Prescott's Microbiology ISE

Name: Prescott's Microbiology ISE
Price: 5100 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Joanne Willey; Kathleen Sandman; Dorothy Wood
ISBN: 9781265563639

Höfundar: Joanne Willey; Kathleen Sandman; Dorothy Wood (Útgáfa: 13)

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The author team of Prescott's Microbiology continues to provide a modern approach to microbiology by using evolution as a framework. With an impactful introduction to the entire microbial world covered in separate chapters on the structure and function of bacteria and archaea which is followed by the discussion of eukaryotic cells and viruses. You will also find a broad coverage of microbial ecology which is demonstrated by content that ranges from global climate change to the human microbiome.

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Útgefandi: McGraw-Hill Higher Education (International)

ISBN: 9781265563639

Print ISBN: 9781264658626

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 13

Höfundar: Joanne Willey; Kathleen Sandman; Dorothy Wood

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2026-02-03

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Náttúruvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Vísindi › Veirufræði

Kaflar

Table of Contents and Preface
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Information
Brief Contents
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A Modern Approach to Microbiology
Evolution as a Framework
An Introduction to the Entire Microbial World
Broad Coverage of Microbial Ecology
Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
Twenty-first-Century Microbiology
Metagenomics and the Human Microbiome
Laboratory Safety
Special Interest Essays
Student-Friendly Organization
List of Content Changes
Part One
About the Authors
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Members of the Microbial World
1.2 Microbes Have Evolved and Diversified for Billions of Years
Theories of the Origin of Life Depend Primarily on Indirect Evidence
Early Life Was Probably RNA-based
Evolution of the Three Domains of Life
Phylogenetic Trees
Microbial Taxonomy
1.3 Microbiology Advanced as New Tools for Studying Microbes Were Developed
Microscopy Led to the Discovery of Microorganisms
Culture-based Methods for Studying Microorganisms Were a Major Development
1.4 Microbiology Encompasses Many Subdisciplines
Major Fields in Microbiology
Key Concepts
1.1 Members of the Microbial World
Active Learning
Chapter 2: Microscopy
Chapter 2 Introduction
2.1 Lenses Create Images by Bending Light
2.2 There Are Several Types of Light Microscopes
Bright-Field Microscope: Dark Object, Bright Background
Better Microscope Resolution Means a Clearer Image
Visualizing Live, Unstained Microbes
Fluorescence Microscopes Use Emitted Light to Create Images
Confocal MicroscopyCreates Images That Appear 3-Dimensional
Super-Resolution Microscopy
2.3 Staining Helps to Visualize and Identify Microbes
Fixation
Dyes and Simple Staining
Differential Staining
2.4 Electron Microscopes Use Beams of Electrons to Create Highly Magnified Images
Transmission Electron Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope
Cryo-Electron Microscopy
2.5 Scanning Probe Microscopy Can Visualize Molecules and Atoms
Key Concepts
2.1 Lenses Create Images by Bending Light
2.2 There Are Several Types of Light Microscopes
2.3 Staining Helps to Visualize and Identify Microbes
2.4 Electron Microscopes Use Beams of Electrons to Create Highly Magnified Images
2.5 Scanning Probe Microscopy Can Visualize Molecules and Atoms
Active Learning
Chapter 3: Bacterial Cell Structure
Chapter 3 Introduction
3.1 Bacteria Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features
Shape, Arrangement, and Size
Cell Organization
3.2 Bacterial Plasma Membranes Control What Enters and Leaves the Cell
Plasma Membrane Structure Is Dynamic
Bacteria Use Many Mechanisms to Bring Nutrients into the Cell
3.3 Cell Walls Have Many Functions
Overview of Bacterial Cell Wall Structure
Peptidoglycan Structure
Bacterial Cell Walls Consist Primarily of Peptidoglycan
Gram-Negative Cell Envelopes Includea Second Membrane
Cell Walls and Osmotic Protection
Bacteria That Lack Cell Walls
3.4 Extracellular Vesicles Emerge from Bacterial Membranes
3.5 The Cell Envelope Often Includes Layers Outside the Cell Wall
Capsules and Slime Layers
S-Layers
3.6 The Bacterial Cytoplasm Is More Complex than Once Thought
Bacterial Cytoskeleton
Intracytoplasmic Membranes
Inclusions
Bacterial Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Plasmids
3.7 External Structures Are Used for Attachment and Motility
Bacterial Pili and Fimbriae
Bacterial Flagella
3.8 Bacterial Endospores Are a Survival Strategy
Sporulation: Making Endospores
Endospore Resistance
Endospore to Vegetative Cell
Key Concepts
3.1 Bacteria Are Diverse but Share Some CommonStructural Features
Active Learning
Chapter 4: Archaeal Cell Structure
Chapter 4 Introduction
4.1 Archaea are Diverse but Share Some Common Features
Shape, Arrangement, and Size
4.2 Archaeal Cell Envelopes Are Structurally Diverse
Archaeal Plasma Membranes Are Composed of Unique Lipids but Function Like Bacterial Membranes
There Are Many Different Types of Archaeal Cell Walls
4.3 Archaeal Cytoplasm Is Similar to Bacterial Cytoplasm
Archaeal Ribosomes Are the Same Size as Bacterial Ribosomes but Composed of Different Molecules
Nucleoid
4.4 Many Archaea Have External Structures Used for Attachment and Motility
Pili
Archaella and Motility
Key Concepts
4.1 Archaea Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features
4.2 Archaeal Cell Envelopes Are Structurally Diverse
4.3 Archaeal Cytoplasm Is Similar to Bacterial Cytoplasm
4.4 Many Archaea Have External Structures Used for Attachment and Motility
Active Learning
Chapter 5: Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Chapter 5 Introduction
5.1 Eukaryotic Cells Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features
Shape and Size
Cell Organization
5.2 Eukaryotic Cell Envelopes
5.3 The Eukaryotic Cytoplasm Contains a Cytoskeleton and Organelles
5.4 Several Organelles Function in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Golgi Apparatus Prepares Materials for Secretion
Lysosomes Are Degradative Organelles that Function in Endocytic Pathways
Transport and Secretory Pathways Move Molecules to Other Locations, Including Outside the Cell
Endocytic Pathways Bring Materials into the Cell
Extracellular Vesicles
5.5 The Nucleus and Ribosomes Are Involved in Genetic Control of the Cell
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Ribosomes Are Different from Bacterial and Archaeal Ribosomes
5.6 Mitochondria, Related Organelles, and Chloroplasts Are Involved in Energy Conservation
Aerobic Mitochondria Belong to the Family of Mitochondrial-Related Organelles
Chloroplasts
5.7 Many Eukaryotic Microbes Have External Structures Used for Motility
Key Concepts
5.1 Eukaryotic Cells Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features
5.2 Eukaryotic Cell Envelopes
5.3 The Eukaryotic Cytoplasm Contains a Cytoskeleton and Organelles
5.4 Several Organelles Function in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways
5.5 The Nucleus and Ribosomes Are Involved in Genetic Control of the Cell
5.6 Mitochondria, Related Organelles, and Chloroplasts Are Involved in Energy Conservation
5.7 Many Eukaryotic Microbes Have External Structures Used for Motility
Active Learning
Chapter 6: Viruses and Other Acellular Infectious Agents
Chapter 6 Introduction
6.1 Viruses Are Acellular
6.2 Virion Structure Is Defined by Capsid Symmetry and Presence or Absence of an Envelope
General Structural Properties
Viral Envelopes and Enzymes
Viral Genomes Are Structurally Diverse
6.3 Viral Life Cycles Have Five Steps
Attachment (Adsorption)
6.4 There Are Several Types of Viral Infections
Lytic and Lysogenic Infections Are Common for Bacterial and Archaeal Cells
6.5 Virus Cultivation and Enumeration
6.6 Viroids and Satellites: Nucleic Acid-Based Subviral Agents
6.7 Prions Are Composed Only of Protein
Key Concepts
6.1 Viruses Are Acellular
6.2 Virion Structure Is Defined by Capsid Symmetry and Presence or Absence of an Envelope
6.3 Viral Life Cycles Have Five Steps
6.4 There Are Several Types of Viral Infections
Virus Cultivation and Enumeration
Viroids and Satellites: Nucleic Acid–Based Subviral Agents
6.7 Prions Are Composed Only of Protein
Active Learning
Chapter 7: Bacterial and Archaeal Growth
Chapter 7 Introduction
7.1 Most Bacteria and Archaea Reproduce by Binary Fission
7.2 Bacterial Cell Cycles Are Dividedinto Three Phases
Chromosome Replication and Partitioning
Cytokinesis
Cellular Growth and Determination of Cell Shape
7.3 Archaeal Cell Cycles Are Unique
7.4 Growth Curves Consist of Five Phases
Mathematics of Growth
7.5 Environmental Factors Affect Microbial Growth
Solutes Affect Osmosis and Water Activity
pH
Temperature
Oxygen Concentration
Pressure
Radiation
7.6 Microbial Growth in Natural Environments
Most Microbes Live in Growth-Arrested States
Biofilms Are Common in Nature
Cell-Cell Communication Within Microbial Populations
7.7 Laboratory Culture of Microbes Requires Conditions that Mimic Their Normal Habitats
Culture Media
Cultivation of Aerobes and Anaerobes
Enrichment and Isolation of Pure Cultures
New Approaches to Culturing Microbes
7.8 Microbial Population Size Can Be Measured Directly or Indirectly
Direct Measurement of Cell Numbers
Viable Counting Methods
Measurement of Cell Mass
7.9 Chemostats and Turbidostats Are Used for Continuous Culture of Microorganisms
Chemostats
Turbidostats
Key Concepts
7.1 Many Bacteria and Archaea Reproduce by Binary Fission
7.2 Bacterial Cell Cycles Are Divided into Three Phases
7.3 Archaeal Cell Cycles Are Unique
Growth Curves Consist of Five Phases
7.5 Environmental Factors Affect Microbial Growth
7.6 Microbial Growth in Natural Environments
7.7 Laboratory Culture of Microbes Requires Conditions That Mimic Their Normal Habitats
7.8 Microbial Population Size Can Be Measured Directly or Indirectly
7.9 Chemostats and Turbidostats Are Used for Continuous Culture of Microorganisms
Active Learning
Chapter 8: Control of Microorganisms in the Environment
Chapter 8 Introduction
8.1 Microbial Growth and Replication: Targets for Control
The Pattern of Microbial Death Mirrors the Pattern of Microbial Growth
8.2 Microbes Can Be Controlled by Physical Means
Filtration
Heat
Radiation
8.3 Microorganisms Are Controlled with Chemical Agents
Phenolics
Alcohols
Halogens
Metals
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Aldehydes
Sterilizing Gases
8.4 Antimicrobial Agents Must Be Evaluated for Effectiveness
8.5 Microorganisms Can Be Controlled by Biological Methods
Key Concepts
8.1 Microbial Growth and Replication: Targets for Control
8.2 Microbes Can Be Controlled by Physical Means
8.3 Microorganisms Are Controlled with Chemical Agents
8.4 Antimicrobial Agents Must Be Evaluated for Effectiveness
8.5 Microorganisms Can Be Controlled by Biological Methods
Active Learning
Chapter 9: Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Chapter 9 Introduction
9.1 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Evolved from Antisepsis Efforts
9.2 Antimicrobial Drugs Have Selective Toxicity
9.3 Antimicrobial Activity Can Be Measured by Specific Tests
Dilution Susceptibility Tests
Disk Diffusion Tests
The Etest®
9.4 Antibacterial Drugs
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Metabolic Antagonists
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibition
9.5 Antiviral Drugs
9.6 Antiviral Drugs Antifungal Drugs
9.7 Antiprotozoan Drugs
9.8 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Is a Public Health Threat
There Are Several Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
Detecting Drug Resistance
Overcoming Drug Resistance
Key Concepts
9.1 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Evolved from Antisepsis Efforts
Active Learning
Chapter 10: Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 10 Introduction
10.1 Metabolism: Important Principles and Concepts
Cellular Work and Energy Transfers
Laws of Thermodynamics
Free Energy Change Predicts the Nature of a Chemical Reaction
10.2 ATP: The Major Energy Currency of Cells
10.3 Redox Reactions: Reactions of Central Importance in Metabolism
10.4 Electron Transport Chains: Sets of Sequential Redox Reactions
10.5 Biochemical Pathways: Sets of Linked Chemical Reactions
10.6 Enzymes and Ribozymes Speed Up Cellular Chemical Reactions
Enzyme Structure
How Enzymes Speed Up Reactions
Substrate Concentration Affects Enzyme Activity
Enzyme Denaturation Destroys Enzyme Activity
Enzyme Inhibition
Ribozymes: Catalytic RNA Molecules
10.7 Metabolism Must Be Regulated to Maintain Homeostasis
Metabolic Channeling
Regulation of Gene Expression
Posttranslational Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Feedback Inhibition
Key Concepts
10.1 Metabolism: Important Principles and Concepts
Active Learning
Chapter 11: Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation
Chapter 11 Introduction
11.1 Metabolic Diversity and Nutritional Types
Nutritional Types Are Defined by the Source of anOrganism’s Energy, Electrons, and Carbon
Fueling Reactions Convert Energy, Electron, and Carbon Sources into ATP, Reducing Power, and Precursor Metabolites
11.2 There Are Two Chemoorganotrophic Fueling Processes
11.3 Aerobic Respiration Starts with Glucose Oxidation
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway: The Most Common Route to Pyruvate
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
Pentose Phosphate Pathway: A Major Producer of Reducing Power for Anabolic Reactions
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
11.4 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Generate the Most ATP
Electron Transport Chains
Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP Yield During Aerobic Respiration
11.5 Anaerobic Respiration Uses the Same Steps as Aerobic Respiration
11.6 Fermentation Does Not Involve an Electron Transport Chain
11.7 Catabolism of Organic Molecules Other Than Glucose
Carbohydrates
Lipid Catabolism
Protein and Amino Acid Catabolism
11.8 Chemolithotrophy: “Eating Rocks”
11.9 Flavin-Based Electron Bifurcation
11.10 Phototrophy
Light Reactions in Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Light Reactions in Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
Rhodopsin-Based Phototrophy
Key Concepts
11.1 Metabolic Diversity and Nutritional Types
Active Learning
Chapter 12: Anabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis
Chapter 12 Introduction
12.1 Principles Governing Biosynthesis
12.2 Precursor Metabolites: Starting Molecules for Biosynthesis
12.3 CO2 Fixation: Reduction and Assimilation of CO2 Carbon
Calvin-Benson Cycle
Other CO 2 -Fixation Pathways
12.4 Synthesis of Carbohydrates
Synthesis of Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Involves Nucleoside Diphosphate Carriers
Synthesis of Peptidoglycan Occurs in the Cytoplasm, at the Plasma Membrane, and in the Periplasmic Space
12.5 Synthesis of Amino Acids Consumes Many Precursor Metabolites
Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation
Sulfur Assimilation: SO 4 to S-Bearing Molecules
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways
Anaplerotic Reactions Replace the Precursor Metabolites Used for Amino Acid Biosynthesis
12.6 Synthesis of Purines, Pyrimidines, and Nucleotides
Phosphorus Assimilation
Purine Biosynthesis
Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
12.7 Lipid Synthesis
Fatty Acids and Phospholipids
Sterols and Isoprenoid Lipids
Lipopolysaccharides
Key Concepts
12.1 Principles Governing Biosynthesis
Active Learning
Chapter 13: Bacterial Genome Replication and Expression
Chapter 13 Introduction
13.1 Experiments Using Bacteria and Viruses Demonstrated That DNA Is the Genetic Material
13.2 Nucleic Acid and Protein Structure
DNA Is a Polymer of Deoxyribonucleotides
RNA Is a Polymer of Ribonucleotides
Proteins Are Polymers of Amino Acids
13.3 DNA Replication in Bacteria
Bacterial DNA Replication Initiates from a Single Origin of Replication
Many Enzymes Are Needed for DNA Replication
Termination of Replication Requires Steps to Separate Daughter Chromosomes
13.4 Bacterial Genes Consist of Coding Regions and Other Sequences Important for Gene Function
Protein-Coding Genes
tRNA and rRNA Genes
13.5 Transcription in Bacteria
Bacterial RNA Polymerases Consist of Five Different Proteins
Stages of Transcription: Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
13.6 The Genetic Code Consists of Three-Letter “Words”
13.7 Translation in Bacteria
Amino Acid Activation: Attachment of an Amino Acid to a Transfer RNA
Ribosomes Have Three tRNA Binding Sites
Stages of Translation: Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
Insertion of Selenocysteine and Pyrrolysine
Ensuring Accuracy During Translation
13.8 Coordination of Gene Expression Processes
Colliding Polymerases
Coupled Transcription and Translation
13.9 Protein Maturation and Translocation
Modifications to the N-Terminus of a Polypeptide
Molecular Chaperones: Proteins That Help Proteins Fold
Protein Translocation and Secretion in Bacteria
Key Concepts
13.1 Experiments Using Bacteria and Viruses Demonstrated That DNA Is the Genetic Material
Active Learning
Chapter 14: Regulation of Cellular Processes
Chapter 14 Introduction
14.1 Bacteria Use Many Regulatory Strategies
14.2 Regulation of Transcription Initiation Saves Considerable Energy and Materials
Induction and Repression of Enzyme Synthesis
Regulatory Proteins Can Control Transcription Initiation
Lactose Operon: Negative Transcriptional Control of Inducible Genes
Tryptophan Operon: Negative Transcriptional Control of Repressible Genes
Arabinose Operon: Transcriptional Control by a Protein That Acts Both Positively and Negatively
14.3 Attenuation and Riboswitches Stop Transcription Prematurely
Attenuation: Ribosome Behavior Influences Transcription
Riboswitches: Effector–mRNA Interaction Regulates Transcription
14.4 RNA Secondary Structures Control Translation
Translational Riboswitches
RNA Thermometers
Small RNA Molecules
14.5 Mechanisms Used for Global Regulation
Two-Component Signal Transduction and Phosphorelays
Sigma Factors
Second Messengers
14.6 Bacteria Combine Several Regulatory Mechanisms to Control Complex Cellular Processes
Motility and Chemotaxis
Quorum Sensing by Vibrio spp.
Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis
Responses to Viral Infection
Key Concepts
14.1 Bacteria Use Many Regulatory Strategies
Active Learning
Chapter 15: Eukaryotic and Archaeal Genome Replication and Expression
Chapter 15 Introduction
15.1 Genetic Processes in the Three Domains
15.2 DNA Replication: Similar Overall, but with Different Replisome Proteins
DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
Archaea Use Homologues of Eukaryotic Replisome Proteins
15.3 Transcription
Transcription in Eukaryotes
Transcription in Archaea
15.4 Translation and Protein Maturation and Localization
Translation in Eukaryotes Initiates in a Unique Manner but Proceeds as in Bacteria
Protein Folding in Eukaryotes Is Similar to That Seen in Bacteria
Protein Localization and Secretion in Eukaryotes
Translation, Protein Maturation, and Protein Localization in Archaea
15.5 Regulation of Cellular Processes
Transcription Initiation in Eukaryotes Is Regulated by Chromatin Structure and Activator Proteins
Eukaryotes Use RNA Interference Mechanisms for Control
Regulation of Gene Expression in Archaea
Key Concepts
15.1 Genetic Processes in the Three Domains
Active Learning
Chapter 16: Mechanisms of Genetic Variation
Chapter 16 Introduction
16.1 Mutations: Heritable Changes in a Genom
Spontaneous Mutations Are Caused by Cellular Processes
Induced Mutations Are Caused by Environmental Factors
Effects of Mutations
16.2 DNA Repair Maintains Genome Stability
Proofreading: The First Line of Defense
DNA Repair Mechanisms: The Second Line of Defense
SOS Response
16.3 Microbes Use Mechanisms Other than Mutation to Create Genetic Variability
Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Variability
Horizontal Gene Transfer: Creating Variability the Asexual Way
Molecular Recombination: Joining DNA Molecules
16.4 Environmental DNA Brings New Genes into Cells
Transformation Is the Uptake of Free DNA
Vesiduction Is DNA Delivered in a Vesicle
16.5 Mobile Genetic Elements Move Genes Within and Between Cells
Transposable Elements Move Within a Genome
Transduction Is Virus-Mediated DNA Transfer
Conjugation Requires Cell-Cell Contact
The Mobilome Includes Diverse Mobile Elements
16.6 Evolution in Action: The Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Key Concepts
16.1 Mutations: Heritable Changes in a Genome
Active Learning
Chapter 17: Microbial DNA Technologies
Chapter 17 Introduction
17.1 Cloning Technologies Developed from DNA Structure and Enzymology
Restriction Enzymes
Gene Cloning and cDNA Synthesis
Cloning Vectors
Introducing Recombinant DNA into Host Cells
17.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies Targeted DNA
Seamless Cloning
17.3 Genomic and Metagenomic Libraries: Cloning Genomes in Pieces
17.4 Expressing Foreign Genes in Host Cells
Purification and Study of Recombinant Proteins
17.5 Cas9 Nuclease Is a Programmable Tool for Genome Editing
17.6 Biotechnology Develops Custom Microbes for Industrial Use
Directed Evolution
Synthetic Biology
Key Concepts
17.1 Cloning Technologies Developed from DNA Structure and Enzymology
17.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies Targeted DNA
17.3Genomic and Metagenomic Libraries: Cloning Genomes in Pieces
17.4Expressing Foreign Genes in Host Cells
17.5 Cas9 Nuclease Is a Programmable Tool for Genome Editing
17.6 Biotechnology Develops Custom Microbes for Industrial Use
Active Learning
Chapter 18: Microbial Genomics
Chapter 18 Introduction
18.1 DNA Sequencing Methods
Sanger DNA Sequencing
DNA Sequencing by Synthesis
18.2 Genome Sequencing
Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing
Next-Generation Genomic Sequencing
Single-Cell Genomic Sequencing
18.3 Metagenomics Provides Access to Uncultured Microbes
18.4 Bioinformatics: What Does the Sequence Mean?
18.5 Functional Genomics Links Genes to Phenotype
Transcriptome Analysis
Proteomics Explores Total Cellular Protein
Probing DNA-Protein Interactions
18.6 Systems Biology: Making and Testing Complex Predictions
18.7 Comparative Genomics
Key Concepts
18.1 DNA Sequencing Methods
18.2 Genome Sequencing
18.3 Metagenomics Provides Access to Uncultured Microbes
18.4 Bioinformatics: What Does the Sequence Mean?
18.5 Functional Genomics Links Genes to Phenotype
Systems Biology: Making and Testing Complex Predictions
18.7 Comparative Genomics
Active Learning
Chapter 19: Archaea
Chapter 19 Introduction
19.1 Overview of Archaea
Archaeal Taxonomy
Metabolism
19.2 Many Archaea Are Known Primarily from Metagenomics
Asgardarchaeota Are Close Relatives of Eukaryotes
Nanoarchaeota Are Obligate Symbionts
19.3 Phylum Thermoproteota: Sulfur-Dependent Thermophiles
Sulfur-Dependent Thermophiles
Mesophilic Ammonia Oxidizers
19.4 Phyla Methanobacteriota and Halobacteriota: Methanogens, Halophiles, and Others
Methanogens
Methanotrophs
Halobacteriota
Key Concepts
19.1 Overview of Archaea
19.2 Many Archaea Are Known Primarily from Metagenomics
19.3 Phylum Thermoproteota Features Temperature Adaptations
19.4 Phyla Methanobacteriota and Halobacteriota: Methanogens, Halophiles, and Others
Active Learning
Chapter 20: Nonproteobacterial Gram-Negative Bacteria
Chapter 20 Introduction
20.1 Bacterial Taxonomy and Cell Envelopes
20.2 Thermotogota and Deinococcota Live in Extreme Conditions
20.3 Photosynthetic Bacteria Are Diverse
Green Sulfur Bacteria
Phylum Chloroflexota: Green Nonsulfur Bacteria
Phylum Cyanobacteriota: Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
20.4 PVC Superphylum (Planctomycetota and Verrucomicrobiota): Atypical Cell Division
Phylum Planctomycetota: Anammox Bacteria
Phylum Verrucomicrobiota Includes Human Symbionts and Obligate Intracellular Parasites
20.5 Phylum Spirochaetota: Bacteria with a Corkscrew Morphology
20.6 Phylum Bacteroidota Includes Important Gut Microbiota
20.7 Phylum Fusobacteriota: Commensal Anaerobes
20.8 Phylum Desulfobacterota: Anaerobic Sulfate/Sulfur or Metal Reducers
Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction
Dissimilatory Metal Reduction
20.9 Phyla Bdellovibrionota and Myxococcota: Bacterial Predators
20.10 Phylum Campylobacterota: Human and Animal Commensals
Key Concepts
20.1 Bacterial Taxonomy and Cell Envelopes
20.2 Thermotogota and Deinococcota Live in Extreme Conditions
20.3 Photosynthetic Bacteria Are Diverse
20.4 PVC Superphylum (Planctomycetota and Verrucomicrobiota): Atypical Cell Division
20.5 Phylum Spirochaetota: Bacteria with a Corkscrew Morphology
20.6 Phylum Bacteroidota Includes Important Gut Microbiota
20.7 Phylum Fusobacteriota: Commensal Anaerobes
20.8 Phylum Desulfobacterota: Anaerobic Sulfate/Sulfur or Metal Reducers
20.9 Phyla Bdellovibrionota and Myxococcota: Bacterial Predators
20.10 Phylum Campylobacterota: Human and Animal Commensals
Active Learning
Chapter 21: Proteobacteria
Chapter 21 Introduction
21.1 Class Alphaproteobacteria Includes Many Oligotrophs
Order Rhodospirillales Includes Photosynthesizers and Magnetic Bacteria
Caulobacterales Reproduce in Unusual Ways
Order Rhizobiales Includes Important N 2 -Fixing Bacteria
Nitrifying Bacteria Oxidize Ammonium or Nitrite to Gain Energy and Electrons
Order Pelagibacterales, the Most Abundant Microorganisms on Earth
Order Rickettsiales Includes Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
The Origin of Mitochondria
21.2 Gammaproteobacteria Is the Largest Bacterial Class
Order Burkholderiales Includes Chemoheterotrophs and Chemolithotrophs
Order Chromatiales: Purple Sulfur Bacteria Perform Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
Orders Thiotrichales and Beggiatoales Include Large Filamentous Bacteria
Order Methylococcales Consists of C1-Metabolizing Bacteria
Orders Legionellales and Coxiellales Include Intracellular Pathogens
Order Pseudomonadales Includes Opportunistic Pathogens
Order Enterobacterales Is a Large, Diverse Taxon
Key Concepts
21.1 Class Alphaproteobacteria Includes Many Oligotrophs
21.2 Gammaproteobacteria Is the Largest Bacterial Class
Active Learning
Chapter 22: Gram-Positive Bacteria
Chapter 22 Introduction
22.1 Phylum Actinobacteriota
Order Streptomycetales: An Important Source of Antibiotics
Order Actinomycetales
Order Mycobacteriales Includes Important Human Pathogens
22.2 Phylum Bacillota
Order Bacillales
Order Thermoactinomycetales
Order Staphylococcales
Order Lactobacillales
Order Clostridiales
Order Heliobacteriales
Order Mycoplasmatales
22.3 Gram-Positive Taxonomic Groups Include Some Bacteria with Outer Membranes
Key Concepts
22.1 Phylum Actinomycetota
22.2 Phylum Bacillota
22.3 Gram-Positive Taxonomic Groups Include Some Bacteria with Outer Membranes
Active Learning
Chapter 23: Protists
Chapter 23 Introduction
23.1 Protist Diversity Reflects Broad Phylogeny
Protist Morphology
Encystment and Excystment
Protist Reproductive Cells and Structures
Protist Taxonomy Is Evolving
23.2 Discoba-Metamonada Clade
Discoba
Metamonada
23.3 Amoebozoa Clade Includes Protists with Pseudopodia
Tubulinea
Entamoebida
Eumycetozoa
23.4 TSAR Clade: Protists of Global Importance
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Stramenopila
23.5 Haptista Clade
23.6 Archaeplastida Clade Includes Green and Red Algae
Chloroplastida
Picozoa
Key Concepts
23.1 Protist Diversity Reflects Broad Phylogeny
23.2 Discoba–Metamonada Clade
23.3 Amoebozoa Clade Includes Protists with Pseudopodia
23.4 TSAR Clade: Protists of Global Importance
23.5 Haptista Clade
23.6 Archaeplastida Clade Includes Green and Red Algae
Active Learning
Chapter 24: Fungi
Chapter 24 Introduction
24.1 Fungal Biology Reflects Vast Diversity
Fungal Distribution and Importance
Fungal Structure
Fungal Growth and Reproduction
24.2 Zoosporic Fungi Produce Motile Spores
Microsporidia Are Intracellular Parasites
Chytridiomycota Are Killing Amphibians
24.3 Zygomycetous Fungi Have Coenocytic Hyphae
Mucoromycota Include Fungi of Industrial Importance
Glomeromycota Are Mycorrhizal Symbionts
24.4 Dikarya Is the Most Diverse Fungal Group
Ascomycota Includes Yeasts and Molds
Basidiomycota Includes Mushrooms and Plant Pathogens
Key Concepts
24.1 Fungal Biology Reflects Vast Diversity
24.2 Zoosporic Fungi Form Motile Spores
24.3 Zygomycetous Fungi Have Coenocytic Hyphae
24.4 Dikarya Is the Most Diverse Fungal Group
Active Learning
Chapter 25: Viruses
Chapter 25 Introduction
25.1 Virus Phylogeny Relies on Genomics
25.2 Double-Stranded DNA Viruses Infect All Cell Types
Escherichia virus T4: A Virulent Bacteriophage
Escherichia virus Lambda: A Temperate Bacteriophage
Herpesviruses
Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (Megaviruses)
25.3 Single-Stranded DNA Viruses Use a Double-Stranded Intermediate in Their Life Cycles
Escherichia virus ϕX174 and Pseudomonas virus Pf1
Parvoviruses
25.4 Double-Stranded RNA Viruses: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Replicates the Genome and Synthesizes mRNA
Pseudomonas virus ϕ6
Rotaviruses
25.5 Positive-Strand RNA Viruses: Genomes that Are Translated upon Entry
Coronavirus
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
25.6 Negative-Strand RNA Viruses: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Is Part of the Virion
25.7 Retroviruses: Positive-Strand Viruses that Use Reverse Transcriptase in Their Life Cycles
25.8 Reverse Transcribing DNA Viruses
Key Concepts
25.1 Virus Phylogeny Relies on Genomics
25.2 Double-Stranded DNA Viruses Infect All Cell Types
25.3 Single-Stranded DNA Viruses Use a Double-Stranded Intermediate in Their Life Cycles
25.4 Double-Stranded RNA Viruses: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Replicates the Genome and Synthesizes mRNA
25.5 Positive-Strand RNA Viruses: Genomes That Are Translated upon Entry
25.6 Negative-Strand RNA Viruses: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Is Part of the Virion
25.7 Retroviruses: Positive-Strand Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptase in Their Life Cycles
25.8 Reverse Transcribing DNA Viruses
Active Learning
Chapter 26: Exploring Microbes in Ecosystems
Chapter 26 Introduction
26.1 The Vocabulary of Ecology Applies to Microbial Environments
26.2 Microbial Identification Is Largely Based on Molecular Characterization
Classical Characteristics
Molecular Characteristics
26.3 Microbial Ecology Also Relies on Cultures
26.4 Assessing Microbial Communities
Culture-Independent Surveys of Microbial Communities
Phylogenetic Diversity in Microbial Communities
Mapping Sequence Data to the Community
Multiple Factors Affect Community Structure
26.5 Assessing Microbial Community Activity
Biogeochemical Approaches
Molecular Approaches
Key Concepts
26.1 The Vocabulary of Ecology Applies to Microbial Environments
26.2 Microbial Identification Is Largely Based on Molecular Characterization
26.3 Microbial Ecology Also Relies on Cultures
26.4 Assessing Microbial Communities
26.5 Assessing Microbial Community Activity
Active Learning
Chapter 27: Microbial Interactions
Chapter 27 Introduction
27.1 Many Types of Microbial Interactions Exist
27.2 Mutualism: Obligatory Positive Interaction
Syntrophy
Microorganism-Insect Mutualisms
Mutualisms with Primary Producers
The Rumen Ecosystem
27.3 Cooperation: Nonobligatory Positive Interaction
27.4 Antagonistic Interactions Prompt Microbial Responses
Predators Come in All Sizes
Parasitism: Microbes Harm the Host
Competition: Microbes Vying for Common Goods
Key Concepts
27.1 Many Types of Microbial Interactions Exist
27.2 Mutualism: Obligatory Positive Interaction
27.3 Cooperation: Nonobligatory Positive Interaction
27.4 Antagonistic Interactions Prompt Microbial Responses
Active Learning
Chapter 28: Biogeochemical Cycling and Global Climate Change
Chapter 28 Introduction
28.1 Biogeochemical Cycling Sustains Life on Earth
28.2 Microbes Mediate Nutrient Cycling
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Sulfur Cycle
Iron Cycle
Manganese and Mercury Cycles
Interaction Between Elemental Cycles
28.3 Global Climate Change: Biogeochemical Cycling Out of Balance
Key Concepts
28.1 Biogeochemical Cycling Sustains Life on Earth
28.2 Microbes Mediate Nutrient Cycling
28.3 Global Climate Change: Biogeochemical Cycling Out of Balance
Active Learning
Chapter 29: Microorganisms in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 29 Introduction
29.1 Water Is the Largest Microbial Habitat
29.2 Microorganisms in Marine Ecosystems
Microorganisms in Coastal Ecosystems Are Adapted to a Changeable Environment
Microorganisms in the Open Ocean Are Adapted to Nutrient Limitation
Microbial Communities in Benthic Marine Sediments Are Enormous and Mysterious
29.3 Microorganisms in Freshwater Ecosystems
Glaciers and Permanently Frozen Lakes Support Active Microbial Communities
Microbial Communities in Streams and Rivers Differ
Microorganisms in Lakes Can Cause Seasonal Blooms
Key Concepts
29.1 Water Is the Largest Microbial Habitat
29.2 Microorganisms in Marine Ecosystems
29.3 Microorganisms in Freshwater Ecosystems
Active Learning
Chapter 30: Microorganisms in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Chapter 30 Introduction
30.1 Soils Are an Important Microbial Habitat
30.2 Diverse Microorganisms Inhabit Soil
30.3 Microbe-Plant Interactions Can Be Positive, Negative, or Neutral
Phyllosphere Microorganisms Are Stress Resistant
The Rhizoplane and Rhizosphere Support Complex Microbial Communities
Mycorrhizae Facilitate the Growth of Most Plants
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Are Vital to Agriculture
Agrobacterium Is a Model Plant Pathogen
Microbial Plant Pathogens Are Diverse
30.4 The Subsurface Biosphere Is Vast
Key Concepts
30.1 Soils Are an Important Microbial Habitat
30.2 The Soil Microbiome
30.3 The Plant Microbiome
30.4 The Subsurface Biosphere Is Vast
Active Learning
Chapter 31: Innate Host Resistance
Chapter 31 Introduction
31.1 Immunity Arises from Innate Resistance and Adaptive Defenses
Immunity
31.2 Innate Resistance Starts with Barriers
Skin
Mucous Membranes
31.3 Innate Resistance Relies on Chemical Mediators
Antimicrobial Peptides
Complement Is a Cascading Enzyme System
Cytokines Are Chemical Messages Between Cells
Acute-Phase Proteins
31.4 Each Type of Innate Immune Cell Has a Specific Function
Mast Cells
Granulocytes
Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells
Innate Lymphoid Cells
31.5 Organs and Tissues of the Immune System Are Sites of Host Defense
Primary Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
31.6 Phagocytosis Destroys Invaders
Recognition of Foreignness Is Key for Survival
Intracellular Digestion
Exocytosis vs. Antigen Presentation
Netosis
31.7 Inflammation Unites All Components of Immunity
Key Concepts
31.1 Immunity Arises from Innate Resistance and Adaptive Defenses
31.2 Innate Resistance Starts with Barriers
Innate Resistance Relies on Chemical Mediators
31.4 Each Type of Innate Immune Cell Has a Specific Function
31.5 Organs and Tissues of the Immune System Are Sites of Host Defense
Phagocytosis Destroys Invaders
31.7 Inflammation Unites All Components of Immunity
Active Learning
Chapter 32: Adaptive Immunity
Chapter 32 Introduction
32.1 Adaptive Immunity Relies on Recognition and Memory
32.2 Antigens Elicit Immunity
Haptens
32.3 Adaptive Immunity Can Be Earned or Borrowed
Naturally Acquired Immunity
Artificially Acquired Immunity
32.4 Recognition of Foreignness Is Critical for a Strong Defense
The Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHCs Present Antigens to T Cells
32.5 T Cells Are Critical for Immune Function
T-Cell Development
T-Cell Activation
Types of T Cells
32.6 B Cells Make Antibodies
32.7 Antibodies Doom Antigens
Antibody Structure
Antibody Function
Immunoglobulin (Ig) Classes
Antibody Kinetics
32.8 Antibodies Doom Antigens
Neutralization
Opsonization
Immune Complex Formation
32.9 Generating Populations of Diverse Lymphocytes
Receptor Diversity
Clonal Selection
32.10 The Immune System Can Malfunction Copy
Hypersensitivities
Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases
Transplantation (Tissue) Rejection
Immunodeficiencies
Key Concepts
32.1 Adaptive Immunity Relies on Recognition and Memory
32.2 Antigens Elicit Immunity
32.3 Adaptive Immunity Can Be Earned or Borrowed
32.4 Recognition of Foreignness Is Critical for a Strong Defense
32.5 T Cells Are Critical for Immune Function
B Cells Make Antibodies
32.7 Antibodies Bind Specific 3-D Antigens
32.8 Antibodies Doom Antigens
32.9 Generating Populations of Diverse Lymphocytes
32.10 The Immune System Can Malfunction
Active Learning
Chapter 33: The Microbe-Human Ecosystem
Chapter 33 Introduction
33.1 Humans are Holobionts
33.2 The Microbiome Develops from Birth to Adulthood
Development of a Stable Microbiome
Microbiota Vary by Body Site
33.3 A Functional Core Microbiome is Required for Host Homeostasis
Host Metabolism
Immunity
Gut-Brain Axis
33.4 Many Diseases Have a Connection with Dysbiosis
Metabolic Syndrome
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
33.5 Microbiome Manipulation can be Therapeutic
Key Concepts
33.1 Humans Are Holobionts
33.2 The Microbiome Develops from Birth to Adulthood
33.3 A Functional Core Microbiome Is Required for Host Homeostasis
33.4 Many Diseases Have a Connection with Dysbiosis
33.5 Microbiome Manipulation Can Be Therapeutic
Active Learning
Chapter 34: Infection and Pathogenicity
Chapter 34 Introduction
34.1 The Process of Infection
34.2 Transmission and Entry into the Host
Transmission and Virulence Are Interrelated
Airborne Transmission
Contact Transmission
Vehicle Transmission
Vector-Borne Transmission
Vertical Transmission
The Number of Invading Organisms Differs Among Infections
Adhesion and Invasion Factors Initiate Disease
34.3 Surviving the Host Defenses
Biofilms Provide Microbial Protection
34.4 Damage to the Host
Pathogenicity Islands Encode Virulence Factors
Toxins Are Biological Poisons
Key Concepts
34.1 The Process of Infection
34.2 Transmission and Entry into the Host
34.3 Surviving the Host Defenses
34.4 Damage to the Host
Active Learning
Chapter 35: Epidemiology and Public Health Microbiology
Chapter 35 Introduction
35.1 Epidemiology is an Evidence-Based Science
35.2 Epidemiology Is Rooted in Well-Tested Methods
Public Health Surveillance
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems: Charting Infectious Disease Data
Measuring Infectious Disease Frequency
35.3 Infectious Disease Is Revealed Through Patterns Within a Population
35.4 Infectious Diseases and Pathogens Are Emerging and Reemerging
35.5 Healthcare Facilities Harbor Infectious Agents
35.6 Coordinated Efforts Are Required to Prevent and Control Epidemics
Control Starts with Breaking the Chain of Infection
Vaccines Immunize Susceptible Populations
35.7 Bioterrorism Readiness Is an Integral Component of Public Health Microbiology
Key Concepts
35.1 Epidemiology Is an Evidence-Based Science
35.2 Epidemiology Is Rooted in Well-Tested Methods
Infectious Disease Is Revealed Through Patterns Within a Population
35.4 Infectious Diseases and Pathogens Are Emerging and Reemerging
35.5 Healthcare Facilities Harbor Infectious Agents
35.6 Coordinated Efforts Are Required to Prevent and Control Epidemics
35.7 Bioterrorism Readiness Is an Integral Component of Public Health Microbiology
Active Learning
Chapter 36: Clinical Microbiology and Immunology
Chapter 36 Introduction
36.1 The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Detects Infectious Agents and Protects Its Workers
The Need for Safety Guidance
Practicing Biosafety
36.2 Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens
The Clinical Specimen
Culture-Based Methods
Microscopy
Molecular Methods
36.3 Immune Responses Can Be Exploited to Detect Infections
Serotyping
Agglutination
Immunofluorescence Assays
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Immunoblotting (Western Blotting)
Immunoprecipitation
Immunodiffusion
Flow Cytometry
Key Concepts
36.1 The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Detects Infectious Agents and Protects Its Workers
36.2 Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens
36.3 Immune Responses Can Be Exploited to Detect Infections
Active Learning
Chapter 37: Human Diseases Caused by Viruses and Prions
Chapter 37 Introduction
37.1 Viruses Can Be Transmitted by Airborne Routes
Chickenpox (Varicella) and Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
Coronavirus Infections
Influenza
Measles (Rubeola)
Mumps
Respiratory Syndromes and Viral Pneumonia
Rubella (German Measles)
Smallpox (Variola)
37.2 Arthropods Can Transmit Viral Diseases
Chikungunya
Dengue and Severe Dengue
Equine Encephalitis
West Nile Fever (Encephalitis)
Zika Virus Disease
37.3 Direct Contact Diseases Can Be Caused by Viruses
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Cold Sores (Oral Herpes)
Cytomegalovirus Inclusion Disease
Genital Herpes
Human Betaherpesvirus 6 Infection
Human Parvovirus B19 Infection
Mononucleosis (Infectious)
Viral Hepatitides
Warts
37.4 Food and Water Are Vehicles for Viral Diseases
Gastroenteritis (Viral)
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis E
Poliomyelitis
37.5 Zoonotic Diseases Arise from Human-Animal Interactions
Ebola and Marburg Virus Diseases
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Rabies
37.6 Prion Proteins Transmit Disease
Key Concepts
37.1 Viruses Can Be Transmitted by Airborne Routes
37.2 Arthropods Can Transmit Viral Diseases
37.3 Direct Contact Diseases Can Be Caused by Viruses
37.4 Food and Water Are Vehicles for Viral Diseases
37.5 Zoonotic Diseases Arise from Human-Animal Interactions
37.6 Prion Proteins Transmit Disease
Active Learning
Chapter 38: Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria
Chapter 38 Introduction
38.1 Bacteria Can Be Transmitted by Airborne Routes
Chlamydial Pneumonia
Diphtheria
Legionnaires’ Disease
Meningitis
Mycobacterium Infections
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia
Pertussis
Streptococcal Diseases (Group A)
38.2 Arthropods Can Transmit Bacterial Diseases
Lyme Disease
Plague
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
38.3 Direct Contact Diseases Can Be Caused by Bacteria
Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis)
Group B Streptococcal Disease
Mycobacterial Skin Infections
Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastritis
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Staphylococcal Diseases
Streptococcal Diseases
Tetanus
Trachoma
38.4 Food and Water Are Vehicles for Bacterial Diseases
Botulism
Campylobacter jejuni Gastroenteritis
Cholera
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
Salmonellosis
Shigellosis
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
38.5 Zoonotic Diseases Arise from Human-Animal Interactions
Anthrax
Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)
Psittacosis (Ornithosis)
Q Fever
Tularemia
38.6 Opportunistic Diseases Can Be Caused by Bacteria
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
Bacterial Vaginosis
Dental Diseases
Streptococcal Pneumonia
Urinary Tract Infection and Pyelonephritis
Key Concepts
38.1 Bacteria Can Be Transmitted by Airborne Routes
38.2 Arthropods Can Transmit Bacterial Diseases
38.3 Direct Contact Diseases Can Be Caused by Bacteria
38.4 Food and Water Are Vehicles for Bacterial Diseases
38.5 Zoonotic Diseases Arise from Human-Animal Interactions
38.6 Opportunistic Diseases Can Be Caused by Bacteria
Active Learning
Chapter 39: Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protists
Chapter 39 Introduction
39.1 Relatively Few Fungi and Protists Are Human Pathogens
39.2 Fungi Can Be Transmitted by Airborne Routes
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
39.3 Arthropods Can Transmit Protozoal Disease
Malaria
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis
39.4 Direct Contact Diseases Can Be Caused by Fungi and Protists
Superficial and Cutaneous Fungal Infections
Subcutaneous Fungal Infections
Trichomoniasis
39.5 Food and Water Are Vehicles of Protozoal Diseases
Amebiasis
Amoebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyclosporiasis
Giardiasis
Toxoplasmosis
39.6 Opportunistic Diseases Can Be Caused by Fungi and Protists
Aspergillosis
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
Microsporidiosis
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Key Concepts
39.1 Relatively Few Fungi and Protists Are Human Pathogens
39.2 Fungi Can Be Transmitted by Airborne Routes
39.3 Arthropods Can Transmit Protozoal Disease
39.4 Direct Contact Diseases Can Be Caused by Fungi and Protists
39.5 Food and Water Are Vehicles of Protozoal Diseases
39.6 Opportunistic Diseases Can Be Caused by Fungi and Protists
Active Learning
Chapter 40: Microbiology of Food
Chapter 40 Introduction
40.1 Microbial Growth Can Cause Food Spoilage
40.2 Environmental Factors Control Food Spoilage
Temperature
Water Availability
Chemical-Based Preservation
High Hydrostatic Pressure
Radiation
Filtration
Atmosphere
40.3 Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks
Food-Borne Infection
Food Intoxication
40.4 Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens Requires Government-Industry Cooperation
Farm-to-Market Safety Measures
Food Pathogen Detection
40.5 Microbiology of Fermented Foods: Beer, Cheese, and Much More
Fermented Milks
Cheese
Wines
Beers and Ales
Bread
Other Fermented Foods
Key Concepts
40.1 Microbial Growth Can Cause Food Spoilage
Active Learning
Chapter 41: Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology
Chapter 41 Introduction
41.1 Microbes Are the Source of Many Products of Industrial Importance
Antibiotics
Amino Acids
Organic Acids
Enzymes
Lipids
Vaccines
41.2 Microbial Cells Are Customized for Specific Tasks
Cell Factories
Biosensors
41.3 Growing Microbes in Industrial Settings Presents Challenges
41.4 Agricultural Biotechnology Relies on a Plant Pathogen
41.5 Biofuel Production Is a Dynamic Field
Key Concepts
41.1 Microbes Are the Source of Many Products of Industrial Importance
Active Learning
Chapter 42: Applied Environmental Microbiology
Chapter 42 Introduction
42.1 Purification and Sanitary Analysis Ensure Safe Drinking Water
42.2 Wastewater Treatment Maintains Human and Environmental Health
Wastewater Treatment Processes
Measuring Treated Wastewater Quality
Home Treatment Systems
Future Challenges
42.3 Microbial Fuel Cells: Batteries Powered by Microbes
42.4 Biodegradation and Bioremediation Harness Microbes to Clean the Environment
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Halogenated Organic Molecules
Plastics
Key Concepts
42.1 Purification and Sanitary Analysis Ensure Safe Drinking Water
42.2 Wastewater Treatment Maintains Human and Environmental Health
42.3 Microbial Fuel Cells: Batteries Powered by Microbes
42.4 Biodegradation and Bioremediation Harness Microbes to Clean the Environment
Active Learning
Appendix 1: A Review of the Chemistry of Biological Molecules
Appendix One A Review of the Chemistry of Biological Molecules
A Review of the Chemistry of Biological Molecules
Atoms and Molecules
Chemical Bonds
Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Appendix 2: Common Metabolic Pathways
Appendix Two Common Metabolic Pathways
Common Metabolic Pathways
Appendix 3: Microorganism Pronunciation Guide
Appendix Three Microorganism Pronunciation Guide
Microorganism Pronunciation Guide
Glossary
Glossary
A
Index
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Every Learner is Unique Graphic Extended Description (Front Matter)
Broad Coverage of Microbial Ecology Graphic Extended Description (Front Matter)
Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Graphic Extended Description (Front Matter)
Twenty-first-Century Microbiology Graphic Extended Description (Front Matter)
Special Interest Essays Graphic Extended Description (Front Matter)
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There Was an Old Woman Who Swallowed a Fly Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 5)
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Figure 12.22 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.23 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.24 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.25 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids are Synthesized in Two Ways Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.26 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.27c Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.28 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.29 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.30 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 13.1 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.2 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.3 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.4 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.5 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.6 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.7 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.8 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.9a Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.10 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.11 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.12 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.13a, c Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.14 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.15 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.16 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.17 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.18 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.19 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.20 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.21 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.23 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.24 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.25 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.26 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.27 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.28 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
The Genetic Code Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.29 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.30 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.31 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.32 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.33 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.34 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.35 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.36 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.37 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.39b Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.40 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.41 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.42 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 14.1 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.2 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.3 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.4 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.5 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.6a Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.7 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.8 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.9 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.10 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.11 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.12 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.13 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.14 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.15 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.16b, c, d, e Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.17 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.18 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.19 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.20 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.21 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.22b, c, d Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.23a Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.24a Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.25 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.26 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.27 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.28 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 15.1 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.2 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.3 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.4 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.6 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.7 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.8 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.9 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.10 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.11 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.12 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.13 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.14 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.15a, b Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.16 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 16.1 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.2 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.3 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.4 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.5 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.6 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.7 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.8 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.9 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.10 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.11 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.12 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.13 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.14 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.15 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.17 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.18 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.19 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 17.1 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.2 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.3 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.4 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.5 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.6b Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.7 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.8 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.9 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.10 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.12 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.13 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.14 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 18.1 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.2 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.3a Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.4 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.5 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.6 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.7 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.8 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.9 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.10 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.11 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.12 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.13 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.14 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.15 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.16 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.17 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.18 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.19 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 19.1 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.2 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.3 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.4 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.5 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.6 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.9 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.10 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 20.3 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.4 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.5 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.6 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.7d Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.8 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Finally Obtaining a Stable Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.9 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.10a Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.11 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.12 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.13 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.15 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.16 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.17 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.18 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.19 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 21.1 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.2 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.3 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.4 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.5 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.6 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.7a Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.9 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.11 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.12 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.13 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.15 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.16 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.19 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.20 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.21b, c Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.24 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 22.1 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.3a Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.6 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.7 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.10a Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.12a Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.13 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.15 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.16 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.21 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.22 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.24 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.25 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.26 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 23.1 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.2 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.3 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.4 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.5a Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.6b Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.7 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.8a Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.9 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.10 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.13a Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.14 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.15 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.16 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.17 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.18 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.20 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.24 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 24.1 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.3b, c Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.4 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.6 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.7 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.9b Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.11 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.14 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.16 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 25.1 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.2 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.3a, b, c, d, e Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.4 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.5 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.6 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.8 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.9 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.10 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.11 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.12 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.13 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.14 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.15 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.16 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.17 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.18a, c, d Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.19 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.20 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.21 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.22 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.23 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.24 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.25 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.26 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 26.2 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.4 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.5 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.6 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.7 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.9b Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.10 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 27.1 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.2c Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.3 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.4b Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.5 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.6 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.7 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.9 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.10a, b Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.11 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Biogeochemical Cycling and Global Climate Change Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.1 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.2 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.3 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.4 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.5 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.6 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.7 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.8 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.9 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.10 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.11 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.12 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 29.1 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.4 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.5 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.6b Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.7 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.9 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.10 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.11 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.12 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.13 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.14 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.15 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.16 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.17 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 30.1 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.2 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.3 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.4 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.6 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.7 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.8 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.9 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.10 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.13 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 31.1 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.2 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.3 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.4 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.5 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.6 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.7 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.8a Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.9 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.11 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.12 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.13 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.14 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.15 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.16 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.17 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.18 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.19 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.20 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.21 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.22 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 32.1 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.2a, b Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.3 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.4a, b Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.5 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.6 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.7 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.8 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.9 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.10 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.11 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.12 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.13a, b, c Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.14 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.15 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.16 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.17 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.18 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.19 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.20 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.21 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.22 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.23 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.24b Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 33.1 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.2 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.3 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.4 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.5 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.6 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.7 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.8 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.9 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.10 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.11 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.12 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 34.1 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.2 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.3 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.4 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.5 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.7 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.8 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.9 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.10 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 35.1 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.2 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.3 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.4 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.5 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.6 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.7 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.8 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.9 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Even Though Whole-Pathogen Vaccines Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.10 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 36.1 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.4 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.5 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.7 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.8 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.9 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.10 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.11 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.12a, c Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.13 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.14 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.15b Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 37.1a Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.2 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.4 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.5 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.6 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.8a Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.9 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.10 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.11 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.12 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.13 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.15 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.16 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.17a Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.20 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.1 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.2a Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.3 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.5 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.8 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.10 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.11a Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.12 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.19 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.27 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.28 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.30 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.31 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.32 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.34 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.35 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 39.1 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.4b Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.5 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.6 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.8 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.9 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.10a Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.16c Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.17 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.19 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.24 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 40.3 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.4 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.9 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.10 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 41.1 Extended Description (Chapter 41)
Figure 41.2 Extended Description (Chapter 41)
Figure 41.3 Extended Description (Chapter 41)
Figure 41.4a Extended Description (Chapter 41)
Figure 41.5 Extended Description (Chapter 41)
Figure 41.6 Extended Description (Chapter 41)
Figure 41.7 Extended Description (Chapter 41)
Figure 41.8a Extended Description (Chapter 41)
Figure 42.1 Extended Description (Chapter 42)
Figure 42.5 Extended Description (Chapter 42)
Figure 42.6 Extended Description (Chapter 42)
Figure 42.7 Extended Description (Chapter 42)
Figure 42.8a Extended Description (Chapter 42)
Figure 42.9 Extended Description (Chapter 42)
Figure 42.10 Extended Description (Chapter 42)
Figure 42.12 Extended Description (Chapter 42)
Figure 42.14 Extended Description (Chapter 42)
Chemical Contamination Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 42)
Figure AI.1 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.2 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.4 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.5 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.6 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.7 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.8 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.9 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.10 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.11 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.13 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.14 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.15 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.16 Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AI.17b, c Extended Description (Appendix I)
Figure AII.1 Extended Description (Appendix II)
Figure AII.2 Extended Description (Appendix II)
Figure AII.3 Extended Description (Appendix II)
Figure AII.4 Extended Description (Appendix II)
Figure AII.5 Extended Description (Appendix II)
Figure AII.6 Extended Description (Appendix II)
Figure AII.7 Extended Description (Appendix II)
Figure AII.8 Extended Description (Appendix II)
Figure AII.9 Extended Description (Appendix II)
Figure AII.10 Extended Description (Appendix II)