Rowland and Tozer's Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications

Höfundar: Hartmut Derendorf; Stephan Schmidt (Útgáfa: 5)
Rowland and Tozer's Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications

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Updated with the latest clinical advances, Rowland and Tozer’s Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Fifth Edition , explains the relationship between drug administration and drug response, taking a conceptual approach that emphasizes clinical application rather than science and mathematics. Bringing a real-life perspective to the topic, the book simplifies concepts and gives readers the knowledge they need to better evaluate drug applications.

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Útgefandi
Wolters Kluwer Health
ISBN
9781496385901
Print ISBN
9781496385048
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
5
Höfundar
Hartmut Derendorf; Stephan Schmidt
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2019-07-11
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • About the Authors
  • Preface
  • Nonproprietary and Brand Names of Drugs in Text and Illustrations
  • Definition of Symbols
  • SECTION 1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
  • CHAPTER 1 Therapeutic Relevance
  • CLINICAL SETTING
  • Input–Response Phases
  • Variability in Drug Response
  • Adherence
  • THE INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE
  • ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK
  • CHAPTER 2 Fundamental Concepts and Terminology
  • PHARMACOKINETICS
  • Systemic Exposure
  • Sites of Measurement
  • Unbound Drug Concentration
  • Exposure–Time Profile
  • Period of Observation
  • Chemical Purity and Analytic Specificity
  • Active Metabolites and Prodrugs
  • Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations
  • Sites of Administration
  • Events after Entering Systemically
  • Models for Drug Absorption and Disposition
  • Definitions of Pharmacokinetic Terms
  • Systemic Absorption
  • Disposition
  • Distribution
  • Elimination
  • Biliary Secretion and Fecal Excretion
  • PHARMACODYNAMICS
  • Classification of Response
  • Assessment of Drug Response
  • Relating Response to Exposure
  • Graded Response
  • Quantal Response
  • Desirable Characteristics
  • DOSE–TIME–RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS
  • Turnover Concepts in Drug Response
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • SECTION 2 EXPOSURE AND RESPONSE AFTERA SINGLE DOSE
  • CHAPTER 3 Kinetics Following an Intravenous Bolus Dose
  • APPRECIATION OF KINETIC CONCEPTS
  • Volume of Distribution and Clearance
  • First-order Elimination
  • Half-life
  • Fraction of Dose Remaining
  • Clearance, Area, and Volume of Distribution
  • Mean Residence Time
  • A CASE STUDY
  • Distribution Phase
  • Terminal Phase
  • Elimination Half-life
  • Clearance
  • Volume of Distribution
  • Clearance and Elimination
  • Distribution and Elimination: Competing Processes
  • PATHWAYS OF ELIMINATION
  • Renal Clearance
  • Renal Excretion as a Fraction of Total Elimination
  • ESTIMATION OF PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS
  • Plasma Data Alone
  • Plasma and Urine Data
  • A Question of Precision
  • Measurement Fluid
  • Use of Computers
  • CHANGE IN DOSE
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 4 Membranes and Distribution
  • MEMBRANES
  • TRANSPORT PROCESSES
  • Protein Binding
  • Diffusion
  • Drug Properties Determining Permeability
  • Membrane Characteristics
  • Carrier-Mediated Transport
  • REVERSIBLE NATURE OF TRANSPORT
  • RATE OF DISTRIBUTION TO TISSUES
  • Perfusion Rate Limitation
  • Permeability Rate Limitation
  • EXTENT OF DISTRIBUTION
  • Apparent Volume of Distribution
  • Binding within Blood
  • Plasma Protein Binding
  • Tissue Distribution
  • Tissue Binding
  • Transporters
  • SMALL VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION
  • Model
  • Location in Body
  • Altered Binding and Loading Dose
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 5 Elimination
  • PROCESSES OF ELIMINATION
  • CLEARANCE IN GENERAL
  • Description of Clearance by Organ, Process, or Site of Measurement
  • Plasma or Serum versus Blood Clearance
  • Additivity of Clearance
  • HEPATIC CLEARANCE
  • Perfusion, Protein Binding, and Hepatocellular Activity
  • Intrinsic Clearance
  • Perfusion
  • Plasma Protein Binding
  • Hepatocellular Eliminating Activity
  • A Memory Aid
  • Some Complexities
  • Permeability
  • Location of Transporters
  • Biliary Excretion and Enterohepatic Cycling
  • RENAL CLEARANCE
  • The Nephron: Anatomy and Function
  • Glomerular Filtration
  • Active Secretion
  • Protein Binding and Perfusion
  • Tubular Reabsorption
  • Renal Metabolism
  • DEPENDENCE OF ELIMINATION KINETICS ON CLEARANCE AND DISTRIBUTION
  • Half-life in Plasma
  • Half-life in Blood and Plasma Water
  • INTEGRATION OF KINETIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPTS
  • Interrelationships among Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Physiologic Variables
  • Primary Parameters and Physiologic Variables
  • Secondary Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Derived Values
  • Induction of Metabolism
  • Metabolic Inhibition
  • Altered Blood Flow
  • Altered Active Tubular Secretion
  • Altered Plasma Protein Binding
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 6 Kinetics Following an Extravascular Dose
  • ROUTES OF EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION
  • KINETICS OF ABSORPTION
  • EXPOSURE–TIME AND EXPOSURE–DOSE RELATIONSHIPS
  • Comparison with Intravenous Administration
  • CHANGES IN DOSE OR ABSORPTION KINETICS
  • Changing Dose
  • Changing Absorption Kinetics
  • Disposition Is Rate-Limiting
  • Absorption Is Rate-Limiting
  • Distinguishing between Absorption and Disposition Rate Limitations
  • Changing Disposition Kinetics
  • Predicting Changes in Peak Concentration and Peak Time
  • ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
  • Formulation
  • Bioequivalence Testing
  • ASSESSMENT OF PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS
  • Plasma Data Alone
  • Bioavailability
  • Relative Bioavailability
  • Fraction Eliminated
  • Other Pharmacokinetic Parameters
  • Urine Data Alone
  • Plasma and Urine Data
  • Virtual Bioequivalence
  • Local Bioequivalence
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 7 Absorption
  • ABSORPTION FROM SOLUTION
  • Gastrointestinal Absorption
  • Gastric Emptying
  • Intestinal Absorption and Permeability
  • Causes of Loss in Oral Bioavailability
  • Competing Intestinal Reactions
  • First-Pass Loss
  • Separating Gut Wall from Hepatic First-Pass Loss
  • Hepatic First-Pass Predictions
  • Saturable First-Pass Metabolism
  • Absorption from Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Sites
  • ABSORPTION FROM SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
  • Dissolution
  • Gastric Emptying and Intestinal Transit
  • Gastric Emptying
  • Rapid Dissolution in Stomach
  • Rapid Dissolution in Intestine
  • Intestinal Absorption Windows
  • Poor Dissolution
  • Biopharmaceutics Classification System
  • Modified-Release Products
  • Changing Rate Control
  • Precipitation and Redissolution
  • Absorption from Other Sites
  • INTEGRATION OF KINETIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPTS
  • Change in the Speed of Absorption
  • Change in Extent of Absorption
  • Change in Drug Disposition
  • Induction, Low Extraction Ratio
  • Induction, High Extraction Ratio
  • Impaired Renal Function
  • Increase in Urine pH
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 8 Response
  • TIME DELAYS BETWEEN CONCENTRATION AND RESPONSE
  • Detecting Time Delays
  • Causes of Time Delay
  • Tissue Distribution
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Direct and Indirect Link
  • Indirect Response Models
  • Systems in Flux
  • Revealing the Concentration–Response Relationship
  • Effect Compartment
  • Systems in Flux
  • DECLINE OF RESPONSE WITH TIME
  • When Pharmacokinetics Rate-Limits Decline
  • When Pharmacodynamics Rate-Limits Decline
  • ONSET AND DURATION OF RESPONSE
  • Onset of Effect
  • Duration of Effect
  • Impact of Transporter Polymorphism on Exposure–Response Relationships
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • SECTION 3 THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS
  • CHAPTER 9 Therapeutic Window
  • DOSAGE REGIMENS
  • THERAPEUTIC EXPOSURE
  • THERAPEUTIC INDEX
  • ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • Multiple Active Species
  • Single-Dose Therapy
  • Duration versus Intensity of Exposure
  • Time Delays
  • ACHIEVING THERAPEUTIC GOALS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 10 Constant-Rate Input
  • EXPOSURE–TIME RELATIONSHIPS
  • The Plateau Value
  • Mean Residence Time
  • Time to Reach Plateau
  • Postinfusion
  • Changing Infusion Rates
  • Bolus Plus Infusion
  • SHORT-TERM INFUSIONS
  • CONSEQUENCE OF SLOW TISSUE DISTRIBUTION
  • Rapid Induction of Anesthesia
  • Decrease in Infusion Rate on Chronic Administration
  • Recovery from Anesthesia
  • PHARMACODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
  • The Drug Itself
  • Onset of Response
  • Response on Stopping an Infusion
  • Response Infusion versus Single Dose
  • Turnover of Affected Systems
  • Altered Turnover
  • Establishment of a New Steady State
  • Interpretation of Non–Steady-State Observations
  • TOLERANCE
  • INTEGRATION OF KINETIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPTS
  • Drug A. Inhibition of Hepatic Metabolism, Low Hepatic Extraction Ratio
  • Drug B. Inhibition of Hepatic Metabolism, High Hepatic Extraction Ratio
  • Drug C. Induction of Hepatic Metabolism, Low Hepatic Extraction Ratio
  • Drug D Induction of Hepatic Metabolism, High Hepatic Extraction Ratio
  • TRANSLATIONAL JUSTIFICATION FOR USING CONTINUOUS INFUSIONS
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 11 Multiple-Dose Regimens
  • PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACCUMULATION
  • Maxima and Minima on Accumulation to the Plateau
  • Average Level at Plateau
  • Rate of Accumulation to Plateau
  • Accumulation Index
  • Change in Regimen
  • RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INITIAL AND MAINTENANCE DOSES
  • MAINTENANCE OF DRUG IN THE THERAPEUTIC RANGE
  • Half-lives Less than 30 Minutes
  • Half-Lives between 30 min and 8 hr
  • Half-Lives between 8 and 24 hr
  • Half-Lives Greater than 24 hr
  • Reinforcing the Principles
  • ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • Extravascular Administration
  • Plasma Concentration versus Amount in Body
  • DESIGN OF DOSAGE REGIMENS USING PLASMA CONCENTRATION
  • When Bioavailability and Volume Are Unknown
  • MODIFIED-RELEASE PRODUCTS
  • EVALUATION OF A MULTIPLE-DOSE REGIMEN
  • Clearance/Bioavailability
  • Half-life
  • Degree of Accumulation
  • Degree of Fluctuation at Plateau
  • Other Parameters
  • PHARMACODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
  • Time to Achieve Therapeutic Effect
  • Intermittent Administration
  • Onset, Duration, and Intensity
  • Development of Tolerance
  • Modality of Administration
  • WHEN ABSORPTION OR DISPOSITION IS ALTERED
  • Sketch of Concentration–Time Profiles
  • Model of Multiple Intravenous Doses
  • Extravascular Administration
  • Inhibition of Hepatic Metabolism (Condition A)
  • Induction of Metabolism (Condition B)
  • TRANSLATIONAL JUSTIFICATION FOR USING SINGLE DAILY DOSING OVER MORE FREQUENT ADMINISTRATION
  • Other Situations
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • SECTION 4 INDIVIDUALIZATION
  • CHAPTER 12 Variability
  • EXPRESSIONS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
  • Quantifying Variability
  • Describing Variability
  • POPULATION ANALYSIS
  • MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD APPROACH
  • WHY PEOPLE DIFFER
  • DEFINING THE DOSE–RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
  • THERAPEUTIC EXPOSURE
  • KINETIC MANIFESTATIONS
  • DYNAMIC MANIFESTATIONS
  • DOSE STRENGTHS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 13 Genetics
  • INHERITED VARIATION IN PHARMACOKINETICS
  • Oxidation
  • S-Methylation
  • Conjugation
  • Acetylation
  • Hydrolysis
  • Additional Clinical Considerations
  • INHERITED VARIABILITY IN PHARMACODYNAMICS
  • METABOLIC PHENOTYPING
  • PHARMACOGENETICS-BASED THERAPEUTIC RECOMMENDATIONS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 14 Age, Weight, and Gender
  • THE TYPICAL PATIENT AND USUAL DOSAGE REGIMEN
  • Who Is the “Typical Patient”?
  • What Is the “Usual Dosage Regimen”?
  • PHARMACODYNAMICS
  • PHARMACOKINETICS
  • Absorption
  • Disposition
  • Body Weight and Composition
  • Loading Dose
  • Maintenance Dosing Rate
  • CHANGE IN PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS AND DRUG DISPOSITION WITH AGE
  • Creatinine Clearance and Renal Function
  • Neonates and Infants
  • Children
  • Adults and the Elderly
  • Metabolism
  • Neonates and Infants
  • Children
  • Adults and the Elderly
  • Entire Lifespan
  • GENDER DIFFERENCES
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • ADJUSTMENT OF DOSAGE FOR AGE
  • Neonates and Infants
  • Children
  • Adults
  • The Elderly
  • DOSAGES EXPRESSED PER KILOGRAM BODY WEIGHT OR PER 1.73 SQUARE METERS
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 15 Disease
  • IMPACT OF DISEASE ON PHARMACOKINETICS
  • Hepatic Diseases
  • Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Renal Diseases
  • The Pharmacotherapeutic Problem
  • Decrease in Unbound Clearance
  • Decrease in Binding to Plasma Proteins
  • Estimation of Renal Function
  • Adjustment of Dosage Regimens
  • General Guidelines and Additional Considerations
  • HEMODIALYSIS
  • Dialysis Clearance
  • Extraction from Blood
  • Rate of Recovery in Dialysate
  • Amount Recovered in Dialysate
  • Extraction Coefficient
  • Drug Elimination
  • Effectiveness of Procedure
  • DRUG ADMINISTRATION TO DIALYSIS PATIENTS
  • PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
  • Dialysis Clearance
  • Route of Administration
  • DIALYSIS IN DRUG OVERDOSE
  • Toxic Metabolites
  • Other Considerations
  • IMPACT OF DISEASE ON PHARMACODYNAMICS
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 16 Nonlinearities
  • DEFINITION OF NONLINEAR KINETIC BEHAVIOR
  • CAUSES OF NONLINEARITY
  • SATURABLE PROCESSES
  • Saturable Metabolism
  • Saturable Transport
  • Saturable Binding to Plasma Proteins
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • NONLINEAR ABSORPTION
  • Solubility
  • Saturable Active Transport
  • SATURABLE FIRST-PASS METABOLISM
  • CAPACITY-LIMITED METABOLISM
  • Alcohol
  • Phenytoin
  • Plateau
  • Time to Plateau
  • Alterations in Metabolism
  • CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENT RENAL EXCRETION
  • SATURABLE TRANSPORT
  • SATURABILITY OF PLASMA PROTEIN AND TISSUE BINDING
  • Binding to Plasma Proteins
  • Tissue Binding
  • TIME-DEPENDENT DISPOSITION
  • RECOGNITION OF NONLINEARITIES
  • Urinary Recovery
  • Analysis
  • Concentration–Time Profile
  • Analysis
  • Protein-Binding Data
  • Analysis
  • KINETICS IN DRUG OVERDOSE
  • THERAPEUTIC CONSEQUENCES OF NONLINEARITIES
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 17 Drug Interactions
  • CLASSIFICATION
  • ALTERED ABSORPTION
  • ALTERED DISTRIBUTION
  • Conditions Favoring Displacement
  • Therapeutic Implications
  • Acute Events
  • Events at Plateau
  • Kinetic Features
  • ALTERED CLEARANCE
  • Inhibition
  • Competitive Inhibition
  • Mechanism-Based Inhibition
  • Induction
  • Other Causes of Altered Clearance
  • MULTIFACETED INTERACTIONS
  • Warfarin–Phenylbutazone Interaction
  • Digoxin–Quinidine Interaction
  • Atorvastatin–Rifampicin Interaction
  • PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 18 Initiating and Managing Therapy
  • ANTICIPATING SOURCES OF VARIABILITY
  • Pharmacodynamic Variability
  • Pharmacokinetic Variability
  • INITIATING THERAPY
  • Choosing the Starting Dose
  • When Is a Loading Dose Needed?
  • What Should the Loading Dose Be?
  • Dose Titration
  • MANAGING THERAPY
  • Low Therapeutic Index
  • Use of Biomarkers, Surrogates, and Clinical Endpoints
  • Tolerance
  • Dose Strengths and Stratification of Patients
  • Adherence and Persistence Issues
  • Missed Dose(s)
  • “Makeup” Dose(s)
  • Doubling Up of Doses
  • DISCONTINUING THERAPY
  • TARGET CONCENTRATION STRATEGY
  • Criteria for Monitoring Plasma Drug Concentrations
  • Good Concentration–Response Relationship
  • High Probability of Therapeutic Failure
  • When a Problem Arises
  • Population Pharmacokinetic Information Available
  • Reliable Assay
  • Concentration Monitoring
  • When Is It Useful?
  • The Target Concentration
  • Frequency of Monitoring
  • Pertinent Information Needed
  • Evaluation Procedure
  • Dosing Scenarios
  • Missed Dose(s)
  • 9-13-17-21 Regimen
  • Dose and Interval Unequal
  • Confidence in Estimates
  • Changes in Therapy
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • SECTION 5 SUPPLEMENTAL TOPICS
  • CHAPTER 19 Distribution Kinetics
  • EVIDENCE OF DISTRIBUTION KINETICS
  • INTRAVENOUS BOLUS DOSE
  • Presentation of Data
  • Sum of Exponential Terms
  • A Compartmental Model
  • Pharmacokinetic Parameters
  • Clearance
  • Volume of Distribution
  • Distribution Kinetics and Elimination
  • A Mathematical Aid
  • AN EXTRAVASCULAR DOSE
  • CONSTANT-RATE INFUSION
  • Short-Term Infusion
  • Long-Term Infusion
  • Events at Plateau
  • Turnover of Endogenous Substances
  • Time to Reach Plateau
  • Bolus plus Infusion
  • MULTIPLE DOSING AND REGIMEN DESIGN
  • Absorption Kinetics
  • Frequency of Dosing
  • Utility of Volume Terms
  • ALTERED CLEARANCE
  • Changes in Concentration and Half-life
  • DRUG REDISTRIBUTION
  • PHARMACODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
  • Single Bolus Dose
  • Multiple Dosing
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 20 Metabolites and Drug Response
  • CONTRIBUTION OF METABOLITES TO DRUG RESPONSE
  • SINGLE DOSE OF DRUG
  • Rate-Limiting Step
  • Plasma Concentration
  • Impact of Hepatic Extraction
  • CONSTANT-RATE DRUG INFUSION
  • The Plateau
  • Time to Plateau
  • Bolus plus Infusion
  • Infusion Alone
  • Postinfusion
  • MULTIPLE-DOSE DRUG REGIMEN
  • PREDICTION FROM SINGLE-DOSE DATA
  • VARIABILITY
  • NONLINEAR METABOLITE FORMATION OR ELIMINATION
  • ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • Response
  • Interconversion
  • Estimation of Metabolite Formation
  • From Plasma Metabolite Concentration
  • From Metabolite Excretion
  • Detection of Changes in Pharmacokinetics
  • KEY RELATIONSHIPS
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 21 Protein Drugs
  • PEPTIDE, POLYPEPTIDE, AND PROTEIN DRUGS
  • COMPARISON OF THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF PROTEIN DRUGS WITH THAT OF CONVENTIONAL NONPROTEIN DRUGS
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Renal Excretion
  • Metabolism
  • Fcγ-Mediated Clearance
  • FcRn-Mediated Clearance
  • NONLINEARITIES
  • Target-Mediated Drug Disposition
  • Immunogenicity-Mediated Clearance
  • PHARMACODYNAMICS
  • Pharmacodynamics of Nonantibody Protein Drugs
  • Pharmacodynamics of Antibody Drugs
  • Immunotoxicotherapeutic Agents
  • Agents that Destroy Target Cells
  • Agents that Alter Cell Function
  • Antibody-Directed Drug Delivery
  • Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Rate Limitations
  • INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION
  • SUBCUTANEOUS AND INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION
  • Large Proteins and Lymphatic Transport
  • Capillary Permeability
  • Molecular Size
  • Rate and Extent of Systemic Absorption
  • CONCURRENT DISEASE STATES
  • Renal Disease
  • Hepatic Disease
  • IMMUNOGENIC RESPONSES
  • FUTURE OF THE AREA
  • STUDY PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER 22 Prediction and Refinement of Human Kinetics from In Vitro, Preclinical, and Early Clinical Data
  • ALLOMETRY AND DISPOSITION KINETICS
  • Origin
  • Application to Drugs
  • Deviation from Expectation
  • Correcting for Protein Binding
  • MICRODOSING
  • PREDICTION OF CLEARANCE
  • PREDICTION OF DISTRIBUTION
  • PREDICTION OF ABSORPTION
  • PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
  • Development and Verification of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models
  • PREDICTING PHARMACODYNAMICS
  • MOVING TO VIRTUAL PATIENT POPULATIONS
  • APPENDICES
  • APPENDIX A Assessment of AUC
  • APPENDIX B Ionization and the pH Partition Hypothesis
  • APPENDIX C Distribution of Drugs Extensively Bound to Plasma Proteins
  • APPENDIX D Plasma-to-Blood Concentration Ratio
  • APPENDIX E Well-Stirred Model of Hepatic Clearance
  • APPENDIX F Absorption Kinetics
  • APPENDIX G Wagner-Nelson Method
  • APPENDIX H Mean Residence Time
  • APPENDIX I Amount of Drug in Body on Accumulation to Plateau
  • APPENDIX J Introduction to MS Excel Simulations
  • APPENDIX K Answers to Study Problems
  • Index