Sensation and Perception

Höfundur: Jeremy Wolfe (Útgáfa: 7)
Sensation and Perception

Kaup valmöguleikar

Sjöunda útgáfa Sensation and Perception kynnir nemendum heillandi heim mannlegra skynfæra og hjálpar þeim að svara forvitnilegum spurningum á borð við hvers vegna sum efni bragðast sæt eða hvers vegna tónlist hljómar tónrænt. Höfundarnir eru sérfræðingar hver á sínu sviði og miðla áhuga sínum á grundvallarspurningum um skynfæri mannsins og á því hvaða þýðingu svörin hafa fyrir læknisfræði og samfélag.

Bókin fléttar saman taugavísindi og hugfræði í jöfnum hlutföllum og fjallar um samspil skynfæranna og fjölskynja eðli skynreynslunnar. Með skýrum texta og lifandi efni sem tengir vísindalega þekkingu við daglegt líf og leiðir nemendur í gegnum vísindalega aðferð og tilraunahönnun er bókin aðgengileg nemendum úr ólíkum greinum.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Oxford University Press Academic US
ISBN
9780197663851
Print ISBN
9780197663820
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
7
Höfundar
Jeremy Wolfe
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2025-04-01
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Title page
  • Copyright page
  • About the Authors
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Why We Wrote This Textbook
  • New to This Edition
  • Accessible Content
  • Acknowledgments
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Sensation and Perception: Welcome to Your World through Our World
  • How Many Senses Do We Use to Perceive?
  • How Accurately Do We Perceive, and by What Method Would We Know?
  • Method 1: Thresholds
  • Method 2: Scaling—Measuring Experience across a Stimulus Dimension
  • Method 3: Signal Detection Theory—Measuring Difficult Decisions
  • Method 4: Measuring the Time Course of Perception
  • Method 5: Sensory Neuroscience
  • Method 6: Computational Models
  • 1.2 Thresholds and Their Measurement by Psychophysics
  • Absolute Threshold
  • Difference Threshold
  • Scaling Methods
  • Measuring Discrimination: Signal Detection Theory
  • Measuring the Time Course of Perception
  • 1.3 Sensory Neuroscience: What Do We Know About How the Nervous System Translates Physics into Experience?
  • Nerves and Specific Nerve Energies
  • Neuronal Connections
  • Acquiring Neuronal Data by Recording
  • Neuroimaging Methods
  • 1.4 Computational Modeling as a Method to Understand Perceptual Processes
  • Computational Models: Probability, Statistics, and Networks
  • Deep Learning
  • Is Our Experience of Physical Properties Influenced by Prior Knowledge and Context?
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 2 The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signals
  • 2.1 A Little Light Physics
  • 2.2 Eyes That Capture Light
  • Focusing Light onto the Retina
  • The Retina
  • What the Doctor Saw
  • Retinal Geography and Function
  • 2.3 Dark and Light Adaptation
  • Pupil Size
  • Photopigment Regeneration
  • The Duplex Retina
  • Neural Circuitry
  • 2.4 Retinal Information Processing
  • Light Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors
  • Lateral Inhibition through Horizontal and Amacrine Cells
  • Convergence and Divergence of Information via Bipolar Cells
  • Communicating to the Brain via Ganglion Cells
  • Center-Surround Receptive Fields
  • P and M Ganglion Cells Revisited
  • Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) in the Developing Retina
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 3 Spatial Vision: From Spots to Stripes
  • 3.1 Visual Acuity: Oh Say, Can You See?
  • A Visit to the Eye Doctor
  • More Types of Visual Acuity
  • Minimum Visible Acuity
  • Minimum Resolvable Acuity
  • Minimum Recognizable Acuity
  • Minimum Discriminable Acuity
  • Acuity for Low-Contrast Stripes
  • Why Sine Wave Gratings?
  • 3.2 Retinal Ganglion Cells and Stripes
  • 3.3 The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
  • 3.4 The Striate Cortex
  • The Topography of the Human Cortex
  • Some Perceptual Consequences of Cortical Magnification
  • 3.5 Receptive Fields in Striate Cortex
  • Orientation Selectivity
  • Other Receptive-Field Properties
  • Simple and Complex Cells
  • Further Complications
  • 3.6 Columns and Hypercolumns
  • 3.7 Selective Adaptation: The Psychologist’s Electrode
  • The Site of Selective Adaptation Effects
  • Spatial-Frequency-Tuned Pattern Analyzers in Human Vision
  • 3.8 The Development of Vision
  • Development of the CSF
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 4 Perceiving and Recognizing Objects
  • 4.1 From Simple Lines and Edges to Properties of Objects
  • 4.2 What and Where Pathways
  • 4.3 The Problems of Perceiving and Recognizing Objects
  • 4.4 Midlevel Vision
  • Finding Edges
  • Occlusion
  • Rules of Evidence
  • Texture Segmentation and Grouping
  • Camouflage
  • Ambiguity and Perceptual “Committees”
  • Committee Rules: Honor Physics and Avoid Accidents
  • Figure and Ground
  • Dealing with Occlusion
  • Parts and Wholes
  • Summarizing Midlevel Vision
  • From Metaphor to Formal Model
  • 4.5 Object Recognition
  • Can We Build It?
  • Multiple Recognition Committees?
  • Faces: An Illustrative Special Case
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 5 The Perception of Color
  • 5.1 Basic Principles of Color Perception
  • Three Steps to Color Perception
  • 5.2 Step 1: Color Detection
  • 5.3 Step 2: Color Discrimination
  • The Principle of Univariance
  • The Trichromatic Solution
  • Metamers
  • The History of Trichromatic Theory
  • A Brief Digression into Lights, Filters, and Finger Paints
  • From Retina to Brain: Repackaging the Information
  • Cone-Opponent Cells in the Retina and Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
  • 5.4 Step 3: Color Appearance
  • Three Numbers, Three Dimensions, Many Colors
  • The Limits of the Rainbow
  • Opponent Colors
  • Color in the Visual Cortex
  • 5.5 Individual Differences in Color Perception
  • Language and Color
  • Genetic Differences in Color Vision
  • Does Everyone See the Same Colors? The Special Case of Synesthesia
  • 5.6 From the Color of Lights to a World of Color
  • Adaptation and Afterimages
  • Color Constancy
  • The Problem with the Illuminant
  • Physical Constraints Make Constancy Possible
  • 5.7 What Is Color Vision Good For?
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 6 Space Perception and Binocular Vision
  • 6.1 Monocular Cues to Three-Dimensional Space
  • Pictorial Depth Cues
  • Occlusion
  • Size and Position Cues
  • Aerial Perspective
  • Linear Perspective
  • Seeing Depth in Pictures
  • 6.2 Triangulation Cues to Three-Dimensional Space
  • Motion Cues
  • Accommodation and Convergence
  • 6.3 Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
  • Stereoscopes and Stereograms
  • Random Dot Stereograms
  • Using Stereopsis
  • Stereoscopic Correspondence
  • The Physiological Basis of Stereopsis and Depth Perception
  • 6.4 Combining Depth Cues
  • The Bayesian Approach Revisited
  • Illusions and the Construction of Space
  • Binocular Rivalry and Suppression
  • 6.5 Development of Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
  • Abnormal Visual Experience Can Disrupt Binocular Vision
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 7 Attention and Scene Perception
  • 7.1 Selection in Space
  • The “Spotlight” of Attention
  • 7.2 Visual Search
  • Feature Searches Are Efficient
  • Many Searches Are Inefficient
  • Guided Searches in the Real World
  • Basic Features Guide Visual Search
  • History Guides Visual Search
  • Reward Guides Visual Search
  • Properties of Scenes Guide Visual Search
  • The Binding Problem in Visual Search
  • Binding between the Senses
  • 7.3 Attending in Time: Rapid Serial Visual Presentation and the Attentional Blink
  • 7.4 The Physiological Basis of Attention
  • Attention Could Enhance Neural Activity
  • Attention Could Enhance the Processing of a Specific Type of Stimulus
  • Attention and Single Cells
  • Attention May Change the Way Neurons Talk to Each Other
  • 7.5 Disorders of Visual Attention
  • Neglect
  • Extinction
  • 7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes
  • Two Pathways to Scene Perception
  • The Nonselective Pathway Computes Ensemble Statistics
  • The Nonselective Pathway Computes Scene Gist and Layout—Very Quickly
  • Memory for Objects and Scenes Is Amazingly Good
  • But … Memory for Objects and Scenes Can Be Amazingly Bad: Change Blindness
  • What Do We Actually See?
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 8 Visual Motion Perception
  • 8.1 Motion Aftereffects
  • 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion
  • Origins of Direction Selectivity
  • Apparent Motion
  • The Correspondence Problem: Viewing through an Aperture
  • Detection of Global Motion in Area MT
  • Second-Order Motion
  • 8.3 Using Motion Information
  • Going with the Flow: Using Motion Information to Navigate
  • Avoiding Imminent Collision: The Tao of Tau
  • Something in the Way You Move: Using Motion Information to Identify Objects
  • Motion-Induced Blindness
  • 8.4 Eye Movements
  • Physiology and Types of Eye Movements
  • Eye Movements and Reading
  • Saccadic Suppression and the Comparator
  • Updating the Neural Mechanisms for Eye Movement Compensation
  • 8.5 Development of Motion Perception
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 9 Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics
  • 9.1 The Function of Hearing
  • 9.2 What Is Sound?
  • Basic Qualities of Sound Waves: Frequency and Amplitude
  • Sine Waves and Complex Sounds
  • 9.3 Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System
  • Outer Ear
  • Middle Ear
  • Inner Ear
  • Cochlear Canals and Membranes
  • The Organ of Corti
  • Hair Cells
  • Coding of Amplitude and Frequency in the Cochlea
  • The Auditory Nerve
  • Beyond Simple Sounds at Low Intensity
  • Two-Tone Suppression
  • Rate Saturation
  • Temporal Code for Sound Frequency
  • Auditory Brain Structures
  • 9.4 Psychoacoustics
  • Intensity and Loudness
  • Frequency and Pitch
  • 9.5 Hearing Loss
  • Types of Hearing Loss
  • Causes of Hearing Loss
  • Treating Hearing Loss
  • Using versus Detecting Sound
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 10 Hearing in the Environment
  • 10.1 Sound Localization
  • Interaural Time Difference
  • The Physiology of ITD
  • Interaural Level Difference
  • The Physiology of ILD
  • Cones of Confusion
  • Pinnae and Head Cues
  • Auditory Distance Perception
  • Spatial Hearing and Blindness
  • 10.2 Complex Sounds
  • Harmonics
  • Timbre
  • Attack and Decay
  • 10.3 Auditory Scene Analysis
  • Spatial, Spectral, and Temporal Segregation
  • Grouping by Onset
  • When Hearing Dominates Vision
  • When Sounds Become Familiar
  • 10.4 Continuity and Restoration Effects
  • Restoration of Complex Sounds
  • 10.5 Auditory Attention
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 11 Music and Speech Perception
  • 11.1 Music
  • Musical Notes
  • Tone Height and Tone Chroma
  • Chords
  • Cultural Differences
  • Absolute Pitch
  • Making Music
  • Rhythm
  • Melody Development
  • 11.2 Speech
  • Speech Production
  • Respiration and Phonation
  • Articulation
  • Classifying Speech Sounds
  • Speech Perception
  • Coarticulation and Lack of Invariance
  • Categorical Perception
  • Coarticulation and Spectral Contrast
  • Using Multiple Acoustic Cues
  • Learning to Listen
  • Becoming a Native Listener
  • Learning Words
  • Speech in the Brain
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 12 Vestibular Sensation
  • 12.1 Vestibular Contributions
  • 12.2 Evolutionary Development and Vestibular Sensation
  • 12.3 Modalities and Qualities of Spatial Orientation
  • Sensing Angular Motion (“Rotation”), Linear Motion (“Translation”), and Tilt
  • Basic Qualities of Spatial Orientation: Amplitude and Direction
  • Amplitude
  • Direction
  • 12.4 The Vestibular Organs
  • Hair Cells: Mechanical Transducers
  • Semicircular Canals
  • How Amplitude Is Coded in the Semicircular Canals
  • How Direction Is Coded in the Semicircular Canals
  • Semicircular-Canal Dynamics
  • Why Sine Wave Motions?
  • Otolith Organs
  • How Amplitude Is Coded in the Otolith Organs
  • How Direction Is Coded in the Otolith Organs
  • 12.5 Spatial Orientation Perception
  • Rotation Perception
  • Translation Perception
  • Tilt Perception
  • Spatial Orientation Cognition
  • Spatial Cognition
  • Spatial Navigation
  • Nonspatial Cognition
  • 12.6 Multisensory Integration
  • Visual-Vestibular Multisensory Integration
  • Vestibulo-interoceptive Multisensory Integration
  • 12.7 Beyond Multisensory Integration: Active Sensing
  • 12.8 Reflexive Vestibular Responses
  • Vestibulo-ocular Responses
  • Vestibulo-autonomic Responses
  • Vestibulospinal Responses
  • 12.9 Multisensory Spatial Orientation Cortex
  • Vestibular Thalamocortical Pathways
  • Cortical Influences
  • 12.10 When the Vestibular System Goes Bad
  • Falls and Vestibular Function
  • Mal de Debarquement Syndrome
  • Ménière’s Syndrome
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 13 Touch
  • 13.1 Neural Pathways of Touch: From Physics to Brain
  • Neural Fibers, Receptors, and End Organs
  • Somatosensory Fibers
  • Tactile Receptors
  • Kinesthetic Receptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors and Pruriceptors
  • Pleasant Touch Receptors
  • Pathways from Skin to Brain
  • Neural Plasticity of Somatosensation
  • 13.2 Submodalities of Touch
  • The Submodality of Discriminative Touch
  • Sensitivity to Mechanical Pressure
  • Resolution of Spatial Details
  • Resolution of Temporal Details
  • Individual Differences in Tactile Sensitivity
  • The Submodality of Affective Touch
  • The Submodality of Pain and Itch
  • Multiple Levels of Pain
  • Moderating Pain and Itch
  • Pain Sensitization
  • Tickle
  • The Submodality of Interoception
  • 13.3 Haptic Perception: Linking Touch with Action
  • Perception for Action
  • Action for Perception
  • The What System of Touch: Perceiving Objects and Their Properties
  • Perceiving Material versus Geometric Properties
  • The Haptic Algorithm for Curvature
  • Haptic Search
  • Perceiving Patterns with the Skin
  • The Where System of Touch: Locating Objects
  • Haptic Object Localization beyond the Body
  • Haptic Object Localization on the Body
  • Haptic Perception in the Presence of Vision
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 14 Olfaction
  • 14.1 Olfactory Physiology
  • Odors and Odorants
  • The Human Olfactory Apparatus
  • How Well Do We Smell?
  • 14.2 Neurophysiology of Olfaction
  • The Genetic Basis of Olfactory Receptors
  • The “Feel” of Scent
  • 14.3 From Chemicals to Smells
  • Theories of Olfactory Perception
  • The Importance of Patterns
  • Is Odor Perception Synthetic or Analytical?
  • Nasal Power
  • Odor Imagery
  • 14.4 Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation
  • Detection
  • Discrimination and Recognition
  • Psychophysical Methods for Detection, Discrimination, and Recognition
  • Identification: Olfaction and Language
  • Individual Differences
  • Adaptation
  • Cognitive Habituation and Odor Consciousness
  • 14.5 Olfactory Hedonics
  • Pleasantness
  • Familiarity and Intensity
  • Nature or Nurture?
  • An Evolutionary Argument
  • The Importance of Emotional Associative Learning
  • Caveats
  • 14.6 The Vomeronasal Organ, Human Pheromones, and Chemosignals
  • 14.7 The Future of Scent
  • Digitizing Scent
  • Olfactory Virtual Reality
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Chapter 15 Taste
  • 15.1 Taste versus Flavor
  • Localizing Flavor Sensations: The Role of Taste
  • Mixtures of Taste and Flavor
  • 15.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Gustatory System
  • Taste Myth: The Tongue Map
  • The Map is Bogus
  • Taste Buds and Taste Receptor Cells
  • Nonoral Locations for Taste Receptors
  • Taste Processing in the Central Nervous System
  • 15.3 The Four Basic Tastes?
  • Salty
  • Sour
  • Bitter
  • Sweet
  • 15.4 Are There More Than Four Basic Tastes? Does It Matter?
  • Protein: The Umami Question
  • Fat
  • 15.5 Genetic Variation in Bitter
  • Supertasters
  • Health Consequences of Variation in Taste Sensations
  • Covid-19
  • 15.6 How Do Taste and Flavor Contribute to the Regulation of Nutrients?
  • Taste
  • Flavor
  • Is All Olfactory Affect Learned?
  • 15.7 The Nature of Taste Qualities
  • Taste Adaptation and Cross-adaptation
  • The Pleasure of the Burn of Chili Peppers
  • Summary
  • List of Key Terms
  • Glossary
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • References
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • X
  • Y
  • Z
  • Credits
  • Chapter 1
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 11
  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 13
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 15
  • Index
  • List of Illustrations
  • List of Tables
  • Images
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • Chapter 2 The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signals
  • Chapter 3 Spatial Vision: From Spots to Stripes
  • Chapter 4 Perceiving and Recognizing Objects
  • Chapter 5 The Perception of Color
  • Chapter 6 Space Perception and Binocular Vision
  • Chapter 7 Attention and Scene Perception
  • Chapter 8 Visual Motion Perception
  • Chapter 9 Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics
  • Chapter 10 Hearing in the Environment
  • Chapter 11 Music and Speech Perception
  • Chapter 12 Vestibular Sensation
  • Chapter 13 Touch
  • Chapter 14 Olfaction
  • Chapter 15 Taste