Research Design

Höfundur: Julianne Cheek (Útgáfa: 1)
Research Design

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Designing research is about making decisions to transform an idea into a plan that can provide answers to a research problem or question. Thinking about, and then making these decisions results in the research design – the plan that will be followed to conduct the research and answer the question. This text engages in a dialogue with the reader, providing a serious but accessible introduction to research design, for use as a guide when designing your own research or when reading the research of others.

Julianne Cheek and Elise Øby show that designing research is an iterative and reflexive process in which there is constant thinking through, and re-visiting of, decisions about that design as it develops. They use a variety of pedagogical devices throughout the book including Tip Activity Putting it into Practice boxes to emphasize specific points and encourage readers to think about the practical implications of what they have learned.

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Útgefandi
SAGE Publications, Inc. (US)
ISBN
9781544350936
Print ISBN
9781544350899
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
1
Höfundar
Julianne Cheek
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2023-03-28
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Acknowledgment
  • Half Title
  • Visual Preface
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Toc brief
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • About the Authors
  • Chapter 1 Research Design
  • Purposes and goals of the chapter
  • Introduction: What Is Research Design?
  • Designing Research Is an Iterative Process
  • Research Design as a Messy, Complex, and Demanding Thought-Driven Process
  • Research Design: Working With the Literature
  • Using Relevant Literature When Designing Research
  • Working With the Literature Is Not the Same as Simply Reviewing It
  • How Do You Make Decisions About Which Literature to Trust or Rely On?
  • Journal Articles
  • Books and Book Chapters
  • Other Types of Literature That Might Be Useful if Used With Care
  • Research Design: Considering Methodology and Methods
  • Methods
  • Research Design: Considering Theory
  • The Importance of Reflexive Thinking When Designing Research
  • What Does Reflexivity Mean?
  • Putting Reflexive Thinking Into Practice When Designing Research
  • Ethics: Much More Reflexive Thinking Still to Do
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Chapter 2 Ethical Issues in Research Design
  • Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
  • What Is Research Ethics?
  • Putting Informed Consent Into Practice
  • Informed Consent—Who, What, and When
  • Informed Consent in Relation to “Vulnerable” Populations
  • Putting Confidentiality and Anonymity Into Practice
  • The Use of a Pseudonym Does Not Necessarily Ensure Anonymity
  • What You Need to Think About When Reusing, Repurposing, and Sharing Data
  • How to Address These Types of Questions?
  • What You Need to Think About When Using Information on the Internet as Data
  • Blurring the Boundary Between Public and Private
  • Working With Ethics Committees
  • Focusing on the Principles, Not the Requirements
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Chapter 3 Developing Your Research Questions
  • Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
  • Bringing Research Questions Into Focus
  • Feasibility Considerations
  • Putting the Idea of “Think Big, Plan Big, but Do a Small, Well-Contained Study”3 Into Practice.
  • Using the Literature When Developing Research Questions
  • What Is Missing in the Existing Body of Knowledge in the Literature Related to Your Problem?
  • Caution: Mind the Gap
  • Beyond the Gap
  • Different Forms of Reasoning and How They Shape the Form That Research Questions Take
  • Deductive Reasoning
  • Inductive Reasoning
  • Putting Iterative and Reflexive Research Question Development Into Practice—Learning From Others
  • Scratching the Underbelly of Research Design: Developing Clear Research Question(s). Reflections by Maxi Miciak and Christine Daum.7
  • A Bit About Us, Our Projects, and What Makes Us “Qualified” to Write This.
  • In the Beginning There Was …
  • Generating the Question(s)
  • Embracing Rather Than Running From Critique
  • Landing on a Question(s)
  • Key Messages
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Chapter 4 Why Methodology Matters When Designing Research
  • Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
  • Thinking Methodologically
  • Data: A Concept Shaped by Methodological Assumptions
  • The Importance of Bringing Methodological Considerations Related to Data Into Focus
  • Paradigms: Sets of Basic Beliefs That Guide Methodological Thinking
  • Onto-Epistemological Derived Assumptions Underpin Methodological Thinking
  • Inquiry Paradigms and How They Connect to Methodological Thinking
  • Positivism
  • Critiques of Positivism
  • Post-Positivism
  • Constructivism
  • Inquiry Paradigms Affect Thinking About Whether Research Is Credible
  • Why Is Thinking About Your Paradigmatic Stance Important?
  • The Importance of Asking Methodological Questions of Your Research Design
  • Avoiding the Misuse of Methods
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Chapter 5 Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Designing Research
  • Purposes and Goals of Chapter
  • Qualitative and Quantitative Research Strategies
  • Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Reflect Different Research Purposes
  • A Word of Caution
  • Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Reflect Different Logic of Inquiry
  • Quantitative Approaches Employ Deductive Reasoning
  • Qualitative Approaches Predominantly Draw on Inductive Reasoning
  • Another Word of Caution
  • Rounding Off Our Introductory Discussion of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Strategies
  • Common Features Associated With Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
  • Common Features Associated With Quantitative Ways of Thinking When Designing Research
  • Common Features Associated With Qualitative Ways of Thinking When Designing Research
  • Variation Within Quantitative and Qualitative Research Approaches
  • Quantitative Inquiry as a Diverse Approach
  • Quantitative Approaches Vary in the Methods That They Use
  • Capturing the Variety in Quantitative Approaches
  • Qualitative Research Approaches as Diverse Strategies of Inquiry
  • More Specialized Forms of Qualitative Research
  • Ethnography as an Example of a Specialist Qualitative Approach
  • Discourse Analysis—Another Form of Specialized Qualitative Inquiry
  • How Many Specialist Types of Qualitative Inquiry Are There and What Are They?
  • Capturing the Variety of Qualitative Approaches
  • Summing Up: Design Considerations in Light of the Variety Within Qualitative Research
  • Which Are Better: Qualitative or Quantitative Research Approaches?
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Chapter 6 Obtaining Data Using Qualitative Approaches
  • Purpose and Goals of the Chapter
  • Qualitative Methods Are Not Stand-Alone Data Collection Techniques
  • Different Qualitative Methods Use Different Strategies of Inquiry
  • Key Questions to Ask Yourself When Choosing Types of Qualitative Methods or Strategies of Inquiry
  • Navigating the Diversity Between and Within Qualitative Strategies of Inquiry When Designing Your Research
  • How Structured Will Your Qualitative Interviews Be and Why?
  • Choices About Structure Are Choices About the Degree of Control You Have Over the Interview
  • Using the Same Reflexive Thinking When Collecting Data Using Other Qualitative Methods
  • Will You Interview Your Participants Individually or in Some Form of Group and Why?
  • Focus Groups—A Specific Type of Interview
  • Which to Choose?
  • What Will You Ask Your Participants in the Interview and Why?
  • Developing Lines of Inquiry
  • How Many Lines of Inquiry and Associated Questions Are Ideal for an Interview Guide?
  • Designing Good Interview Questions
  • Ask One Question at a Time
  • Avoid Asking Dichotomous and Therefore Redundant or Limiting Questions
  • Don’t Ask Leading Questions or Make Leading Comments, When Interviewing
  • Try Out Your Draft Lines of Inquiry and Questions Before You Do Your Interviews
  • Applying the Same Type of Thinking to Other Types of Qualitative Methods
  • Who Will You Interview and Why?
  • Choosing Between Different Types of Purposeful Sampling Plans in Your Study Design
  • Putting Purposeful Sampling Into Practice When Designing Your Research
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Chapter 7 Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
  • Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
  • Analysis of Qualitative Data: An Iterative and Dynamic Strategy
  • When Does Analysis “Begin” When Designing and Conducting Qualitative Research?
  • Using Memos to Capture Your Analytic Thinking and Hunches
  • Why You Should Not Wait to Begin Analyzing Your Qualitative Data Until All Your Data Is Collected
  • Developing an Iterative Qualitatively Driven Analytic Strategy
  • Strategies for Organizing the Data You Collect and Keeping Track of Your Analytical Thinking About That Data
  • Strategies for Deciding What Parts of the Data You Have Collected Are Relevant for Addressing Your Research Problem
  • The Process of Data Condensation
  • Coding—A Strategy to Condense Your Data
  • More Choices and Decisions to Make When Putting Coding Into Practice
  • Methodological Choices About Whether to Employ an Inductive or Deductive Approach to Your Coding
  • Choosing a Coding Strategy Congruent With the Theoretical Pillars of Your Design
  • Coding in Grounded Theory
  • Rounding Off Our Discussion of Coding
  • The Art of Interpretation
  • Ways of Establishing the Credibility of the Interpretations You Make and Therefore the Rigor and Trustworthiness of Your Research
  • Collecting and Analyzing Data—When Do You Know That You Are “Done”?
  • Connecting Analytical Considerations to Decisions About Sample Size
  • Principles to Guide Sample Size Considerations in Your Qualitative Research Design
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Chapter 8 Foundational Design Issues When Using Quantitative Methods
  • Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
  • What You Need to Think About in Order to Design Credible Quantitative Research
  • Key Questions to Ask Yourself When Designing Quantitative Research
  • Why You Need to Ask Yourself All These Key Questions Simultaneously
  • Where to Begin? Deciding Who You Will Collect Numerical Data From and Why
  • What You Will Need to Think About When Using a Sample in Your Research Design
  • How Do I Design a Sampling Strategy That Enables a Representative Sample?
  • Are There Other Sampling Strategies I Can Consider if Probability Sampling Is Not Feasible?
  • Rounding Off: Important Things to Keep in Mind if You Decide to Use a Sample in Your Research Design
  • Choosing an Analysis Procedure Suitable for Answering Your Research Question
  • Research Questions About What Is Going On in a Study Population
  • Descriptive Procedures
  • Correlational Procedures
  • Research Questions About Why Something Happens in a Study Population
  • When the Research Question Takes the Form of a Hypothesis
  • Aspects That Affect Whether or Not the Conclusions From Testing a Hypothesis Are Statistically Reasonable
  • Still More Thinking to Do
  • What Types of Data Are There?
  • Nominal Data
  • Ordinal Data
  • Interval/Ratio Data
  • How Different Types of Data Enable Different Types of Knowledge
  • Why Making Sure You Collect Data of the “Right” Type Is Not Enough to Ensure That Your Research Design Is Statistically Reasonable
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Chapter 9 Collecting Data Using Quantitative Methods
  • Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
  • Measuring Variables to Enable Valid Research Findings
  • Are You Measuring What You Think You Are?
  • Making Sure the Measurements You Make Measure What They Claim to
  • Example 1
  • Example 2
  • What Can We Conclude From These Examples?
  • Taking a Closer Look at What Enables Variables to Be Measured
  • How to Make Abstract Variables Measurable
  •  
  • Step 1: Clarify Your Understandings (i.e., Develop the Constructs) of the Variables
  • Step 2: Identify Quantifiable Factors That Will Enable Measuring the Constructs
  • Developing Measurement Items to Actually Measure the Variables
  • Developing a Measurement Instrument
  • Developing Measurement Items That Measure What You Intend Them to Measure
  • Do Your Measurement Items Demand Too Much From the Respondents?
  • Will the Measurement Items Enable Consistent Measurements of the Quantifiable Aspects They Are Intended to Measure?
  • Is the Form a Measurement Item Takes in Keeping With What That Item Is Supposed to Measure?
  • Takeaways From This Section
  • Putting a Measurement Instrument Into Practice
  • Response Rates and How They Relate to Sampling and Validity
  • Ways of Collecting Data When Doing Survey Research, and Why They Matter
  • Scenario 1
  • Scenario 2
  • Scenario 3
  • Take-Home Messages From These Scenarios
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Chapter 10 Designing Research Using Mixed Methods
  • Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
  • What Is a Mixed Methods Research Approach?
  • Mixed Methods Research as Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches
  • Snapshot 1: Mixed Methods as a Method That Combines Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
  • Snapshot 2: Mixed Methods as a Way of Thinking That Combines Aspects of Qualitative and Quantitative Thought
  • A Different Definition and View of What Mixed Methods Research Is
  • Snapshot 3: Mixed Methods As a Single Study, but Where One of the Methods Is Incomplete and Cannot Stand Alone
  • What Can We Learn From These Snapshots About What Mixed Methods Is?
  • Why Use a Mixed Methods Research Design?
  • The Importance of Thinking About Why You Might Use a Mixed Methods Approach
  • Priority and Timing of the Components in a Mixed Methods Study
  • Thinking About Matters Related to Priority or Weighting of Components
  • Thinking Through, and Deciding About, Matters Related to the Timing of the Components
  • An Example of How to Connect Purpose, Priority, and Timing and Why This Matters
  • Option One: A QUAL → Quan Design
  • Option Two: A QUAN → Qual Design
  • What Can We Learn From This Example?
  • Mixing—A Central Consideration in Mixed Methods Research
  • “Mixing” as a Concept Not Just a Procedure
  • Incorporating Different Levels of Focus Into Your Thinking About Mixing
  • What About Paradigmatic-Related Considerations When Mixing Methods?
  • Summing Up Our Discussion of Mixing
  • Strategies for Navigating the Complex and Contested Field of Mixed Methods Research
  • Strategy One: Use Diagramming (Not Just Diagrams) as a Way of Keeping Track of the Decisions You Make About Your Emerging Mixed Methods Design.
  • Strategy Two: Keep Folding Back Reflexively on Your Own Thinking, and the Decisions You Are Making or Have Made, When Designing and Reporting Your Mixed Methods Research.
  • Strategy Three: Don’t Go It Alone. Get Help and Find Support Along the Way.
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Chapter 11 Why Knowing and Declaring Your Research Design Hand Matters
  • Purpose and Goals of the Chapter
  • Knowing and Declaring What Your Research Design Related Hand Is
  • Pulling Up a Chair at the Research Design Table
  • Putting All of Your Cards on the Table and Declaring Your Hand: An Important Part of Research Design
  • Declaring Your Hand: Missing in Action in Much of the Reporting of Research
  • What Happened Along the Way?
  • How to Declare Your Research Hand: Circling Back to Tell the Story of the Designing of Your Research
  • How to Reflexively Circle Back to Tell the Story of Your Project When Reporting on Your Research
  • Capturing All This in a Diagram of Some Sort
  • Developing, and Then Diagramming, an Overview of the Process of Research Design
  • The Importance of If … Then Thinking
  • Conclusions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
  • Supplemental Activities
  • Further Readings
  • Notes
  • Glossary
  • References
  • Index