Renewable Energy Law
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This is the first textbook to provide a clear understanding of law's role in promoting the global growth of renewable energy production and consumption. The book introduces readers to the main legal frameworks shaping the rise of renewables at international, regional and national levels, including those which set targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing renewable energy consumption.
Clear explanations of challenges commonly confronting renewable developments and the legal responses to them aid readers' understanding whatever their background. The author, a leading researcher in energy and environmental law, has drawn on 10 years' experience of developing and teaching research-led courses on renewable energy law to produce an authoritative but accessible work. Readers will come away with a better understanding of how international law on climate change and sustainable development affects renewable energy, the roles of renewable energy targets and subsidies, the laws on integrating renewables into electricity networks, the legal response to public opposition to renewable energy development, the law surrounding offshore renewables, and issues raised by the decarbonisation of road transport.
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- Bloomsbury UK
- 9781509936489
- 9781509936472
- ePub
- 1
- Olivia Woolley
- English
- 2023-04-20
- 100
- 10
- 10
Kaflar
- Cover
- Title Page
- Preface
- Contents
- Abbreviations
- Table of Legislation
- 1. Renewable Energy Law: An Introduction
- I. Introducing Renewable Energy Law
- A. The Book’s Purpose
- B. The Book’s Approach
- C. Chapter Contents
- II. What is Renewable Energy?
- III. Drivers for Renewable Energy Development
- A. Climate Change
- B. Harm to Environments and Human Health
- C. Energy Security
- D. Economic Benefits
- E. Sustainable Development
- IV. Obstacles to Renewable Energy Development
- A. Financial Barriers
- B. Carbon Lock-in
- C. Characteristics of Renewable Energy Sources
- D. Public Acceptance
- E. Developing World Challenges
- V. Defining Renewable Energy Law
- VI. Levels of Law
- Classroom Questions
- Scenario
- Suggested Reading
- 2. International Climate Change Law and Renewable Energy
- I. Introduction
- II. The Climate Change Treaties and Renewable Energy
- A. Obliging State Support for Renewable Energy
- B. Deterring Investment in Fossil Fuel Energy
- (i) Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement
- C. Market Mechanisms for Emissions Reduction
- (i) Market Mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol
- (ii) Market Mechanisms under the Paris Agreement
- D. Climate Finance
- (i) Unclear Commitments
- (ii) Low Transparency
- (iii) Climate Finance from Developing States
- (iv) Conclusion
- E. Technology Transfer
- F. Capacity Building
- G. Conclusion
- Classroom Questions
- Scenarios
- Suggested Reading
- 3. Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy
- I. Introduction
- II. Introducing Sustainable Development
- III. Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy
- A. The Brundtland Report
- B. The 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda
- C. The 2002 Johannesburg Declaration and Plan of Implementation
- D. Rio+20 and The Future We Want
- E. Sustainable Energy for All and Sustainable Development Goal
- F. International Declarations on Renewable Energy
- IV. Soft Law and Renewable Energy
- V. International Institutions for Renewable Energy
- VI. Renewable Energy under the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT)
- VII. Strengthening Support for Renewable Energy under International Law
- Classroom Questions
- Scenarios
- Suggested Reading
- 4. Enabling Renewable Energy Growth: The Role of Targets
- I. Introduction
- II. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Targets and Renewable Energy
- III. The Role of Targets in Promoting Renewable Energy
- IV. Assessing the Value of Targets for Supporting Renewable Energy: Key Questions
- A. The Target
- B. Holding Responsible Actors to Account
- C. Investor Confidence
- V. Case Study: National Targets under the EU’s Renewable Energy Directives
- A. 2001 Renewable Electricity Directive
- B. 2009 Renewable Energy Directive
- (i) Analysis
- C. 2018 Renewable Energy Directive
- (i) Proposed Amendments to the 2018 RES Directive
- (ii) Analysis
- D. Case Study Summary
- Classroom Questions
- Scenarios
- Suggested Reading
- 5. Securing Investment in Renewable Energy: The Role of Subsidies
- I. Support Schemes
- II. Investment Support
- III. Operating Support
- A. Feed-in Tariffs
- B. Feed-in Premiums
- C. Obligation/Certificate Schemes
- D. Allocating Support through Tenders/Auctions
- E. Regulatory Risk
- IV. Case Studies: Providing Operating Support for Renewable Energy
- A. Feed-in Tariff, Premium Schemes and Competitive Allocation (Germany)
- (i) Case Study Summary
- B. Renewables Obligation Order (ROO) (Certificate/Obligation Scheme, UK)
- (i) Case Study Summary
- C. Contracts for Difference (CFD) Scheme (Premium Scheme by Auction, UK)
- (i) Competitive Allocation
- (ii) Premium Payment
- (iii) Sources of Investment Risk
- (iv) CFD Auctions
- (v) Case Study Summary
- Classroom Questions
- Scenario
- Suggested Reading
- 6. Transmitting Electricity
- I. Introduction
- II. Electricity Networks and Regulation
- A. Transmission Systems, Distribution Systems and Interconnectors
- B. System Operation
- C. Network Regulation
- D. Electricity System Regulators
- E. Network Operation and Markets
- III. Network Access Challenges
- A. Capacity Constraints
- B. From Passive to Active Management
- C. Consumer Participation in Electricity Systems
- D. Intermittency
- E. Network and Market Operation
- F. Connection Costs
- G. Investment Challenge
- H. The Regulatory Challenge
- IV. Legal Responses
- A. Network Operation
- (i) Market Access
- (ii) From Passive to Active Management
- B. Opening the Electricity System to New Actors
- (i) Smart Grids and Privacy Issues
- (ii) Connection Charges
- C. Planning
- D. Pro-renewables Grid Development
- E. Supporting Transboundary Development
- (i)Trans-European Energy Infrastructure Regulation (2022 TEEI Regulation)
- Classroom Questions
- Scenarios
- Suggested Reading
- 7. Planning, Licensing and Public Opposition
- I. Introduction
- II. Planning and Permitting for Onshore Wind Energy
- III. Concerns with Authorisation Processes for Renewable Energy Development
- A. Complexity
- B. Lack of Time Limits
- C. Public Participation Processes
- D. Rejection by Decision Makers
- IV. Reasons for Public Opposition to Renewable Energy Development
- A. Place-based, Visual and Amenity Concerns
- B. Socio-economic Factors
- C. Environmental Effects
- D. The Quality of Developmental and Decision-making Processes
- V. Legal Responses to Concerns with Authorisation Regimes
- A. Streamlining Development Consent Regimes
- B. ‘One-stop-shops’
- C. Limiting Timescales for Decisions
- D. Planning Policy Statements
- E. Limiting Scope for the Rejection of Renewable Energy Development
- VI. Legal Responses to Reasons for Public Opposition
- A. Early Public Engagement
- B. Financial Incentives
- (i) Share Ownership
- (ii) Compensating Individuals
- (iii) Community Benefits
- Classroom Questions
- Scenarios
- Suggested Reading
- 8. Offshore Renewables
- I. Introduction: Offshore Power Potential
- A. Fixed Offshore Wind Technology
- B. Floating Turbine Technology
- C. Ocean Energy Technologies Lag Behind
- D. Offshore Network Development is Key for the Expansion of Offshore Wind and Ocean Energy
- E. Structure of the Chapter
- II. Legal Foundations in Public International Law for Offshore Power Production
- A. The Zoning Approach to Rights Allocation
- B. Rights to Generate and Transmit Electricity
- III. Offshore Wind Energy and Conflict with Other Sea Uses
- IV. Offshore Renewable Energy and Negative Environmental Impacts
- A. Duties for Environmental Protection under UNCLOS
- B. Regional Seas Conventions and Plans
- C. Legal Measures to Meet International Duties and Offshore Wind
- V. Planning for Offshore Renewables in Congested Seas
- A. Marine Spatial Planning
- B. Strategic Environmental Assessment
- C. Environmental Impact Assessment
- D. Protected Areas Assessment
- E. Adaptive Management
- Classroom Questions
- Scenario
- Suggested Reading
- 9. Decarbonising Road Transport
- I. Introduction
- II. Promoting Renewable Fuel Consumption in Road Transport through Law
- A. Setting Legal Targets for Renewable Energy in Transport
- B. Promoting the Availability of Alternative Fuel Vehicles
- C. Promoting Alternative Fuels
- D. Infrastructure for Alternative Fuel Vehicles
- E. Encouraging the Purchase of Alternative Fuel Source Vehicles
- III. Biofuels
- A. Sustainability Concerns
- B. The EU’s Legal Response to Concerns with Biofuels: The Sustainability Criteria Regime
- (i) Consequences of Unsustainability in EU Law
- (ii) The Sustainability Criteria
- C. Reporting Obligations
- D. Amendments to the Sustainability Criteria Regime
- E. WTO Law and the Sustainability Criteria
- Classroom Questions
- Scenario
- Suggested Reading
- Index
- Copyright Page