Older Adults Living in Urban and Suburban Areas
  • Accommodation Alternatives for Older Adults
  • Older Adults Living in Skilled Nursing Facilities
  • Limited Housing Options for Low-Income and Marginalized Elders
  • Implications for Policies and Services
  • Chapter 12 Enhancing Older Adults’ Lives Through Technology
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter covers ways older adults are adapting to and can benefit from technology, including:
  • 12.1: Technology and Older Adults
  • 12.1.1: Who Has Access to Technology?
  • Internet Accessibility
  • Technology Patterns
  • SeniorNet: Technology Education for Elders
  • Connected Aging
  • 12.1.2: Caregiver Use of Technology
  • More Resources for Caregivers
  • Patient Monitoring Technologies
  • 12.2: Smart Homes
  • 12.2.1: Advancing Smart Home Technology
  • 12.2.2: Practicalities of Smart Homes for Older Adults
  • 12.2.3: Online News and Information
  • Ebooks and Library Resources
  • 12.3: Lifelong Learning and Distance Education
  • 12.3.1: Lifelong Learning Opportunities
  • 12.3.2: Distance Education
  • 12.4: Health Information and Self-Monitoring
  • 12.4.1: Quality Control and Online Health Information
  • 12.4.2: Self-Monitoring Technologies
  • 12.4.3: Health Connectivity
  • 12.4.4: Therapy for Psychological Well-Being
  • 12.5: Connections and Socialization
  • 12.6: Brain Games
  • 12.6.1: Research and Cognitive Games
  • 12.6.2: Suggestions for Elder-Appropriate Games
  • 12.6.3: Ethical Considerations of Game Technology
  • 12.7: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Enhancing Older Adults’ Lives Through Technology
  • Control and Choice Through Technology
  • Technological Solutions That Aid Caregiving
  • Chapter 13 Productive Aging
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter encompasses concepts central to productive aging, including the following:
  • 13.1: What Is Productive Aging?
  • 13.1.1: Critique of the Concept of Productive Aging
  • 13.1.2: Productivity in Its Broadest Context
  • 13.2: Retirement
  • 13.2.1: Timing of Retirement
  • Retirement Can Include Paid Work
  • Redefining Retirement
  • 13.2.2: Person–Environment Factors and Retirement Decisions
  • 13.2.3: Satisfaction With Retirement
  • Gender and Race
  • 13.2.4: Baby Boomers and Retirement/Unretirement
  • 13.2.5: Those Who Don’t Retire
  • Encore Careers
  • 13.3: Employment Status
  • 13.3.1: Productivity in Continuing Work
  • 13.3.2: Barriers to Employment
  • Laws to Prevent or Address Discrimination Based on Age
  • 13.4: Sources of Income and Economic Status
  • 13.4.1: Sources of Income
  • Social Security
  • 13.4.2: Poverty Among Old and Young
  • 13.4.3: Hunger Among Older Americans
  • 13.4.4: Public Assistance
  • 13.5: Patterns and Functions of Nonpaid Roles and Activities
  • 13.5.1: The Role of Leisure
  • Meaningful Nonpaid Activity
  • 13.5.2: Religious Participation, Religiosity, and Spirituality
  • Religion
  • Gender and Racial Differences in Religion Among Elders
  • Religious Participation and Religiosity
  • 13.5.3: The Value of Spiritual Well-Being
  • 13.5.4: The Importance of Spiritual Assessments
  • Specific Spiritual Assessments
  • Respect for Preferences in Addressing Spirituality
  • 13.6: Civic Engagement
  • 13.6.1: Conservative and Progressive Views on Civic Engagement
  • 13.6.2: Critiques of Civic Engagement
  • 13.6.3: Creating Opportunities
  • 13.6.4: Membership in Voluntary Associations
  • Advantages of Voluntary Associations
  • 13.7:  Volunteerism
  • 13.7.1: Differences in Volunteerism by Race and Socioeconomic Status
  • 13.7.2: Cognitive, Physical, and Social Benefits of Volunteerism
  • 13.7.3: Rewards Connected to Time in Volunteerism
  • 13.8: Lifelong Learning Programs
  • 13.9: Political Participation
  • 13.9.1: Voting Behavior
  • 13.9.2: Senior Power
  • Arguments in Favor of Senior Power Model
  • Arguments Against Senior Power Model
  • 13.9.3: Age-Based Politically Influential Groups
  • Influence of AARP
  • Changes in AARP’s Mission
  • Life Reimagined
  • 13.10: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Productive Aging
  • Retirement Patterns
  • Dissatisfaction with Retirement
  • Poverty and Near-Poverty
  • Sources of Income in Retirement
  • Productive Aging as Nonpaid Activities
  • Age-associated Patterns in Leisure
  • Religious Participation, Religiosity, and Spirituality
  • Participation in Voluntary Associations and Volunteerism
  • Voting Patterns
  • Emerging Patterns of Productivity
  • Chapter 14 Death, Dying, Bereavement, and Widowhood
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter examines significant issues surrounding death and dying, including:
  • 14.1: The Changing Context of Dying
  • 14.1.1: The Role of Medical Technology
  • 14.1.2: Where Older Adults Die
  • 14.1.3: Attitudes Toward Death
  • 14.1.4: Variation in Attitudes by Age and Gender
  • 14.2: The Dying Process
  • 14.2.1: Stage Model of Grief Associated With Dying
  • 14.2.2: Phases of Grief
  • 14.3: End-of-Life Care
  • 14.3.1: Defining a Good Death
  • 14.3.2: Pain Management
  • 14.3.3: Palliative Care
  • Incidence and Core Components of Palliative Care
  • Palliative Care in Nursing Homes
  • Palliative Care Through the Dementia Lens
  • 14.3.4: Hospice Care
  • The Growth of Hospice Care
  • Costs and Extent of Hospice Services
  • Barriers to Use of Hospice
  • Racial Disparities in Hospice Use
  • 14.4: The Right to Die
  • 14.4.1: Understanding Euthanasia
  • 14.4.2: Active Euthanasia
  • The Law and Active Euthanasia
  • Complex Public Views
  • Access To Death with Dignity in Washington and Oregon
  • 14.4.3: Advance Directives and Living Wills
  • Resources and Discussion
  • Patient Self-Determination Act
  • Racial Differences in Use of Advance Directives
  • Challenges To Implementing Advance Directives
  • Planning Versus Reality
  • Options in Addition To Advance Directives
  • 14.4.4: National Organizations and End-of-Life Care
  • 14.4.5: Cost and Ethical Issues
  • Online Help for Negotiating End-of-Life Care
  • 14.5: Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning Rituals
  • 14.5.1: Bereavement and the Grief Process
  • Six Steps for Healing
  • Complexities of Grief
  • Variations and Interventions
  • 14.5.2: Mourning Rituals
  • 14.6: Widowhood
  • 14.6.1: How Widowhood Affects Elders
  • 14.6.2: Factors Affecting the Widowhood Experience
  • 14.6.3: Gender Differences in Widowhood
  • 14.6.4: Support for Widows and Widowers
  • 14.7: The Death of Siblings and Friends
  • 14.8: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Death, Dying, Bereavement, and Widowhood
  • Changes in Our Views of Death
  • Attitudes Toward Death
  • Desire for Comfort at End of Life
  • Importance of Advance Directives
  • The Right to Die
  • Grief of the Bereaved
  • Widowhood
  • Deaths of Siblings and Friends
  • Supports for Those Who Are Grieving
  • Chapter 15 The Resilience of Elders of Color
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter covers the specific situations, needs, and strengths of elders of color, including:
  • 15.1: Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Culture
  • 15.1.1: Defining Ethnicity and Culture
  • 15.1.2: Differentiating Key Concepts
  • 15.1.3: The Dramatic Growth of Elder Populations of Color
  • The Shift in Proportion of Young and Old
  • Within-Group Variation
  • 15.2: Research History
  • 15.2.1: Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage
  • 15.2.2: Health Disparities and Health Care Disparities
  • 15.2.3: Elders of Color in Gerontological Research
  • 15.3: Older African Americans
  • 15.3.1: Economic Status of African American Elders
  • 15.3.2: Health of African American Elders
  • Chronic Disease and Disability
  • Addressing Health Disparities Through Mobile Information Technology
  • Mental Health and Depression
  • Unequal Access to Health Care
  • 15.3.3: Social Supports and Living Situations for African American Elders
  • Filial Support
  • Formal and Informal Supports
  • 15.4: Older Latinos
  • 15.4.1: Economic Status of Latino Elders
  • 15.4.2: Health of Latino Elders
  • Mortality Advantage
  • Chronic Illness
  • Mental Health of Latino Elders
  • Barriers to Service Utilization
  • 15.4.3: Social Supports and Living Arrangements for Latinos
  • Familial and Community Support for Latino Elders
  • 15.5: Older American Indians/Native Americans
  • 15.5.1: Historical Context
  • Experiences Among First Nation Elders That Influence Service Use
  • 15.5.2: Economic Status of AI/NA Elders
  • 15.5.3: Health of AI/NA Elders
  • Mental Health
  • Implications for Services
  • Mainstream Services and Traditional Medicine
  • Culturally Competent Interventions
  • 15.5.4: Social Supports and Living Situations for AI/NA Elders
  • 15.6: Older Asian/Pacific Islanders*
  • 15.6.1: Diversity Within API Populations
  • Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Island (NHOPI) Elders
  • 15.6.2: Patterns of Immigration
  • 15.6.3: Economic Status of API Elders
  • 15.6.4: Health of API Elders
  • Mental Health of API Elders
  • Beliefs and Values
  • Use of Services
  • 15.6.5: Social Supports and Living Situations for API Elders
  • Filial Piety and Family Relationships
  • 15.7: Implications for Services for All Elders of Color
  • 15.8: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: The Resilience of Elders of Color
  • Racial and Ethnic Diversity of the Older Population
  • The Study of Race and Ethnicity in Old Age
  • Cross-cutting Patterns
  • The Imperative for Culturally Competent Care
  • Chapter 16 The Resilience of Older Women
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter addresses aspects of women’s distinctive experience of aging, including the following:
  • 16.1: Rationale for a Focus on Older Women’s Needs
  • 16.1.1: A Feminist Perspective
  • 16.1.2: Gaps in Research on Women
  • The Invisibility of Older Women
  • Changing Perspectives
  • 16.2: Older Women’s Economic Status
  • 16.2.1: Women in Poverty
  • 16.2.2: Unemployment and Underemployment Across the Life Course
  • 16.2.3: Social Security and Gender Inequities
  • Greater Reliance on Spousal Benefit
  • Intersection of Gender and Race on Benefits
  • Proposals To Reduce Gender Inequities in Social Security
  • 16.2.4: Private Pensions and Gender Inequities
  • 16.3: Older Women’s Health Status
  • 16.3.1: Higher Incidence of Chronic Health Problems
  • Paradox of Gender Differences in Health
  • 16.3.2: Health Conditions Older Women Commonly Experience
  • Osteoporosis
  • Menopause
  • 16.3.3: Health Insurance and Gender Inequities
  • 16.4: Older Women’s Social Status
  • 16.4.1: Marital Status
  • 16.4.2: Widowhood
  • Limited Opportunities To Remarry
  • 16.4.3: Informal Networks and Social Support
  • Positive Effects of Women’s Social Networks
  • Women As Wise Crones
  • Women in Community
  • 16.5: The Aging Body
  • 16.6: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: The Resilience of Older Women
  • Aging Issues Are Women’s Issues
  • Inequities Perpetuated by Work and Family Caregiving Roles
  • Poverty and Chronic Illness
  • Resilience and Strengths of Older Women
  • Chapter 17 Social Policies to Address Social Problems
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter addresses how social policies attempt to meet older Americans’ needs, including:
  • 17.1: Expenditures for Policies on Aging
  • 17.1.1: Mandatory Versus Discretionary Spending
  • 17.1.2: Federal Spending and the Political Climate
  • 17.2: Variations Among Policies and Programs
  • 17.3: Factors Affecting the Development of Public Policies
  • 17.3.1: Values and Social Policy
  • The Concept of Deserving Elders
  • More Recent Political Opinions on Age-Based Programs
  • 17.3.2: Economic Context
  • 17.4: Development of Public Policies for Older People
  • 17.4.1: In the Wake of the Social Security Act
  • 17.4.2: Program Expansion in the 1960s and 1970s
  • 17.4.3: Program Reduction in the 1980s and 1990s
  • 17.4.4: The Politics of Diversity and Deficit Spending in the 1990s
  • 17.4.5: The Market and Personal Responsibility in the 21st Century
  • 17.4.6: Politicization of Age-Based Entitlement Programs
  • 17.5: Social Security and Supplemental Security Income
  • 17.5.1: Retirement Protection for Many Elders
  • Social Security and Older Adults of Color
  • Social Security and Women
  • 17.5.2: How Social Security Is Funded
  • 17.5.3: The Future of Social Security
  • 17.5.4: Social Security Politics Historically
  • Privatization Arguments
  • The Obama Administration
  • Solutions For Shortfalls
  • The Case for Expanding Social Security
  • 17.5.5: Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
  • 17.6: Private Pensions and Income Tax Provisions
  • 17.6.1: Private Pensions
  • 17.6.2: Income Tax Provisions
  • 17.7: Federally Funded Social Services
  • 17.7.1: Social Services Block Grants (Title XX)
  • 17.7.2: Older Americans Act (OAA)
  • Challenges Facing The Aging Network
  • Administration For Community Living
  • 17.7.3: Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
  • 17.8: Policy Dilemmas
  • 17.8.1: Age-Based Versus Needs-Based Programs
  • 17.8.2: Politics of Entitlement Versus Politics of Productivity
  • 17.8.3: Intergenerational Inequity Framework
  • 17.8.4: Interdependence of Generations Framework
  • 17.8.5: Government’s Role Versus Individual Responsibility
  • 17.9: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Social Policies to Address Social Problems
  • Factors That Influence the Development of Policies That Benefit Older Adults and Their Families
  • Historical Development
  • Reductions in Funding for Older Adults
  • Economic Policies: Social Security and Private Pensions
  • A Weak Safety Net for Older Adults and Persistence of Poverty
  • Age-based, Needs-based, and Cross-generational Policies and Programs
  • Future Policy Agendas
  • Chapter 18 Health and Long-Term Care Policy and Programs
  • Learning Objectives
  • This chapter examines health and long-term care policies and programs for older adults, including:
  • 18.1: Health Care Costs in the United States
  • 18.1.1: Spending and Outcomes
  • 18.1.2: Societal Values Influence Costs
  • Fragmented Insurance Systems
  • 18.2: Medicare
  • 18.2.1: What Does Medicare Cover?
  • 18.2.2: The Growth of Managed Care Under Medicare
  • Medicare Advantage Plans
  • 18.2.3: Medicare’s Success
  • Medicare’s Limitations
  • 18.2.4: A Disconnect in Older Adults’ Needs for LTSS
  • 18.2.5: Medicare-Funded Home Health Care
  • Systemic Factors
  • 18.2.6: Trends in Medicare Spending and Medicare Solvency
  • Efforts to Reduce Medicare Costs
  • 18.2.7: Medicare Reform and Prescription Drug Coverage
  • Prescription Coverage Benefits
  • 18.2.8: Mental Health Services Under Medicare
  • 18.3: Medicaid
  • 18.3.1: Services Provided by Medicaid
  • 18.3.2: Who Qualifies for Medicaid?
  • 18.3.3: Medicaid and Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS)
  • Medicaid-Funded Skilled Nursing Home Care
  • 18.3.4: Medicaid-Funded Home Health Care
  • 18.3.5: The Medicaid Home- and Community-Based Waiver Program (HCBS)
  • Rebalancing of LTSS
  • HCBS and Dementia Care
  • Alternative Resource Options
  • 18.3.6: Consumer Direction Through Medicaid Programs
  • Consumer-Directed Care
  • 18.3.7: Paying Privately for LTSS
  • Incremental Changes to Aid Financing
  • 18.3.8: Policies and Programs to Promote Innovative Health and LTSS
  • Community-Based Care Transitions
  • 18.4: Benefits of the Affordable Care Act for Older Adults
  • 18.4.1: ACA Innovations to Support the Triple Aim
  • Money Follows the Person
  • 18.4.2: Changes to Medicaid Under the ACA
  • Public Funding for LTSS Almost Happened
  • 18.5: Past and Future Directions of Long-Term Services and Supports
  • 18.5.1: The Federal Commission on Long-Term Care
  • 18.5.2: What a Comprehensive LTSS System Would Include
  • 18.6: Implications for the Future
  • Summary: Health and Long-Term Care Policy and Programs
  • Need for Health and Long-term Care
  • Medicare a Success Story
  • Medicaid and Long-Term Care
  • Gaps in Long Term Services and Supports
  • The Need for a Comprehensive Long-Term Care System
  • Funding Challenges
  • Need for an Eldercare Workforce
  • Glossary
  • References
  • Credits
  • Index
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