Programming Embedded Systems

Name: Programming Embedded Systems
Price: 4860 ISK
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Author: Michael Barr; Anthony Massa
ISBN: 9780596553289

Höfundar: Michael Barr; Anthony Massa (Útgáfa: 2)

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If you have programming experience and a familiarity with C--the dominant language in embedded systems--Programming Embedded Systems, Second Edition is exactly what you need to get started with embedded software. This software is ubiquitous, hidden away inside our watches, DVD players, mobile phones, anti-lock brakes, and even a few toasters. The military uses embedded software to guide missiles, detect enemy aircraft, and pilot UAVs.

Communication satellites, deep-space probes, and many medical instruments would have been nearly impossible to create without embedded software. The first edition of Programming Embedded Systems taught the subject to tens of thousands ofpeople around the world and is now considered the bible of embedded programming. This second edition has been updated to cover all the latest hardware designs and development methodologies.

The techniques and code examples presented here are directly applicable to real-world embedded software projects of all sorts. Examples use the free GNU software programming tools, the eCos and Linux operating systems, and a low-cost hardware platform specially developed for this book. If you obtain these tools along withProgramming Embedded Systems, Second Edition, you'll have a full environment for exploring embedded systems in depth.

But even if you work with different hardware and software, the principles covered in this bookapply. Whether you are new to embedded systems or have done embedded work before, you'll benefit from the topics in this book, which include: How building and loading programs differ from desktop or servercomputers Basic debugging techniques--a critical skill when working withminimally endowed embedded systems Handling different types of memory Interrupts, and the monitoring and control of on-chip and externalperipherals Determining whether you have real-time requirements, and whetheryour operating system and application can meet those requirements Task synchronization with real-time operating systems and embeddedLinux Optimizing embedded software for size, speed, and power consumption Working examples for eCos and embedded Linux So whether you're writing your first embedded program, designing thelatest generation of hand-held whatchamacalits, or managing the peoplewho do, this book is for you.

Programming EmbeddedSystems will help you develop the knowledge and skills youneed to achieve proficiency with embedded software. Praise for the first edition:"This lively and readable book is the perfect introduction for those venturing into embedded systems software development for the first time. It provides in one place all the important topics necessary to orient programmers to the embedded development process.

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Útgefandi: O'Reilly Media, Inc.

ISBN: 9780596553289

Print ISBN: 9780596009830

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 2

Höfundar: Michael Barr; Anthony Massa

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2006-10-11

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 30

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Tölvunarfræði

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Front Matter
Other resources from O’Reilly
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Why We Wrote This Book
Intended Audience
Organization
Conventions, Typographical and Otherwise
Obtaining the Examples Online
Using Code Examples
Comments and Questions
Safari® Enabled
Personal Comments and Acknowledgments
From Michael Barr
From Anthony Massa
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
What Is an Embedded System?
History and Future
Real-Time Systems
Figure 1-1. A range of example real-time systems
Variations on a Theme
Common System Components
Figure 1-2. A generic embedded system
Figure 1-3. (a) Basic embedded software diagram and (b) a more complex embedded software diagram
Requirements That Affect Design Choices
Table 1-1. Common design requirements for embedded systems
Embedded Design Examples
Digital Watch
Video Game Player
Mars Rover
Life As an Embedded Software Developer
The C Language: The Lowest Common Denominator
Other Embedded Languages
Choosing a Language for the Book
Consistent Coding Practices
A Few Words About Hardware
Fixed Width Integers: Sometimes Size Matters
Figure 1-4. The Arcom VIPER-Lite development boards
CHAPTER 2 Getting to Know the Hardware
Understanding the Big Picture
Figure 2-1. Block diagram for the print server
Hardware Basics
Figure 2-2. Block diagram for the print server on Arcom board
Schematic Fundamentals
Figure 2-3. Basic schematic symbols
Figure 2-4. Example schematic
Examine the Landscape
Memory Map
Figure 2-5. Example timing diagram
Figure 2-6. Memory map for the Arcom board
Learn How to Communicate
Getting to Know the Processor
Processors in General
The PXA255 XScale Processor
Study the External Peripherals
Initialize the Hardware
Figure 2-7. The hardware and software initialization process
CHAPTER 3 Your First Embedded Program
Hello, World!
The Blinking LED Program
Figure 3-1. Arcom board add-on module containing the green LED
The ledInit Function
Table 3-1. PXA255 GPIO registersa
Figure 3-2. PXA255 processor GPDR0 register
I/O Space Register Access
The ledToggle Function
The delay_ms Function
The Role of the Infinite Loop
CHAPTER 4 Compiling, Linking, and Locating
The Build Process
Figure 4-1. The embedded software development process
Figure 4-2. The split between host and target
Compiling
Linking
Startup code
Locating
Debug Monitors
Building the Blinking LED Program
Compile
Figure 4-3. Compiling the Blinking LED program
Link and Locate
Figure 4-4. Linking and locating the Blinking LED program
Format the Output File
Another Linking Method
A Quick Look at Makefiles
CHAPTER 5 Downloading and Debugging
Downloading the Blinking LED Program
Figure 5-1. Software development cycle
Debug Monitors
RedBoot
Downloading with RedBoot
Running programs with RedBoot
RedBoot Networking Support
When in ROM…
Managing ROM with RedBoot
Remote Debuggers
Figure 5-2. Components of a remote debug session
Debugging on the Arcom Board
GDB Connection Problems
Debug Tip: Using the Memory Map for Symbol Value Lookup
Emulators
Other Useful Tools
Simulators
Figure 5-3. A common debugger frontend
Debug Tip: Hardware Verification Using a Simulator
Hardware Tools
Figure 5-4. A typical logic analyzer display
Debug Tip: External Triggering
Figure 5-5. Using I/O signals for debug and performance measurements
Finding Pin 1
Figure 5-6. Identifying pin 1 on an IC
Lint
Version Control
Dig into the Hardware
CHAPTER 6 Memory
Types of Memory
Figure 6-1. Common memory types in embedded systems
Types of RAM
DRAM Controllers
Types of ROM
Hybrid Types
Table 6-1. Memory device characteristics
Direct Memory Access
Endian Issues
Endianness in Devices
Figure 6-2. (a) Little-endian memory, (b) big-endian memory
Endianness in Networking
Memory Testing
Common Memory Problems
Electrical wiring problems
Figure 6-3. Possible wiring problems
Missing memory chips
Improperly inserted chips
Developing a Test Strategy
Data bus test
Table 6-2. Consecutive data values for an 8-bit walking 1’s test
Address bus test
Device test
Table 6-3. Data values for an 8-bit increment test
Putting it all together
Validating Memory Contents
Checksums
Cyclic Redundancy Checks
Table 6-4. International standard CRC parameters
Using Flash Memory
Working with Flash Memory
Flash Drivers
CHAPTER 7 Peripherals
Control and Status Registers
Bit Manipulation
Testing bits
Setting bits
Clearing bits
Toggling bits
Shifting bits
Bitmasks
Bitmask Macros
Bitfields
Unique Registers
Struct Overlays
Table 7-1. Timer peripheral struct address offsets
The Device Driver Philosophy
Figure 7-1. Embedded system software layers
A Serial Device Driver
Figure 7-2. Arcom board serial port block diagram
Register interface
State variables
Initialization routine
Device driver API
Testing the Serial Device Driver
Extending the Functionality of the Serial Device Driver
Device Driver Design
CHAPTER 8 Interrupts
Overview
Figure 8-1. Interrupt wiring
Interrupts and Related Events
Table 8-1. Partial interrupt list for PXA255 processor
Priorities
Table 8-2. ARM processor exception and interrupt priorities
Levels and Edges
Figure 8-2. Level- and edge-sensitive interrupt signals
Enabling and Disabling
Figure 8-3. PXA255 Interrupt Controller Mask Register
Interrupt Map
Table 8-3. ARM interrupt vector table
Table 8-4. Partial interrupt map for the Arcom board
Interrupt Service Routine
Figure 8-4. Software flow during interrupt
Shared Data and Race Conditions
Figure 8-5. Example race condition
The Improved Blinking LED Program
How Timers Work
Figure 8-6. PXA255 processor timer 0 registers
Watchdog Timers
Summary of Interrupt Issues
Time Sharing
CHAPTER 9 Putting It All Together
Application Overview
Figure 9-1. The Monitor and Control application
Working with Serial Ports
Command-Line Interface Processing
CHAPTER 10 Operating Systems
History and Purpose
The Scheduler
Real-Time Scheduling
Figure 10-1. Scheduling outcome examples
Figure 10-2. Priority scheduling of two tasks
Figure 10-3. Priority scheduling of three tasks
Scheduling Points
Locking and Unlocking
Tasks
Task States
Figure 10-4. Possible states of a task
Context switch
Figure 10-5. A context switch
The idle task
Task Context
Task Priorities
Rate monotonic scheduling
Figure 10-6. Example showing unschedulable task set
Task Mechanics
Figure 10-7. Basic task operation
Task Synchronization
Application Programming Interfaces
Mutexes and Semaphores
Deadlock and priority inversion
Figure 10-8. An example of priority inversion
Message Passing
Other Functionality
Interrupt Handling
Real-Time Characteristics
To Use or Not to Use an RTOS
RTOS Selection Process
Additional Resources
CHAPTER 11 eCos Examples
Introduction
Task Mechanics
Mutex Task Synchronization
Semaphore Task Synchronization
Figure 11-1. Arcom board add-on module’s SW0 button
Message Passing
Switch Debouncing
eCos Interrupt Handling
CHAPTER 12 Embedded Linux Examples
Introduction
Accessing Hardware in Linux
Task Mechanics
Mutex Task Synchronization
Semaphore Task Synchronization
Message Passing
CHAPTER 13 Extending Functionality
Common Peripherals
Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus
Figure 13-1. Example I2C bus structure
Figure 13-2. Format of a transaction on an I2C bus
Serial Peripheral Interface
Serial Bit Banging
Figure 13-3. Example SPI bus structure
Programmable Logic
Programmable Logic Device
Complex Programmable Logic Device
Figure 13-4. CPLD internal structure
Field Programmable Gate Array
Figure 13-5. FPGA internal structure
Pulse Width Modulation
Analog circuits
Digital control
Figure 13-6. PWM signals with varying duty cycles
Figure 13-7. A simple PWM circuit
Networking for All Devices Great and Small
Benefits of Network Support
Figure 13-8. Example of web-based management with a network stack
Networking Solutions for Embedded Systems
Advantages of Web-based Management
Figure 13-9. Common network protocol components
CHAPTER 14 Optimization Techniques
Increasing Code Efficiency
Decreasing Code Size
Problems with Optimizing Compilers
Reducing Memory Usage
Power-Saving Techniques
Processor Modes
Clock Frequency
Table 14-1. PXA255 power consumption comparison
External Memory Access
Limiting the Impact of C++
Embedded C++
Back Matter
APPENDIX A The Arcom VIPER-Lite Development Kit
Figure A-1. Arcom VIPER-Lite development system
APPENDIX B Setting Up Your Software Development Environment
Windows Host Installation
Cygwin Installation
GNU Software Tools Installation
Linux Host Installation
GNU Software Tools Installation
Example Code Installation
APPENDIX C Building the GNU Software Tools
Extracting the Source Files
Building the Toolchain
APPENDIX D Setting Up the eCos Development Environment
The eCos Build Environment
eCos Source Code Installation
Building the eCos Library
APPENDIX E Setting Up the Embedded Linux Development Environment
Linux Build Environment Setup
Embedded Linux Examples
Building the Linux Examples
Downloading and Running the Linux Examples
Debugging Embedded Linux Examples
Index
About the Authors
Colophon