Principles of Seismology

Name: Principles of Seismology
Price: 10090 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Agustín Udías; Elisa Buforn
ISBN: 9781108547451

Höfundar: Agustín Udías; Elisa Buforn (Útgáfa: 2)

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The second edition of Principles of Seismology has been extensively revised and updated to present a modern approach to observation seismology and the theory behind digital seismograms. It includes: a new chapter on Earthquakes, Earth's structure and dynamics; a considerably revised chapter on instrumentation, with new material on processing of modern digital seismograms and a list of website hosting data and seismological software; and 100 end-of-chapter problems.

The fundamental physical concepts on which seismic theory is based are explained in full detail with step-by-step development of the mathematical derivations, demonstrating the relationship between motions recorded in digital seismograms and the mechanics of deformable bodies. With chapter introductions and summaries, numerous examples, newly drafted illustrations and new color figures, and an updated bibliography and reference list, this intermediate-level textbook is designed to help students develop the skills to tackle real research problems.

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Útgefandi: Cambridge University Press

ISBN: 9781108547451

Print ISBN: 9781107138698

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 2

Höfundar: Agustín Udías; Elisa Buforn

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2017-12-21

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 10

Flokkar: Náttúruvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Vísindi › Jarðeðlisfræði

Kaflar

Cover
Half title
Title page
Imprints page
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments
1 Seismology, the science of earthquakes
1.1 The historical development
1.2 Seismology, a multidisciplinary science
1.3 Divisions of seismology
1.4 Theory and observations
1.5 International cooperation
1.6 Books, journals, and websites
1.7 Summary
2 Earthquakes, Earth structure, and dynamics
2.1 Earthquakes: natural disasters
2.2 Size of earthquakes
2.3 Earthquakes and faults
2.4 Spatial distribution of earthquakes
2.5 Temporal distribution of earthquakes
2.6 Earth’s structure: crust, mantle, and core
2.7 Plate tectonics
2.8 Earthquake risk, prediction, and prevention
2.9 Summary
3 Instrumentation and digital data processing
3.1 The historical evolution of seismographs
3.2 The theory of the seismometer
3.3 Recording systems, magnification, and dynamic range
3.4 Electromagnetic seismographs
3.5 Digital seismographs
3.6 Processing digital seismograms
3.6.1 Data acquisition
3.6.2 Radial and transverse components
3.6.3 Removing the instrumental response
3.6.4 Spectral analysis
3.6.5 Filtering seismograms
3.7 Accelerographs
3.8 Other types of seismologic instruments
3.9 Summary
3.10 Problems
4 Basic concepts and equations of an elastic medium
4.1 Displacement, strain, and stress
4.1.1 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
4.2 Elasticity coefficients
4.3 The influence of temperature
4.4 Work, energy, and heat considerations
4.5 Equations of continuity and motion
4.5.1 The equations of continuity of mass and energy
4.5.2 The equation of motion or momentum
4.6 The Lagrangian formulation
4.7 Potential functions of displacements and forces
4.8 The Green and Somigliana functions of elastodynamics
4.9 Theorems of reciprocity and representation
4.10 Summary
4.11 Problems
5 Waves in an infinite elastic medium
5.1 Wave equations for an elastic medium
5.2 Solutions of the wave equation
5.2.1 Wave fronts and rays
5.2.2 Waves of several frequencies
5.3 Displacement, velocity, and acceleration
5.4 The propagation of energy
5.4.1 Phase and group velocities
5.5 The effect of gravity on wave propagation
5.6 Plane waves
5.7 The geometry of Ρ and S wave displacements
5.8 Particular forms of the potentials
5.9 Spherical waves
5.10 Cylindrical waves
5.11 Summary
5.12 Problems
6 Reflection and refraction
6.1 Snell’s law
6.2 Reflection and refraction in two liquid media
6.2.1 Normal incidence
6.2.2 Critical incidence
6.2.3 Inhomogeneous waves
6.2.4 Reflected and transmitted energy
6.2.5 Reflection on a free surface
6.3 Reflection and refraction in elastic media
6.3.1 Incident SH waves
6.3.2 Critical incidence and inhomogeneous waves
6.3.3 Incident Ρ and SV waves
6.4 Reflection on a free surface
6.4.1 Incident SH waves
6.4.2 Incident Ρ waves
6.4.3 Incident SV waves
6.4.4 Critical reflection of SV waves
6.4.5 The partition of energy
6.5 Motion at the free surface
6.5.1 Incident Ρ waves
6.5.2 Incident S waves
6.5.3 Apparent angles of incidence and polarization
6.6 Summary
6.7 Problems
7 Body wave propagation in layered media
7.1 Wave propagation in the (x, z) plane
7.2 The equation for the displacement–stress vector
7.3 The propagator matrix
7.4 A layered medium with constant parameters
7.4.1 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
7.4.2 The propagator matrix for SH motion
7.5 SH motion in an elastic layer over a half-space
7.6 The general problem
7.6.1 SH motion
7.6.2 P–SV motion
7.7 Summary
7.8 Problems
8 Ray theory. Media of constant velocity
8.1 The eikonal equation
8.1.1 The condition of validity
8.2 Ray trajectories
8.3 Ray trajectories and travel times. A homogeneous half-space
8.4 A layer over a half-space with constant velocities
8.5 The dipping layer
8.6 A plane-layered medium
8.7 Summary
8.8 Problems
9 Ray theory. Media of variable velocity
9.1 A variable velocity with depth
9.2 The Lagrangian formulation
9.3 The change of distance with the ray parameter
9.4 The velocity distribution with ζ constant
9.5 A linear increase of velocity with depth
9.6 Distributions of velocity with depth
9.6.1 A gradual increase of velocity
9.6.2 A rapid increase in velocity
9.6.3 A decrease of velocity. A low-velocity layer
9.7 Travel times for deep foci
9.8 Reflected rays
9.9 Determination of the velocity distribution
9.10 The energy propagated by ray beams. Geometrical spreading
9.11 Summary
9.12 Problems
10 Ray theory. Spherical media
10.1 The geometry of ray trajectories and displacements
10.2 A sphere of constant velocity
10.3 A sphere with a velocity that is variable with the radius
10.3.1 The change of distance with the ray parameter
10.4 A velocity distribution with ζ constant
10.5 Rays with circular trajectory
10.6 Distribution of the velocity with the radius
10.6.1 A normal distribution
10.6.2 A rapid increase in velocity
10.6.3 A decrease in velocity. A low-velocity layer
10.7 Determination of velocity distribution
10.8 Energy propagation by ray beams. Geometric spreading
10.9 Summary
10.10 Problems
11 Travel times and the structure of the Earth
11.1 Observations and methods
11.1.1 Refraction and wide-angle reflection
11.1.2 Vertical reflection
11.1.3 Seismic tomography
11.1.4 Receiver functions
11.2 Distribution of velocity, elasticity coefficients, and density
11.3 The crust
11.3.1 The mineralogical composition of the crust
11.4 The upper mantle
11.4.1 The lithosphere and the asthenosphere
11.5 The lower mantle
11.6 The core
11.7 Summary
11.8 Problems
12 Surface waves
12.1 Rayleigh waves in a half-space
12.1.1 Displacements of Rayleigh waves
12.2 A liquid layer over a rigid half-space. Guided waves
12.2.1 Constructive interference
12.2.2 The dispersion equation and curves
12.2.3 Displacements
12.3 An elastic layer over a half-space. Love waves
12.3.1 Constructive interference
12.3.2 Dispersion curves
12.3.3 Displacements
12.4 An elastic layer over a half-space. Rayleigh waves
12.5 Surface waves in layered media
12.5.1 Love waves in a layer over a half-space
12.6 Surface waves in a spherical medium
12.7 Stoneley waves
12.8 Summary
12.9 Problems
13 Wave dispersion. Phase and group velocities
13.1 Phase and group velocities
13.2 Groups of waves
13.3 The principle of a stationary phase
13.4 Characteristics of dispersed waves
13.5 Determination of group and phase velocities. Instantaneous frequencies
13.5.1 The group velocity
13.5.2 The phase velocity
13.6 Determination of phase and group velocities. Fourier analysis
13.6.1 Fourier analysis of seismograms
13.6.2 The phase velocity
13.6.3 The group velocity
13.7 Dispersion curves and the Earth’s structure
13.7.1 Observations
13.7.2 Interpretation
13.8 Summary
13.9 Problems
14 Free oscillations of the Earth. Theory and observations
14.1 Standing waves and modes of vibration
14.2 Vibrations of an elastic string of finite length
14.3 Vibrations of an elastic rod
14.3.1 Longitudinal vibrations
14.3.2 Torsional vibrations
14.4 The general problem. The Sturm–Liouville equation
14.5 Free oscillations of a homogeneous liquid sphere
14.6 Free oscillations of an elastic sphere
14.7 Toroidal modes
14.8 Spheroidal modes
14.9 Effects on free oscillations
14.10 Observations
14.11 Summary
14.12 Problems
15 Anelasticity and anisotropy
15.1 Anelasticity and damping
15.1.1 Anelasticity
15.1.2 Harmonic excitation of a Maxwellian body
15.1.3 Damped harmonic motion. The Q coefficient
15.2 Wave attenuation
15.3 The attenuation of body and surface waves
15.3.1 Body waves
15.3.2 Surface waves
15.4 The attenuation of free oscillations
15.5 The attenuation of coda waves
15.6 Attenuation in the Earth
15.7 Anisotropy
15.8 Wave propagation in anisotropic media
15.8.1 Body waves
15.8.2 Surface waves
15.9 Anisotropy in the Earth
15.10 Summary
15.11 Problems
16 Focal parameters of earthquakes
16.1 Location of an earthquake focus
16.1.1 Macroseismic determination of epicenter locations
16.1.2 Instrumental determination. Graphical methods
16.1.3 Numerical methods
16.2 Joint hypocenter determination
16.3 Seismic intensity
16.3.1 Isoseismal or intensity maps
16.4 Magnitude
16.4.1 Scales of magnitude
16.4.2 The saturation of magnitude scales
16.5 Seismic energy
16.6 The seismic moment, stress drop, and average stress
16.7 Summary
16.8 Problems
17 Basic theory of earthquake mechanism
17.1 Earthquakes and faults
17.2 Equivalent forces. Point sources
17.2.1 Formulation using Green’s function
17.2.2 Single and double couples
17.3 Fractures and dislocations
17.4 The Green function for an infinite medium
17.4.1 The radial force
17.4.2 An impulsive force in an arbitrary direction
17.5 The separation of near and far fields
17.5.1 The near field
17.5.2 The far field
17.6 A shear dislocation or fracture. The point source
17.6.1 The radiation pattern
17.6.2 The geometry of a shear fracture
17.7 The source time function
17.8 The equivalence between forces and dislocations
17.9 Summary
17.10 Problems
18 The seismic moment tensor
18.1 Definition of the moment tensor
18.2 The moment tensor and elastic dislocations
18.2.1 An explosive source
18.2.2 Shear fracture
18.3 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
18.4 Types of sources and separation of the moment tensor
18.5 Displacements due to a point source
18.6 The temporal dependence
18.7 The centroid moment tensor
18.8 Inversion of the moment tensor
18.9 Summary
18.10 Problems
19 Simple models of fracture
19.1 Source dimensions. Kinematic models
19.2 Rectangular faults. Haskell’s model
19.3 Circular faults. Brune’s model
19.4 Nucleation, propagation, and arrest of a rupture
19.5 Dynamic models of fracture
19.5.1 The static problem
19.5.2 The dynamic problem
19.6 Friction models of fracture
19.7 The complexity of a fracture
19.7.1 The cohesive zone
19.7.2 Barriers and asperities
19.7.3 Acceleration spectra
19.8 Summary
19.9 Problems
20 Methods of determination of source mechanisms
20.1 Parameters and observations
20.2 P wave first motion polarities. Fault plane solutions
20.2.1 Graphical methods
20.2.2 Numerical methods
20.3 Wave-form modeling
20.4 Inversion of the moment tensor
20.4.1 The inversion of Rayleigh waves
20.5 Amplitude spectra of seismic waves
20.6 Determination of the slip distribution over the fault plane
20.7 Summary
20.8 Problems
21 Seismicity, seismotectonics, seismic risk, and prediction
21.1 The spatial distribution of earthquakes
21.2 The temporal distribution of earthquakes
21.3 Seismic cycles
21.4 The distribution of magnitudes
21.5 Models of the occurrence of earthquakes
21.6 Seismotectonics
21.7 Seismic hazard and risk
21.8 The prediction of earthquakes
21.9 Summary
Appendices
Appendix 1 Vectors and tensors
A1.1 Definitions
A1.2 Operations with vectors and tensors
A1.3 Vector and tensor calculus
Appendix 2 Cylindrical and spherical coordinates
A2.1 Cylindrical coordinates
A2.2 Spherical coordinates
Appendix 3 Bessel and Legendre functions
A3.1 Bessel functions
A3.2 Spherical Bessel functions
A3.3 Legendre functions
A3.4 Associate Legendre functions
Appendix 4 Fourier and Laplace transforms
A4.1 Periodic functions
A4.2 Non-periodic functions
A4.3 Convolution and correlation
A4.4 Sampled functions of finite duration
A4.5 Laplace transform
Appendix 5 Parameters of the Earth
Appendix 6 The interior of The Earth
Appendix 7 Important earthquakes
Bibliography
General seismology textbooks
Special topics in seismology
Elasticity and wave mechanics
References
Index