Pearson Baccalaureate Biology Higher Level

Höfundur: Alan Damon (Útgáfa: 2)
Pearson Baccalaureate Biology Higher Level

Kaup valmöguleikar

Pearson Baccalaureate Biology Higher Level 2e

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Pearson International Content
ISBN
9781292371535
Print ISBN
9781447959007
Format
Page Fidelity (PDF)
Útgáfa
2
Höfundar
Alan Damon
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2020-07-20
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Contents
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1: Cells
  • 1.1: Cell theory, cell specialization, and cell replacement
  • Cell theory
  • Functions of life
  • Cells and sizes
  • Limiting cell size
  • Cell reproduction and differentiation
  • Stem cells
  • 1.2: The ultrastructure of cells
  • What is a prokaryotic cell?
  • Features of prokaryotic cells
  • What is a eukaryotic cell?
  • Organelles of eukaryotic cells
  • A comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  • A comparison of plant and animal cells and their extracellular components
  • 1.3: Membrane structure
  • Membrane structure
  • Membrane protein functions
  • 1.4: Membrane transport
  • Passive and active transport
  • Passive transport: diffusion and osmosis
  • Active transport and the cell
  • Endocytosis and exocytosis
  • 1.5: The origin of cells
  • Cell theory
  • 1.6: Cell division
  • The cell cycle
  • Mitosis
  • Cancer
  • Chapter 2: Molecular biology
  • 2.1: Molecules to metabolism
  • Molecular biology is the chemistry of living organisms
  • Carbon-based life
  • Biochemical compounds that are important to living organisms
  • Metabolism: reactions controlled by enzymes
  • Metabolism = catabolism + anabolism
  • 2.2: Water
  • The structure of water molecules and the resulting polarity
  • 2.3: Carbohydrates and lipids
  • Monosaccharides: the building blocks of disaccharides
  • Monosaccharides: the building blocks of polysaccharides
  • Fatty acids
  • Condensation reactions result in the formation of triglyceride lipids
  • Energy storage solutions in humans
  • Calculating the body mass index
  • 2.4: Proteins
  • Formation of polypeptides
  • Polypeptides are highly variable
  • Levels of polypeptide and protein structure
  • Some proteins are more than one polypeptide
  • Your unique proteome
  • Proteins can be denatured by heat and alteration of the pH environment
  • 2.5: Enzymes
  • Enzymes are organic molecules that act as catalysts
  • Factors affecting enzyme-catalysed reactions
  • Use of immobilized enzymes in industry
  • 2.6: Structure of DNA and RNA
  • Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids
  • Monomers into polymers
  • Single strand or double strand
  • 2.7: DNA replication, transcription, and translation
  • DNA replication involves ‘unzipping’
  • Formation of two complementary strands
  • Protein synthesis
  • 2.8: Cell respiration
  • Cell respiration is used by all cells to produce ATP
  • Glycolysis is the fi rst step in the cell respiration process
  • Some cells use anaerobic respiration for ATP production
  • Aerobic cell respiration is the most efficient pathway
  • 2.9: Photosynthesis
  • Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy
  • Plants use the pigment chlorophyll to absorb light energy
  • Photosynthesis occurs in two stages
  • Measuring the rate of photosynthesis
  • The effects of changing environmental factors on the rate of photosynthesis
  • Chapter 3: Genetics
  • 3.1: Genes
  • What is a gene?
  • A gene is found at a particular locus on a chromosome
  • Alleles: versions of genes
  • One base can make a big difference
  • How new alleles are produced
  • A genome
  • 3.2: Chromosomes
  • The chromosome in prokaryotes
  • Some prokaryotes also have plasmids but eukaryotes do not
  • Eukaryote chromosomes
  • Multiple chromosomes
  • Homologous chromosomes: the same genes but not always the same alleles
  • Diploid and haploid cells
  • Chromosome number: a defining feature
  • Karyograms and karyotypes
  • Sex determination
  • 3.3: Meiosis
  • Producing four haploid nuclei
  • The halving of the chromosome number
  • DNA is replicated before meiosis
  • Pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over
  • Random orientation
  • Halving the chromosome number
  • Fertilization and variation
  • 3.4: Inheritance
  • Mendel’s experiments with pea plants
  • Gametes have only one allele of each gene
  • The two alleles of each gene separate
  • Fusion of gametes
  • Dominant alleles and co-dominant alleles
  • Autosomal genetic diseases in humans
  • Genetic diseases are rare
  • Diseases caused by sex-linked genes or co-dominant alleles
  • The pattern of inheritance with sex-linked genes
  • Some possible causes of mutations, genetic diseases and cancer
  • 3.5: Genetic modification and biotechnology
  • Exploring DNA
  • Gel electrophoresis
  • PCR: how to make lots of copies of DNA
  • DNA profiling
  • Genetic modification: gene transfer between species
  • Clones
  • Natural methods of cloning
  • Animals cloned from embryos
  • Animals cloned from adult cells
  • Chapter 4: Ecology
  • 4.1: Species, communities, and ecosystems
  • The interdependence of living organisms
  • What is a species?
  • Populations can become isolated
  • Autotrophs and heterotrophs
  • Consumers
  • Detritivores
  • Saprotrophs
  • Communities
  • Ecosystems
  • Where do autotrophs get their nutrients?
  • Nutrient cycling
  • The sustainability of ecosystems
  • 4.2: Energy flow
  • The importance of sunlight to ecosystems
  • The role of photosynthesis
  • Food chains
  • Cellular respiration and heat
  • Heat cannot be recycled
  • Where does the heat go?
  • Food webs and energy levels in trophic levels
  • 4.3: Carbon cycling
  • Carbon
  • The role of autotrophs in the carbon cycle
  • Carbon in aquatic ecosystems
  • Cycling of carbon dioxide
  • Methane in the carbon cycle
  • The oxidation of methane
  • Peat as a fossil fuel
  • Oil and gas as fossil fuels
  • Carbon dioxide is produced when fossil fuels are used
  • Limestone
  • 4.4: Climate change
  • The atmosphere
  • The roles of carbon dioxide and water vapour in the greenhouse effect
  • Different gases, different impacts
  • The warmed Earth emits longer wavelength radiation (heat)
  • How greenhouse gases heat the atmosphere
  • Global climate change is affected by greenhouse gases
  • The industrial revolution
  • Threats to coral reefs
  • Are humans causing climate change?
  • Chapter 5: Evolution and biodiversity
  • 5.1: Evidence for evolution
  • Darwin and Wallace
  • What is evolution?
  • The fossil record and evolution
  • Artificial selection and evolution
  • Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation
  • Continuous variation and the concept of gradual divergence
  • 5.2: Natural selection
  • The mechanism for evolution
  • Mutation, meiosis, and sexual reproduction
  • To adapt or not to adapt?
  • Passing on successful characteristics
  • Natural selection and the frequency of characteristics
  • 5.3: Classification of biodiversity
  • The binomial system of names for species
  • A hierarchy of taxa
  • A common ancestral species
  • Reclassification
  • Natural classification
  • 5.4: Cladistics
  • Characteristics used for classifi cation
  • Clades
  • Analogous and homologous traits
  • Cladograms
  • Reclassification
  • Chapter 6: Human physiology
  • 6.1: Digestion and absorption
  • Digestion is an enzyme-facilitated chemical process
  • The anatomy of the human digestive system
  • The alimentary canal is a muscular tube
  • The role of the pancreas during digestion
  • The role of the small intestine in digestion and absorption
  • 6.2: The blood system
  • Arteries, capillaries, and veins
  • The heart, a double pump
  • Control of the heart rate
  • Changes in pressure within the heart chambers keep the blood moving
  • Build-up of plaque in arteries leads to atherosclerosis
  • 6.3: Defence against infectious disease
  • Primary defence is to keep pathogens out
  • When pathogens get past skin and mucous membranes
  • What is HIV and how does it affect the human immune system?
  • The use of antibiotics to combat bacterial infections
  • An unsolved dilemma: bacterial resistance to antibiotics
  • 6.4: Gas exchange
  • Overview of the respiratory system
  • The mechanism of ventilation
  • Causes and consequences of emphysema
  • Causes and consequences of lung cancer
  • 6.5: Neurones and synapses
  • The organization of the human nervous system
  • Neurones
  • What is a nerve impulse?
  • Saltatory conduction by neurones that have a myelin sheath
  • Synapses: chemical communication between neurones
  • A new class of insecticides based on blocking synaptic transmission
  • 6.6: Hormones, homeostasis, and reproduction
  • Homeostasis
  • Selected hormones and their functions
  • Insulin and glucagon help regulate glucose levels
  • Diabetes
  • Human reproduction
  • How does a person become male or female?
  • Role of sex hormones during puberty
  • The menstrual cycle
  • In vitro fertilization (IVF)
  • Chapter 7: Nucleic acids
  • 7.1: DNA structure and replication
  • Is DNA the genetic material?
  • DNA structure
  • DNA packaging
  • Types of DNA sequences
  • DNA replication
  • Replication, DNA sequencing, and the Human Genome Project
  • 7.2: Transcription and gene expression
  • Is there a central dogma of molecular biology?
  • Transcription: DNA → RNA
  • 7.3: Translation
  • Ribosomes
  • Translation: RNA → protein
  • Chapter 8: Metabolism, cell respiration, and photosynthesis
  • 8.1: Metabolism
  • Metabolism
  • Metabolic pathways
  • Induced-fit model of enzyme action
  • Activation energy
  • Mechanism of enzyme action
  • Inhibition
  • 8.2: Cell respiration
  • Oxidation and reduction
  • An overview of respiration
  • Glycolysis
  • Mitochondria
  • The link reaction and the Krebs cycle
  • 8.3: Photosynthesis
  • The chloroplast
  • The overall process of photosynthesis
  • The chloroplast and photosynthesis
  • Chapter 9: Plant biology
  • 9.1: Transport in the xylem of plants
  • Basic leaf structure
  • Plant water and mineral movement
  • Stomata and guard cells
  • The cohesion–tension theory of plant fluid movement
  • Roots and fluid movement in plants
  • Plant adaptations for water conservation
  • 9.2: Transport in the phloem of plants
  • The movement of organic molecules in plants
  • The pressure-flow hypothesis
  • 9.3 Growth in plants
  • Plant tissues and meristems
  • Plant hormones
  • 9.4: Reproduction in plants
  • Variety in flowers
  • Angiosperms
  • Flower structure and function
  • Pollination and fertilization
  • The seed
  • The control of flowering in angiosperms
  • Chapter 10: Genetics and evolution
  • 10.1: Meiosis
  • Multiple genes
  • Chromosome replication
  • The exchange of DNA material
  • New combinations of alleles
  • Chiasmata formation
  • Homologous chromosome separation
  • Sister chromatid separation
  • Independent assortment of genes
  • 10.2: Inheritance
  • Dihybrid crosses
  • Autosomes and sex chromosomes
  • Linkage groups
  • Linked genes
  • Polygenic inheritance
  • Continuous and discrete variation
  • Polygenic characteristics
  • Chi-squared tests
  • 10.3: Gene pools and speciation
  • Interbreeding populations
  • Evolution and allele frequencies
  • Reproductive isolation of populations
  • Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection
  • Speciation due to divergence of isolated populations
  • Chapter 11: Animal physiology
  • 11.1: Antibody production and vaccination
  • Fundamentals of the immune response
  • Diseases that cross from one species to another
  • Production of monoclonal antibodies
  • Allergies are the result of an immune response releasing histamine
  • 11.2: Movement
  • Endoskeletons and exoskeletons
  • Muscles work in antagonistic pairs
  • Synovial joints provide limited movements
  • A muscle fibre is a muscle cell
  • 11.3: The kidney and osmoregulation
  • Nitrogenous waste products and excretion
  • Anatomy of the kidney
  • Kidney nephrons and osmoregulation
  • Kidney failure and other medical issues related to kidney function
  • 11.4: Sexual reproduction
  • Spermatogenesis: the production of male gametes by meiosis
  • Oogenesis: the production of female gametes by meiosis
  • Mature spermatozoa and ‘ova’
  • Comparing and contrasting spermatogenesis and oogenesis
  • Fertilization in animals can be external or internal
  • Fertilization
  • Early development: implantation into the endometrium by the blastocyst
  • Chapter 12: Option A: Neurobiology and behaviour
  • A.1: Neural development
  • Neural tube formation
  • Axon growth
  • Multiple synapses
  • The plasticity of the nervous system
  • A.2: The human brain
  • The neural tube expands to form the brain
  • Different parts of the brain have specific roles
  • The autonomic nervous system has two divisions
  • The cerebral cortex
  • Brain metabolism requires large energy inputs
  • A.3: Perception of stimuli
  • Sensory receptors and diversity of stimuli
  • Receptors detect changes in the environment
  • The structure and function of the human eye
  • A.4: Innate and learned behaviour
  • Innate behaviour
  • Innate behaviour in invertebrates
  • Reflexes
  • Reflex arc
  • Reflex conditioning
  • Learned behaviour
  • Imprinting
  • Operant conditioning is a form of learning
  • Learning is the acquisition of skill or knowledge
  • Memory
  • A.5: Neuropharmacology
  • Synaptic transmission
  • Interactions at the synapse
  • Modulation of synaptic transmission
  • Memory and learning
  • Psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality
  • THC and cocaine affect mood, synapse, and behaviour
  • Anaesthetics
  • Endorphins
  • MDMA
  • A.6: Ethology
  • Ethology versus psychology
  • Learned versus innate behaviour
  • Natural selection
  • Migration in European blackcaps
  • Blood sharing in vampire bats
  • Foraging behaviour in shore crabs
  • Breeding strategies in coho salmon
  • Courtship in the bird of paradise
  • Synchronized oestrus in lions
  • Blue tits and learning
  • Chapter 13: Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics
  • B.1: Microbiology: organisms in industry
  • Microorganisms in industry
  • Pathway engineering
  • Fermentation
  • Deep-tank fermentation of penicillin
  • Continuous-batch fermentation of citric acid
  • Biogas production by archaeans and bacteria
  • Gram staining
  • B.2: Biotechnology in agriculture
  • Genetic modification of crops
  • Novel products from GM plants
  • Physical methods as a direct means of inserting genes into plants
  • Chemical methods as a direct means of inserting genes into plants
  • Vectors as an indirect means of inserting genes into plants
  • Identifying a target gene using bioinformatics
  • B.3: Environmental protection
  • Responses to pollution incidents
  • Bioremediation
  • Biofiims
  • Bacteriophages and the disinfection of water systems
  • Biofilms clean polluted waterways
  • B.4: Medicine
  • Biotechnology and medicine
  • Markers can detect a genetic disease
  • Markers can detect predisposition to genetic disease
  • DNA microarrays
  • Using genetic material or antigens to detect infection by a pathogen
  • PCR is used to detect strains of flu virus
  • Metabolites that indicate disease
  • Tracking experiments
  • Biopharming
  • Gene therapy uses viral vectors
  • B.5: Bioinformatics
  • Databases
  • BLAST
  • Use of software to construct simple cladograms and phylograms
  • Exploring chromosome 21 in the database Ensembl
  • EST data mining
  • Knockout technology can help determine gene function
  • Other model organisms used in comparative genomics
  • Chapter 14: Option C: Ecology and conservation
  • C.1: Species and communities
  • Limiting factors affect the distribution of species in a community
  • The distribution of species depends on their tolerance of limiting factors
  • Keystone species
  • Each species plays a unique role within a community
  • Competitive exclusion
  • Fundamental niche versus realized niche
  • Use of a transect to correlate the distribution of a plant with an abiotic variable
  • C.2: Communities and ecosystems
  • Energy flow through the ecosystem
  • Conversion ratio in sustainable food production
  • Change in ecosystems over time by primary and secondary succession
  • Species diversity and production in a primary succession
  • Biosphere and biomes
  • Gersmehl diagrams
  • A closed ecosystem
  • Disturbances influence the structure and rate of change in an ecosystem
  • C.3: Impact of humans on ecosystems
  • Biological control: risks and benefits
  • Biomagnification
  • Macroplastics in the marine environment
  • Microplastics in the marine environment
  • Biological control and eradication programmes to reduce the impact of alien species
  • Analysis of data illustrating the cause and effects of biomagnification
  • C.4: Conservation of biodiversity
  • Indicator species and biotic indices
  • Richness and evenness are components of biodiversity
  • Analysis of the biodiversity of two local communities
  • Management of conservation areas
  • In situ conservation methods
  • Ex situ conservation methods
  • Biogeographical factors affect species diversity
  • The impact of edge effect on diversity
  • C.5: Population ecology
  • Population dynamics
  • Population growth curve
  • Carrying capacity (K)
  • Natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration, and the sigmoid growth curve
  • Use of capture–mark–release–recapture method
  • Estimating the size of commercial fishing stocks
  • C.6: Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles
  • The nitrogen cycle
  • The phosphorous cycle
  • Chapter 15: Option D: Human physiology
  • D.1: Human nutrition
  • Essential nutrients: what are they?
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • Eating and nutrition disorders
  • D.2: Digestion
  • Exocrine secretions are fundamental to the digestive process
  • Gastric secretions and their control
  • What is the role of HCl during the digestive process?
  • What causes stomach ulcers?
  • Adaptations of villi epithelial cells for efficient absorption
  • The importance of fibre in the diet
  • D.3: Functions of the liver
  • Circulation of blood to and from the liver
  • Sinusoids are the capillaries of the liver
  • The liver removes toxins from the blood
  • Regulation of nutrients in the blood
  • The liver recycles components of erythrocytes and haemoglobin
  • Hepatocytes produce and secrete bile and plasma proteins
  • Causes and consequences of jaundice
  • D.4: The heart
  • The heart is composed of cardiac muscle cells
  • The cardiac cycle
  • Myogenic control of heart rate
  • Mapping the cardiac cycle to a normal ECG trace
  • Common heart problems and their treatments
  • D.5: Hormones and metabolism
  • Overview of the endocrine system
  • Steroid hormones
  • Peptide hormones
  • The pituitary gland and its ‘boss’, the hypothalamus
  • D.6: Transport of respiratory gases
  • Haemoglobin
  • Haemoglobin changes shape and affi nity when carrying oxygen
  • Oxygen dissociation curves
  • The Bohr shift
  • Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
  • The rate of ventilation is controlled by the respiratory control centre in the medulla oblongata
  • Living and breathing at high altitude
  • Causes and treatments of emphysema
  • Identification of lung tissues with light and electron micrographs
  • Theory of knowledge
  • What is this chapter all about?
  • On the right track?
  • Debates
  • More debates
  • The TOK framework
  • Nature of science(s)
  • How do we know?
  • Ways of knowing
  • Catching a cold
  • Phrenology
  • Tongue map
  • Art and imagination
  • Decisions, decisions
  • Is there an end?
  • Doctor, which drug treatment is best for me?
  • The placebo effect
  • Models
  • Who’s right?
  • Religion in an age of science
  • Ockham’s razor
  • Limits of perception
  • The eye is not a camera
  • We were wrong, here’s the real story
  • Archaeopteryx
  • The end of spontaneous generation
  • Unprovable assumptions?
  • Scientifi c science
  • Knowledge claims
  • What is nature?
  • Science vocabulary
  • Wiki
  • Seeing is believing: but what if you cannot see?
  • What qualifi es as an experiment?
  • Theory versus myth
  • Biology and values
  • Moral responsibility
  • Science and religion
  • Science and technology
  • Reading your mind
  • Inaccessible worlds
  • Mathematics, and information and communication technology skills
  • 1. Mathematics and statistical analysis
  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
  • Range
  • Error bars
  • Standard deviation
  • Comparing the means and spread of data between two or more samples
  • Significant difference between two data sets using a t-test
  • Correlation does not mean causation
  • Graphs
  • Regression models and coefficient of correlation
  • Before and after: by how much did this change?
  • Expected versus observed values: first application of the chi-squared test for goodness of fit
  • Independent or correlated: second application of the chi-squared test as a test for independence
  • 2. Information and communication technology in biology
  • Models
  • Simulations
  • Databases
  • Gathering your own statistics
  • Data-analysis exercises
  • Fieldwork and data logging
  • ICT skills applied to your lab reports
  • The biology extended essay
  • Advice on criteria for assessing your extended essay
  • Suggestions for course study and strategies for the IB biology exam
  • General suggestions for course study
  • Specific suggestions for IB biology course study using this text
  • Strategies for success when answering questions in the IB exams
  • And finally
  • Index
  • Internal assessment for Biology
  • The purpose of internal assessment
  • Guidance on personal engagement and exploration
  • Guidance on analysis
  • Guidance on evaluation
  • Guidance on communication
  • Back Cover