Principles of International Auditing and Assurance
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This groundbreaking textbook redefines auditing education by seamlessly incorporating International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) and other IAASB assurance standards at its core, establishing a new paradigm in how auditing principles are taught. Recognized worldwide as the hallmark of auditing excellence, ISAs set the highest benchmarks for audit quality. This latest edition meticulously unfolds the evolution, application, and global integration of ISAs, alongside other assurance standards and key national frameworks, ensuring that the content remains at the forefront of international practices.
It provides students with an extraordinary depth of insight into auditing and assurance, mirroring the very latest in contemporary practices and thought leadership. Key highlights:, Comprehensive exploration of the audit profession, essential concepts, the audit process across four stages, and specialized topics. Insight into the latest advancements in audit technology, including data analytics. Updates on the latest auditing and assurance standards, ensuring relevance and applicability.
Expansion into a wide spectrum of assurance engagements, including a brand-new dedicated chapter on sustainability assurance. Practice questions styled like exams at the end of each chapter, facilitating effective review and learning. With its global perspective and adherence to the latest standards, this textbook is an essential resource for students aspiring to excel in the dynamic field of auditing.
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- Taylor & Francis
- 9781040782323
- 9789048564156
- ePub
- 5
- Rick Hayes; Philip Wallage; Peter Eimers
- English
- 2025-10-01
- 100
- 2
- 2
Kaflar
- Cover Page
- Half Title page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- List of Illustration
- Foreword
- Preface to The Fifth Edition
- Acknowledgements
- Topic I The Audit Profession
- Chapter 1 International Auditing Overview
- 1.1 Learning Objectives
- 1.2 What is an Audit?
- Limitattattations of an Audit
- 1.3 History
- ► Auditing Through History
- Scribes of Ancient Times
- Middle Ages
- Industrial Rerevolution
- Modern Corporation
- Economic Conditions for Audit Reports
- 1.4 Theory
- ► Theories on The Demand of Audit Services
- The Policeman Theory
- The Lending Credibility Theory
- Legal Liability Theory
- Agency Theory
- Information Asymmetry
- 1.5 Auditing Process and Practice
- ► The Objective on an Audit
- Empirical Scientific Cycle and The Audit
- ► Standard Audit Process Model in four Phases
- ► Phase I: Client And Engagement Acceptance and Continuance
- ► Phase II: Planning Through Understanding and Risk Analysis
- ► Phase III: Building and Executing the Audit Plan
- Gathering Evidence
- ► Phase IV: Evaluating Evidence and Reporting Findings
- The Audit Opinion
- 1.6 Duties, Expectations and Developments
- Reporting On The Company's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern
- Reporting on Effectiveness of Internal Control
- ► Reporting on The Occurrence of Fraud
- Famous Frauds
- Occurrence of Illegal Acts
- ► Sustainability Reporting
- ► Examples of Landmark Legislation that Influenced the International Audit Market
- 1.7 Future of Auditing
- 1.8 Summary
- 1.9 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Cases
- 1.10 Notes
- Chapter 2 How The Audit Profession is Organized
- 2.1 Learning Objectives
- 2.2 Introduction
- 2.3 Types of Auditors
- ► Internal Auditors
- ► The Independent External Auditor: Training, Licensing and Authority
- ► Licensing Requirements
- 2.4 Types of Audits
- ► Audits of Financial Statements
- ► Operational Audits
- ► Compliance Audits
- 2.5 Audit Firms
- ► The Big Four Firms
- ► The Non -Big Four Firms
- ► Organization of The Audit
- Professional Staff
- Staff Accountants
- Senior Accountants (Or Supervisor)
- Managers
- Partners/Directors
- 2.6 Standard Setting
- ► International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
- ► International Auditing Standards
- Iaasb Auditing, Assurance, Quality Management, And Related Services Standards
- ► International Standards on Auditing (ISA)
- 2.7 Audit Regulation
- ► International Perspective
- ► Us Sarbanes-Oxley ACT
- ► European Union Regulation
- 2.8 Legal Liability
- ► Liability Under Common Law
- Liability to Clients
- Liabilities to Third Parties
- Ultramares
- Caparo
- German Liability
- ► Civil Liability Under Statutory Law
- ► Criminal Liability Under Statutory Law
- Us Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 And Sarbanes-Oxley ACT of 2002
- ► Suggested Solutions to Auditor Liability
- 2.9 Disciplinary Action
- 2.10 Audit Firm Oversight
- 2.11 Audit Firm's Quality Management System
- ► Quality Management (ISQM 1, ISQM 2, AND ISA 220)
- ► International Standard on Quality Management 1 (ISQM 1)
- ► International Standard on Quality Management 2 (ISQM 2)
- ► International Standard on Auditing 220 (ISA 220)
- 2.12 Audit Services: An Example
- 2.13 Summary
- 2.14 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Case
- Topic II Fundamental Concepts
- Chapter 3 Ethics for Professional Accountants
- 3.1 Learning Objectives
- 3.2 What are Ethics?
- ► Theories of Ethics
- ► Ethics in The Accountancy Profession
- 3.3 The International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants
- ► Conceptual Framework Approach
- 3.4 Part 1 - Complying with The Code, Fundamental Principles and Conceptual Framework
- ► Integrity (SEC. 111)
- ► Objectivity (SEC. 112)
- ► Professional Competence and Due Care (SEC. 113)
- ► Confidentiality (SEC. 114)
- Permitted Disclosure of Confidential Information
- Examples of Disclosure
- ► Conceptual Framework (SEC 120.5)
- ► Identifying Threats (SEC 120.6)
- Self-Interest Threat
- Self-Review Threat
- Advocacy Threat
- Familiarity Threat
- Intimidation Threat
- ► Addressing Threats/Safeguards (SEC. 120.10)
- Safeguards Created by The Profession, Legislation or Regulation: Examples
- Safeguards Within the Work Environment: Examples
- 3.5 Part 2 - Professional Accountants in Business
- 3.6 Part 3 - Professional Accountants in Public Practice
- ► Conflicts Of Interest (SEC. 310)
- ► Professional Appointments (SEC. 320)
- Replacing an Existing Auditor
- ► Second Opinions (SEC. 321)
- ► Objectivity of an Engagement Quality Reviewer and other Appropriate Reviewers (SEC. 325)
- ► Fees and Other Types Of Remuneration (SEC. 330)
- ► Inducements Including Gifts and Hospitality (SEC. 340)
- ► Custody Of Client Assets (SEC. 350)
- ► Responding to Non-Compliance With Laws and Regulations (SEC. 360)
- 3.7 Part 4 - Independence Standards
- ► Part 4A - Independence Standards for Audit or Review Engagements
- Concepts-Based Approach
- ► Application of The Conceptual Framework Approach to Independence for audit and Review Engagements (SEC. 400)
- Documentation of Independence
- ► Engagement Period (400.30)
- ► Fees (SEC. 410)
- ► Compensation and Evaluation Policies (SEC. 411)
- ► Gifts and Hospitality (SEC. 420)
- ► Actual or Threatened Litigation (SEC. 430)
- ► Financial Interests (SEC. 510)
- Business, Family and Personal Relationships (Sec. 520-521)
- ► Provision of Non-Assurance Services to Audit Clients (SEC. 600-610)
- Public Interest Entities (PIES)
- Non-Public Interest Entities
- ► Part 4B - Independence Requirements for Assurance Engagements other than Audit or Review Engagements
- 3.8 Enforcement of Ethical Requirements
- 3.9 Summary
- 3.10 Ethics: an Example
- 3.11 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Cases
- 3.12 Notes
- Chapter 4 Exploring The Foundations of Auditing and Assurance
- 4.1 Learning Objectives
- 4.2 The Objectives if Auditing in an Elevator Pitch
- 4.3 Reasonable Assurance
- 4.4 Sufficient Appropriate audit Evidence
- 4.5 Materiality
- 4.6 The Importance of Internal Control Measures
- 4.7 The Auditor Behaves Ethically
- 4.8 The Auditor Exercises Professional Scepticism
- 4.9 The Auditor Exercises Professional Judgement
- 4.10 Quality Management
- ► Engagement Level
- ► Audit Firm Level
- 4.11 The Auditor is Accountable with Robust Documentation
- 4.12 Audit Versus Assurance
- 4.13 Limited Versus Reasonable Assurance
- 4.14 Summary
- 4.15 Questions, Exercises And Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Case
- 4.16 Notes
- Topic III The Audit Process Model
- Chapter 5 Client and Engagement Acceptance/ Continuance
- 5.1 Learning Objectives
- 5.2 Client Acceptance and Continuance: The First Step on the Journey to An Opinion
- ► General Client Acceptance Procedures
- ► Audit Clients
- ► Steps in The Client Acceptance Process
- 5.3 Evaluate The Client's Background
- ► Subjects For Discussion
- New Client Investigation
- Existing (Continuing) Clients
- 5.4 Ability to Meet Ethical and Specific Competence Requirements
- ► Ethical Requirements
- ► Litigation and Independence
- ► Specific Competencies
- 5.5 Use of Other Professionals in The Audit
- 5.6 Communicating With The Predecessor (Existing) Auditor
- ► Request Permission Of Client
- ► First Time Engagements
- 5.7 Acceptance by The Client – The Engagement Proposal
- ► Continuing Client Audit Proposal
- ► A Review of How The Auditing Firm Can Add Value
- ► Audit Team
- ► Fee Proposal
- ► New Client Audit Proposal
- ► Establishing and Negotiating Audit Fees
- ► Contingent Fees
- ► Commissions and Referral Fees
- 5.8 The Audit Engagement Letter
- ► Contents Of The Engagement Letter
- ► Financial Reporting Framework
- 5.9 Client Acceptance an Example
- Evaluate The New Client's Background and Reasons for The Audit
- New Client Proposal
- Engagement Letter
- 5.10 Summary
- Appendix 5.1 The Concept of Corporate Governance
- ► Stakeholders
- ► Governance Boards
- ► Laws and Regulations
- ► Transparency and Integrity
- ► Corporate Governance Structures
- ► Corporate Governance and The Role of The Auditor
- 5.11 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems And Exercises
- Cases
- 5.12 Notes
- Chapter 6 Identifying and Assessing Inherent Risk
- 6.1 Learning Objectives
- 6.2 Planning Objective and Procedures
- ► Planning Objective and Procedures
- 6.3 The Audit Risk Model
- ► Audit Risk
- 6.4 The Risk Assessment Process
- ► Risk Assessment Procedures and Related Activities
- Other Information Sources
- Audit Team Discussion
- The Entity's Objectives, Strategies and Related Business Risks
- Industry, Regulatory and Other External Factors
- Legal Documents as Part of Understanding the Client and Its Environment
- Measurement and Review of the Entity's Financial Performance When Performing Analytical Procedures
- Special Audit Considerations for Significant Risks
- 6.5 Materiality
- ► Planning Materiality
- Size of the Item
- Nature of the Item
- Circumstances of Occurrence
- Reliability, Precision and Amount of Evidence
- ► Performance Materiality
- ► Where to Set Materiality?
- 6.6 Fraud and Irregularities
- 6.7 Using the Work of Others and Considering Auditee use of Service Organisations
- 6.8 Other Planning Activities
- ► Discussions with Those Charged with Governance
- ► Audit Plan
- ► Documentation
- 6.9 Summary
- 6.10 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Cases
- 6.11 Notes
- Chapter 7 Identifying and Assessing Control Risk
- 7.1 Learning Objectives
- 7.2 Introduction
- 7.3 Internal Control Defined
- ► The Importance of Internal Controls
- ► Internal Control Defined
- Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
- Internal Controls Over Operations and Compliance
- ► Design and Implementation of Internal Controls
- 7.4 Obtain an Understanding of Internal Control Components (Including It)
- 7.4.1 Control Environment
- 7.4.2 Risk Assessment
- 7.4.3 Control Activities
- 7.4.4 Information And Communication (Including It)
- 7.4.5 Monitoring
- 7.5 Identify Rmm and Determine Control Deficiencies
- Controls Addressing Significant Risk
- Financial Statement Assertions and Controls
- Methods for Obtaining Controls Audit Evidence
- ► The Use of Technology in Risk Assessment Procedures
- ► Identify Control Deficiencies
- 7.6 Stand Back and Reflect
- ► Classes of Transactions, Account Balances and Disclosure That are Not Significant but Which are Material
- 7.7 Final reflections on the preliminary assessment of Control risk
- 7.8 Starting Point for Preparing Audit Plan
- 7.9 Summary
- 7.10 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- 7.10 Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Cases
- 7.11 Notes
- Chapter 8 Building and Execution of the Audit Plan and Auditor's Response to Assessed Risk
- 8.1 Learning Objectives
- 8.2 The Basis of Evidence
- Sources
- Automated Tools and Techniques
- 8.3 Financial Statement Assertions
- 8.4 Audit Procedures for Obtaining Audit Evidence
- ► Inquiry
- ► Observation
- Observation of Physical Inventory Procedures
- Alternative Inventory Procedures
- Planning Attendance at Inventory Count
- Inventory Procedures in Addition to Observation
- Inventory Not on Company Premises
- ► Inspection
- Inspection of Documents
- ► External and Internal Documents
- ► Recalculation and Reperformance
- ► Confirmations
- Confirmation of Management Assertions
- Confirmation of Accounts Receivable
- Positive and Negative Confirmations
- No Response to Confirmation Letter
- If Audit Client Does Not Allow Confirmations
- PCAOB Audit Standard 2310
- 8.5 Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence
- ► Sufficiency
- ► Appropriateness
- ► Relevance
- ► Reliability
- ► Cost/Benefit
- 8.6 Response to Assessed Risks
- 8.6.1 Tests of Controls
- 8.6.2 Substantive Procedures
- 8.7 Sampling
- ► Sampling Requirements
- 8.8 Summary
- 8.9 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Cases
- 8.10 Notes
- Chapter 9 Analytical Review
- 9.1 Learning Objectives
- 9.2 Analytical Procedures During Different Phases in the Audit Process
- ► Planning
- ► Substantive Testing
- ► Overall Review
- ► Tests of Controls Over Information Used for Analytics
- 9.3 The Analytical Review Process
- ► Four-Phase Process
- 9.4 Formulating Expectations
- ► Sources of Information and Precision of Expectations
- ► Nature of Account and Characteristics of Data
- 9.5 General Types of Analytical Procedures
- ► Trend Analysis
- ► Ratio Analysis
- ► Reasonableness Testing
- ► Trend Analysis, Ratio Analysis and Reasonableness Tests Compared
- ► Standard Client and Industry Ratios
- ► Liquidity and Going Concern
- 9.6 Analytical Procedures as Substantive Tests
- ► Analytical Procedures Advantages Over Tests of Details
- ► Disadvantages of Analytical Procedures
- ► Corroboration
- ► Substantive Analytical Procedures Examples
- ► Payroll
- 9.7 Follow-Up in Case of Unexpected Deviations
- 9.8 Analytical Review: An Example
- 9.9 Summary
- 9.10 Questions, Exercises And Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Cases
- 9.11 Notes
- Chapter 10 Evaluating and Completion
- 10.1 Learning Objectives
- 10.2 Introduction
- 10.3 Specific Considerations Gathering Evidence for Selected Items
- Inventory
- Litigation and Claims
- Segment Information
- 10.4 Written Representations
- Legal Letter
- Management Representation Letter
- 10.5 Review For Contingent Liabilities and Commitments
- 10.6 Review For Discovery of Subsequent Events
- Types of Events After the Balance Sheet Date
- Events Relating to Conditions that Existed at Period End
- Events Not Affecting Conditions at Period End
- Events Up to the Date of the Auditor's Report
- Facts Which Become Known to the Auditor After the Date of the Auditor's Report but Before the Date the Financial Statements are Issued
- Discovery of Facts After the Financial Statements Have Been Issued
- 10.7 Related Parties
- Procedures to Discover Related Party Transactions
- Understanding the Entity's Related Party Relationships and Transactions
- Review Management and Board For Related Parties
- 10.8 Evaluation of Going Concern Assumption
- 10.9 Evaluation of Misstatements Identified During the Audit
- Evaluating Audit Findings For Material Misstatements
- Misstatement Worksheet
- Review Laws and Regulation
- Communication and Correction of Misstatements
- 10.10 Review of Financial Statements and Other Information
- Financial Statement Disclosure Checklist
- The Auditor's Responsibilities For Other Information
- Material Inconsistency
- Material Misstatement of Fact
- 10.11 Wrap-Up Procedures
- Supervisory Review
- Resolution of Review Questions
- Working Paper Review
- Engagement Quality Review
- 10.12 Summary
- 10.13 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Cases
- 10.14 Notes
- Chapter 11 Reporting
- 11.1 Learning Objectives
- 11.2 Introduction
- ► Management Responsibility for Financial Statements
- 11.3 Basic Elements of the Auditor's Report
- Title
- Addressee
- Opinion
- Basis for Opinion
- Management's Responsibility for the Financial Statements
- Auditor's Responsibility
- Report on Other Information in the Annual Report
- Name and Signature of the Auditor and Date of the Report
- Auditor's Address
- ► Other Formats of the Auditor's Report
- 11.4 Key Audit Matters (KAMS)
- 11.5 Emphasis of Matter Paragraph and Other Matter Paragraph
- ► Going Concern Opinion (Emphasis of Matter)
- 11.6 Type of Audit Report
- ► Modified Opinions
- ► Form and Content of the Auditor's Report when the Opinion is Modified
- ► Qualified Opinion
- ► Adverse Opinion
- ► Disclaimer of Opinion
- ► Reference to Expert
- 11.7 Opinion on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
- 11.8 Communications with Those Charged with Governance
- ► Communications with the Audit Committee
- ► Communications of Deficiencies in Internal Control
- ► Reportable Conditions
- 11.9 Extended Auditor's Report
- ► Discussion of Financial Issues
- ► Risk Discussion
- ► Other Topics Discussed
- 11.10 Management Letter
- 11.11 General Meeting of Shareholders
- 11.12 Summary
- 11.13 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Case
- 11.14 Notes
- Topic IV Specific Subjects and Themes
- Chapter 12 Fraud and Other Considerations of Law and Regulation in an Audit
- 12.1 Learning Objectives
- 12.2 Introduction
- 12.3 Responsibilities of the Board
- 12.4 Auditor's Responsibility
- 12.5 Fraud Defined
- 12.6 Types of Fraud
- 12.7 Fraud Triangle and Anti-Fraud Measures
- Cyber-Fraud Risks
- Anti-Fraud Measures
- 12.8 Audit Planning and Fraud Risk Assessment
- Risk Assessment Procedures
- Discussion with Engagement Team
- Identification and Assessment of the Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud
- 12.9 Responses to Fraud Risk Assessment
- ► Fraud or Suspected Fraud
- ► Evaluation of Audit Evidence and Documentation
- ► Discontinuance of the Engagement
- ► Written Representations of Management
- 12.10 Communication Related to Fraud with Management, Board and Third Parties
- 12.11 Compliance with Law and Regulation, Corruption and Money Laundering
- Bribery and Corruption
- Money Laundering
- 12.12 Summary
- 12.13 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Cases
- 12.14 Notes
- Chapter 13 Technology in the Audit, Group Audits, Using the Work of Others and the Audit of Accounting Estimates
- 13.1 Learning Objectives
- 13.2 Technology in the Audit
- ► Evolving History Related to Electronic Data
- ► Contribution to Audit Quality
- ► Data Analytics in the ISAS
- ► Way Forward in Data Analytics
- ► Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Application in Audit
- Advanced AI Applications
- Advantages of AI in Financial Statement Auditing:
- Disadvantages of AI in Financial Statement Auditing:
- 13.3 Group Audits
- ► Understanding the Group Being Audited, Its Components and Their Environments
- ► Understanding the Component Auditor
- ► Materality
- ► Responding to Assessed Risks
- ► Determining the Type of Work with Respect to Components
- ► Consolidation
- ► Group Auditor and Component Auditor Communication
- ► Group Auditor Communication with Management and Those Charged with Governance
- ► Subsequent Events
- ► Group Audit Reporting
- ► Documentation
- 13.4 Using the Work of Others and Considering Client Use of Service Organisations
- ► Using the Work of an Auditor's Expert
- ► Auditor's Expert Agreement and Reports
- ► Using Management's Expert
- ► Using the Work of the Auditee's Internal Auditors
- ► Audit Considerations Relating To an Auditee Using a Service Organization
- ► Obtaining an Understanding of the Use of Services of Service Organizations
- 13.5 Audit of Accounting Estimates
- ► Accounting Estimate Risk Assessment Procedures
- ► Accounting Estimate Responses to Assessed Risks
- ► Written Representations and Documentation
- 13.6 Auditing of Accounting Estimates: An Example
- ► Information Forming a Basis of Understanding for Accounting Estimates
- ► Testing for Risks in Accounting Estimates
- 13.7 Summary
- 13.8 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Cases
- 13.9 Notes
- Chapter 14 Other Assurance and Related Services
- 14.1 Learning Objectives
- 14.2 The Concepts
- Attestation and Direct Engagements
- Reasonable and Limited Assurance Engagements
- Engagement Acceptance
- 14.3 Elements of an Assurance Engagement
- Five Elements Exhibited by All Assurance Engagements
- Three-Party Relationship - Practitioner, Responsible Party and User
- Subject Matter
- Suitable Criteria
- The Characteristics for Assessing Suitable Criteria
- Criteria Established or Specifically Developed
- Evidence
- Sufficiency, Appropriateness, Reliability of Evidence and Materiality
- Planning
- Fraud or Non-Compliance with Laws and Regulation
- Documentation
- Assurance Report
- Responsible Party
- Subject Matter
- Identification of The Criteria
- A Summary of The Work Performed
- Special Statements
- Practitioner's Conclusion
- Modified Conclusions
- Communications with The Audit Committee
- 14.4 Highlights of Various Kinds of Assurance Engagements
- Special Area Engagements
- Reports on Financial Statements Prepared in Accordance with The Special Purpose Framework (ISA 800)
- Reports on Audits of Single Financial Statements and Specific Elements, Accounts or Items of A Financial Statement (ISA 805)
- Reports on Summarised Financial Statements (ISA 810)
- Review of Financial Statements
- Review Procedures
- Review Report of Financial Statements
- 14.5 Assurance Engagements other Than Audits or Reviews of Historical Financial Information
- The Examination of Prospective Financial Information (ISAE 3400)
- Prospective Financial Information offers Moderate Level of Assurance
- Report on Examination of Prospective Financial Information
- Internal Controls over Financial Reporting (ICFR) Assurance Engagements
- Assurance Reports on Controls at a Service Organization (ISAE 3402)
- Sustainability Assurance Engagements
- Assurance Engagements on Greenhouse GAS Statements
- Reporting on Greenhouse GAS Statement
- Assurance Engagements to Report on The Compilation of Pro Forma Financial Information Included in a Prospectus (ISAE 3420)
- 14.6 Related Services
- Engagements to Perform Agreed-Upon Procedures Regarding Financial Information (ISRS 4400)
- Objective
- Independence Not Required
- Professional Judgement
- Matters to be Agreed
- Procedures Performed
- Agreed-Upon Procedures Report
- Engagements to Compile Financial Information (ISRS 4410)
- Independence
- Understanding Terms of the Engagement
- Compilation Procedures
- Reporting On a Compilation Engagement
- 14.7 Summary
- 14.8 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- Cases
- 14.9 Notes
- Chapter 15 Sustainability Assurance Engagements
- 15.1 Learning Objectives
- 15.2 Setting the Scene
- 15.2.1 Introduction
- 15.2.2 Theoretical Perspective
- 15.2.3 A Journey Towards Sustainability
- 15.3 Sustainability Reporting
- 15.3.1 Double Materiality
- 15.3.2 Misstatements Due to Fraud and Error
- 15.3.3 Accounting Information Systems and Internal Control Over Sustainability Reporting (ICSR)
- 15.4 Sustainability Reporting Goals, Regulations and Standards
- 15.4.1 Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC)
- 15.4.2 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
- 15.4.3 International Sustainabililty Standards Board (ISSB)
- 15.4.4 EU Corporate Sustainability Directive (CSRD)
- 15.4.5 Securities and Exchange Commission (US)
- 15.5 Sustainability Assurance Process
- 15.5.1 Introduction
- 15.5.2 Acceptance and Continuance
- 15.5.3 Understanding and Risk Analysis
- 15.5.4 Building and Executing Assurance Plan
- 15.5.5 Evaluating and Completion
- 15.5.6 The Assurance Report
- 15.6 Summary
- 15.7 Questions, Exercises and Cases
- Questions
- Problems and Exercises
- 15.8 Notes
- Index