Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain

Höfundar: Mark Bear; Barry Connors; Michael A. Paradiso (Útgáfa: 5)
Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain

Kaup valmöguleikar

Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, fimmta útgáfa, veitir ítarlegan og aðgengilegan inngang að gerð og starfsemi taugakerfisins. Útgáfan hefur verið uppfærð í samræmi við nýjustu rannsóknir og sameinar grundvallarþekkingu í taugavísindum og áhugaverð dæmi úr raunveruleikanum. Hún hentar því vel fyrir inngangsnámskeið í taugavísindum og líffræðilegri sálfræði á ýmsum fræðasviðum, allt frá sálfræði til heilbrigðisgreina.

Með aðgengilegum texta, fleiri skýringarmyndum og vandaðri framsetningu auðveldar þessi trausta námsbók skilning á flóknu efni, jafnvel fyrir nemendur sem hafa takmarkaðan bakgrunn í raunvísindum. Fimmta útgáfan einkennist af skýrleika, sveigjanleika og hagnýtu gildi. Skýrar útskýringar, áhugaverðar frásagnir úr vísindum og tengingar við raunveruleikann auðvelda nemendum að tileinka sér flókið námsefni.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN
9781284319859
Print ISBN
9781284286878
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
5
Höfundar
Mark Bear; Barry Connors; Michael A. Paradiso
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2025-07-11
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
30
Afritunar takmörkun
10

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedications
  • Images
  • Contents In Brief
  • Expanded Contents
  • List Of Boxes
  • Preface
  • User Guide
  • Learning and Teaching Tools
  • Acknowledgments
  • Path Of Discovery Authors
  • Chapter One Neuroscience: Past, Present, And Future
  • Introduction
  • The Origins Of Neuroscience
  • Views Of The Brain In Ancient Greece
  • Views Of The Brain During The Roman Empire
  • Views Of The Brain From The Renaissance To The 19th Century
  • Nineteenth And Early 20th Century Views Of The Brain
  • Nerves As Wires
  • Localization Of Specific Functions To Different Parts Of The Brain
  • Box 1.1 Path Of Discovery: Wilder Penfield’S Search For The Soul
  • The Evolution Of Nervous Systems
  • The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit Of The Brain
  • Neuroscience Today
  • Levels Of Analysis
  • Molecular Neuroscience
  • Cellular Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroscientists
  • The Scientific Process
  • Observation
  • Replication
  • Interpretation
  • Verification
  • The Use Of Animals In Neuroscience Research
  • The Animals
  • Animal Welfare
  • Animal Rights
  • The Cost Of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Two Neurons And Glia
  • Introduction
  • The Neuron Doctrine
  • The Golgi Stain
  • Cajal’S Contribution
  • Box 2.1 Brain Byte: Advances In Microscopy
  • The Prototypical Neuron
  • The Soma
  • The Nucleus
  • Neuronal Genes, Genetic Variation, And Genetic Engineering
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum And The Golgi Apparatus
  • The Mitochondrion
  • The Neuronal Membrane
  • The Cytoskeleton
  • Microtubules
  • Box 2.2 Neuroscience And Medicine: Alzheimer’S Disease And The Neuronal Cytoskeleton
  • Microfilaments
  • Neurofilaments
  • Axons
  • The Axon Terminal
  • The Synapse
  • Axonal Transport
  • Box 2.3 Brain Byte: Hitching A Ride With Axonal Transport
  • Dendrites
  • Box 2.4 Neuroscience And Medicine: Intellectual Disability And Dendritic Spines
  • Classifying Neurons
  • Classification Based On Neuronal Structure
  • Number Of Neurites
  • Dendrites
  • Connections
  • Axon Length
  • Classification Based On Intrinsic Physiological Properties
  • Classification Based On Gene Expression
  • Box 2.5 Brain Food: Understanding Neuronal Structure And Function With Incredible Cre
  • Glia
  • Astrocytes
  • Myelinating Glia
  • Microglia
  • Other Non-Neuronal Cells
  • Box 2.6 Path Of Discovery: Tuning The Brain To Fight Alzheimer’S Disease
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Three The Neuronal Membrane At Rest
  • Introduction
  • The Cast Of Chemicals
  • Cytosol And Extracellular Fluid
  • Water
  • Ions
  • The Phospholipid Membrane
  • Protein
  • Protein Structure
  • Box 3.1 Brain Byte: Revealing Protein Structures
  • Channel Proteins
  • Ion Pumps
  • The Movement Of Ions
  • Diffusion
  • Box 3.2 Brain Food: A Review Of Moles And Molarity
  • Electricity
  • The Ionic Basis Of The Resting Membrane Potential
  • Equilibrium Potentials
  • Box 3.3 Brain Food: The Nernst Equation
  • The Distribution Of Ions Across The Membrane
  • Relative Ion Permeabilities Of The Membrane At Rest
  • Box 3.4 Brain Food: The Goldman Equation
  • The Wide World Of Potassium Channels
  • Box 3.5 Path Of Discovery: The Atomic Structure Of A Potassium Channel
  • The Importance Of Regulating The External Potassium Concentration
  • Box 3.6 Neuroscience And Medicine: Life, Death, And Potassium
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Four The Action Potential
  • Introduction
  • Properties Of The Action Potential
  • The Ups And Downs Of An Action Potential
  • Box 4.1 Brain Food: Methods Of Recording Action Potentials
  • Generating An Action Potential
  • Generating Multiple Action Potentials
  • Optogenetics: Controlling Neural Activity With Light
  • The Action Potential, In Theory
  • Membrane Currents And Conductances
  • The Ins And Outs Of A Theoretical Action Potential
  • The Action Potential, In Reality
  • The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel
  • Sodium Channel Structure
  • Functional Properties Of The Sodium Channel
  • Box 4.2 Brain Food: The Patch-Clamp Method
  • The Effects Of Toxins On The Sodium Channel
  • Box 4.3 Neuroscience And Medicine: Local Anesthesia
  • Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels
  • Box 4.4 Path Of Discovery: From Slow-Spiking To Fast-Spiking: My Journey Through Ion Channel Diversity
  • Putting The Pieces Together
  • Action Potential Conduction
  • Factors Influencing Conduction Velocity
  • Myelin And Saltatory Conduction
  • Box 4.5 Neuroscience And Medicine: Demyelinating Diseases
  • Action Potentials, Axons, And Dendrites
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Five Synaptic Transmission
  • Introduction
  • Box 5.1 Brain Byte: Otto Loewi Had A Dream
  • Types Of Synapses
  • Electrical Synapses
  • Chemical Synapses
  • Cns Chemical Synapses
  • The Neuromuscular Junction
  • Principles Of Chemical Synaptic Transmission
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Neurotransmitter Synthesis And Storage
  • Neurotransmitter Release
  • Box 5.2 Brain Food: How To Snare A Vesicle
  • Neurotransmitter Receptors And Effectors
  • Transmitter-Gated Ion Channels
  • Box 5.3 Brain Food: Reversal Potentials
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors
  • Autoreceptors
  • Neurotransmitter Recovery And Degradation
  • Neuropharmacology
  • Box 5.4 Brain Byte: Spiders, Snakes, And Other Malign Actors At The Synapse
  • Principles Of Synaptic Integration
  • The Integration Of Epsps
  • Quantal Analysis Of Epsps
  • Epsp Summation
  • Box 5.5 Brain Food: Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity
  • The Influence Of Dendrites On Synaptic Integration
  • Dendritic Cable Properties
  • Excitable Dendrites
  • Amplification Of Distal Synapses
  • Inhibition
  • Box 5.6 Neuroscience And Medicine: Startling Mutations And Poisons
  • Ipsps And Shunting Inhibition
  • The Geometry Of Excitatory And Inhibitory Synapses
  • Modulation
  • Box 5.7 Path Of Discovery: A Journey From Neuromodulation To The Impact Of Climate Change
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Six Neurotransmitter Systems
  • Introduction
  • Studying Neurotransmitter Systems
  • Localization Of Transmitters And Transmitter-Synthesizing Enzymes
  • Immunocytochemistry
  • In Situ Hybridization
  • Studying Transmitter Release
  • Studying Synaptic Mimicry
  • Studying Receptors
  • Neuropharmacological Analysis
  • Ligand-Binding Methods
  • Molecular Analysis
  • Neurotransmitter Chemistry
  • Cholinergic Neurons
  • Box 6.1 Brain Food: Pumping Ions And Transmitters
  • Catecholaminergic Neurons
  • Serotonergic Neurons
  • Glutamatergic, Glycinergic, And Gabergic Neurons
  • Purinergic Neurons
  • Other Intercellular Messengers
  • Box 6.2 Brain Byte: This Is Your Brain On Endocannabinoids
  • Transmitter-Gated Channels
  • The Basic Structure Of Transmitter-Gated Channels
  • Amino Acid-Gated Channels
  • Glutamate-Gated Channels
  • Box 6.3 Neuroscience And Medicine: Exciting Poisons
  • Gaba And Glycine-Gated Channels
  • Box 6.4 Neuroscience And Medicine: Neurosteroids For Postpartum Depression
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors And Effectors
  • The Basic Structure Of G Protein-Coupled Receptors
  • The Ubiquitous G Proteins
  • Box 6.5 Path Of Discovery: Serendipity And The Discovery Of G Protein-Coupled Receptors
  • G Protein-Coupled Effector Systems
  • The Shortcut Pathway
  • Second Messenger Cascades
  • Phosphorylation And Dephosphorylation
  • The Function Of Signal Cascades
  • Receptor Desensitization And Signaling
  • Divergence And Convergence In Neurotransmitter Systems
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Seven The Structure Of The Nervous System
  • Introduction
  • Gross Organization Of The Mammalian Nervous System
  • Anatomical References
  • The Central Nervous System
  • The Cerebrum
  • The Cerebellum
  • The Brainstem
  • The Spinal Cord
  • The Peripheral Nervous System
  • The Somatic Pns
  • The Visceral Pns
  • Afferent And Efferent Axons
  • The Cranial Nerves
  • The Meninges
  • Box 7.1 Neuroscience And Medicine: Mind Your Head
  • The Ventricular System
  • Box 7.2 Neuroscience And Medicine: Brain Drain
  • The Glymphatic System
  • Box 7.3 Path Of Discovery: The Nightlife Of The Brain
  • New Views Of The Brain
  • Imaging The Structure Of The Living Brain
  • Box 7.4 Brain Food: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Functional Brain Imaging
  • Box 7.5 Brain Food: Exploring Activity In The Living Human Brain Using Pet And Fmri
  • Understanding Cns Structure Through Development
  • Formation Of The Neural Tube
  • Box 7.6 Neuroscience And Medicine: Nutrition And The Neural Tube
  • Three Primary Brain Vesicles
  • Differentiation Of The Forebrain
  • Differentiation Of The Telencephalon And Diencephalon
  • Forebrain Structure-Function Relationships
  • Differentiation Of The Midbrain
  • Midbrain Structure-Function Relationships
  • Differentiation Of The Hindbrain
  • Hindbrain Structure-Function Relationships
  • Differentiation Of The Spinal Cord
  • Spinal Cord Structure-Function Relationships
  • Putting The Pieces Together
  • Special Features Of The Human Cns
  • A Guide To The Cerebral Cortex
  • Types Of Cerebral Cortex
  • Areas Of Neocortex
  • Neocortical Evolution And Structure-Function Relationships
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter 7 Appendix: An Illustrated Guide To Human Neuroanatomy
  • Introduction
  • Surface Anatomy Of The Brain
  • The Lateral Surface Of The Brain
  • (A) Gross Features
  • (B) Selected Gyri, Sulci, And Fissures
  • (C) Cerebral Lobes And The Insula
  • (D) Major Sensory, Motor, And Association Areas Of Cortex
  • The Medial Surface Of The Brain
  • (A) Brainstem Structures
  • (B) Forebrain Structures
  • (C) Ventricles
  • The Ventral Surface Of The Brain
  • The Dorsal Surface Of The Brain
  • (A) Cerebrum
  • (B) Cerebrum Removed
  • (C) Cerebrum And Cerebellum Removed
  • Cross-Sectional Anatomy Of The Brain
  • Cross Section 1: Forebrain At Thalamus–Telencephalon Junction
  • (A) Gross Features
  • (B) Selected Cell And Fiber Groups
  • Cross Section 2: Forebrain At Mid-Thalamus
  • (A) Gross Features
  • (B) Selected Cell And Fiber Groups
  • Cross Section 3: Forebrain At Thalamus–Midbrain Junction
  • (A) Gross Features
  • (B) Selected Cell And Fiber Groups
  • Cross Section 4: Rostral Midbrain
  • Cross Section 5: Caudal Midbrain
  • Cross Section 6: Pons And Cerebellum
  • Cross Section 7: Rostral Medulla
  • Cross Section 8: Mid-Medulla
  • Cross Section 9: Medulla–Spinal Cord Junction
  • The Spinal Cord
  • The Dorsal Surface Of The Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves
  • The Ventral–Lateral Surface
  • Cross-Sectional Anatomy
  • The Autonomic Nervous System
  • The Cranial Nerves
  • The Blood Supply Of The Brain
  • Ventral View
  • Lateral View
  • Medial View (Brainstem Removed)
  • Self-Quiz
  • Chapter Eight The Chemical Senses: Taste And Smell
  • Introduction
  • Taste
  • The Basic Tastes
  • Box 8.1 Brain Byte: Strange Tastes: Fat, Starch, Calcium, Carbonation, And Water?
  • The Organs Of Taste
  • Taste Receptor Cells
  • Mechanisms Of Taste Transduction
  • Bitterness
  • Sweetness
  • Box 8.2 Brain Byte: Evolving Tastes: Bats, Cats, Whales, And Birds
  • Umami (Amino Acids)
  • Saltiness
  • Sourness
  • Box 8.3 Path Of Discovery: Channeling Sour Taste
  • Central Taste Pathways
  • Box 8.4 Brain Byte: Memories Of A Very Bad Meal
  • The Neural Coding Of Taste
  • Smell
  • Box 8.5 Brain Byte: Odors, Pheromones, And People
  • The Organs Of Smell
  • Olfactory Receptor Neurons
  • Olfactory Transduction
  • Odorant Receptor Proteins
  • Additional Odorant Receptor Protein Families
  • Central Olfactory Pathways
  • Spatial And Temporal Representations Of Olfactory Information
  • Natural Odors And Odorant Receptors
  • Olfactory Population Coding
  • Olfactory Maps
  • Temporal Coding In The Olfactory System
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Nine The Eye
  • Introduction
  • Properties Of Light
  • Light
  • Optics
  • The Structure Of The Eye
  • Gross Anatomy Of The Eye
  • Ophthalmoscopic Appearance Of The Eye
  • Box 9.1 Brain Byte: Demonstrating The Blind Regions Of Your Eye
  • Cross-Sectional Anatomy Of The Eye
  • Box 9.2 Neuroscience And Medicine: Eye Disorders
  • Image Formation By The Eye
  • Refraction By The Cornea
  • Accommodation By The Lens
  • Box 9.3 Neuroscience And Medicine: Vision Correction
  • The Pupillary Light Reflex
  • The Visual Field
  • Visual Acuity
  • Microscopic Anatomy Of The Retina
  • The Laminar Organization Of The Retina
  • Box 9.4 Path Of Discovery: How Does The Retina Make So Many Cell Types?
  • Photoreceptor Structure
  • Regional Differences In Retinal Structure And Their Visual Consequences
  • Phototransduction
  • Phototransduction In Rods
  • Phototransduction In Cones
  • Color Perception
  • Box 9.5 Neuroscience And Medicine: The Genetics Of Color Vision
  • Dark And Light Adaptation
  • Calcium’S Role In Light Adaptation
  • Local Adaptation Of Dark, Light, And Color
  • Retinal Processing And Output
  • The Receptive Field
  • Bipolar Cell Receptive Fields
  • Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields
  • Structure-Function Relationships
  • Color-Opponent Ganglion Cells
  • Ganglion Cell Photoreceptors
  • Parallel Processing
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Ten The Central Visual System
  • Introduction
  • The Retinofugal Projection
  • The Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm, And Optic Tract
  • Right And Left Visual Hemifields
  • Targets Of The Optic Tract
  • Nonthalamic Targets Of The Optic Tract
  • The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
  • The Segregation Of Input By Eye And By Ganglion Cell Type
  • Receptive Fields
  • Nonretinal Inputs To The Lgn
  • Anatomy Of Primary Visual Cortex
  • Retinotopy
  • Lamination Of Primary Visual Cortex
  • The Cells Of Different Layers
  • Inputs And Outputs Of Primary Visual Cortex
  • Innervation Of Other Cortical Layers From Layer 4c
  • Ocular Dominance Columns
  • Primary Visual Cortex Outputs
  • Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs
  • Physiology Of Primary Visual Cortex
  • Receptive Fields
  • Binocularity
  • Box 10.1 Brain Byte: The Magic Of Seeing In 3d
  • Orientation Selectivity
  • Box 10.2 Brain Food: Cortical Organization Revealed By Optical And Calcium Imaging
  • Direction Selectivity
  • Simple And Complex Receptive Fields
  • Blob Receptive Fields
  • Box 10.3 Path Of Discovery: Colored By Vision
  • The Functional Architecture Of Area V1
  • Parallel Pathways
  • Cortical Modules
  • Beyond Primary Visual Cortex
  • The Ventral Stream
  • Area V4
  • Area It
  • The Dorsal Stream
  • Area Mt
  • Dorsal Areas And Motion Processing
  • From Single Neurons To Perception
  • Box 10.4 Neuroscience And Medicine: To See Or Not To See?
  • Receptive Field Hierarchy And Perception
  • Parallel Processing And Perception
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Eleven The Auditory And Vestibular Systems: Hearing And Balancing
  • Introduction
  • The Nature Of Sound
  • Box 11.1 Brain Byte: The Highs And Lows Of Sound Waves
  • The Structure Of The Auditory System
  • The Middle Ear
  • Components Of The Middle Ear
  • Sound Force Amplification By The Ossicles And Tympanic Membrane
  • The Acoustic Reflex
  • The Inner Ear
  • Anatomy Of The Cochlea
  • Physiology Of The Cochlea
  • The Response Of The Basilar Membrane To Sound
  • The Organ Of Corti And Associated Structures
  • Box 11.2 Neuroscience And Medicine: The Deaf Shall Hear: Cochlear Implants
  • Sound Transduction By Hair Cells
  • Hair Cells And The Axons Of The Auditory Nerve
  • Amplification By Outer Hair Cells
  • Box 11.3 Brain Byte: Why Are Ears So Noisy?
  • Central Auditory Processes
  • The Anatomy Of Auditory Pathways
  • Response Properties Of Neurons In The Auditory Pathway
  • Encoding Sound Intensity And Frequency
  • Stimulus Intensity
  • Stimulus Frequency, Tonotopy, And Phase Locking
  • Tonotopy
  • Phase-Locking
  • Mechanisms Of Sound Localization
  • Localization Of Sound In The Horizontal Plane
  • The Role Of Binaural Neurons In Sound Localization
  • Localization Of Sound In The Vertical Plane
  • Box 11.4 Path Of Discovery: I Find Myself Surrounded By Bats. How Did I Get Here?
  • Auditory Cortex
  • Neuronal Response Properties
  • Box 11.5 Brain Byte: How Does Auditory Cortex Work? Ask An Auditory Specialist
  • The Effects Of Auditory Cortical Lesions And Ablation
  • Auditory Disorders And Their Treatments
  • The Vestibular System
  • The Vestibular Labyrinth
  • The Otolith Organs
  • The Semicircular Canals
  • Central Vestibular Pathways And Vestibular Reflexes
  • The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (Vor)
  • Vestibular Pathology
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Twelve The Somatic Sensory System: Touch, Pain, And Itch
  • Introduction
  • Touch
  • Mechanoreceptors Of The Skin
  • Mechanosensitive Ion Channels
  • Box 12.1 Brain Byte: The Joy Of Sex, Piezo2, And Krause Corpuscles
  • Vibration And The Pacinian Corpuscle
  • Two-Point Discrimination
  • Primary Afferent Axons
  • The Spinal Cord
  • Segmental Organization Of The Spinal Cord
  • Box 12.2 Neuroscience And Medicine: Dermatomes Revealed! Herpes, Chickenpox, And Shingles
  • Sensory Organization Of The Spinal Cord
  • The Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway
  • Box 12.3 Brain Food: Lateral Inhibition
  • The Trigeminal Touch Pathway
  • Somatosensory Cortex
  • Cortical Somatotopy
  • Cortical Map Plasticity
  • Somatosensory Integration And The Posterior Parietal Cortex
  • Pain
  • Box 12.4 Neuroscience And Medicine: The Misery Of Life Without Pain
  • Nociceptors And The Transduction Of Painful Stimuli
  • Box 12.5 Path Of Discovery: Measuring Pain With Fast Cameras, Computation, And Machine Learning
  • Types Of Nociceptors
  • Hyperalgesia And Inflammation
  • Primary Afferents And Spinal Mechanisms
  • Ascending Pain Pathways
  • The Anterolateral Pain System
  • The Trigeminal Pain Pathway
  • The Thalamus And Cortex
  • The Regulation Of Pain
  • Afferent Regulation
  • Descending Regulation
  • The Endogenous Opioids
  • Box 12.6 Neuroscience And Medicine: Pain And The Placebo Effect
  • Temperature
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Box 12.7 Brain Byte: Some Like It Hot
  • The Temperature Pathway
  • Itch
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Thirteen Muscles And The Spinal Control Of Movement
  • Introduction
  • The Somatic Motor System
  • The Lower Motor Neuron
  • The Segmental Organization Of Lower Motor Neurons
  • Alpha Motor Neurons
  • Graded Control Of Muscle Contraction By Alpha Motor Neurons
  • Inputs To Alpha Motor Neurons
  • Box 13.1 Neuroscience And Medicine: Als: Gehrig, Genes, And Guam
  • Types Of Motor Units
  • Neuromuscular Matchmaking
  • Muscles And Excitation-Contraction Coupling
  • Muscle Fiber Structure
  • The Molecular Basis Of Muscle Contraction
  • Box 13.2 Neuroscience And Medicine: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Spinal Control Of Motor Units
  • Proprioception From Muscle Spindles
  • The Stretch Reflex
  • Regulation Of Muscle Spindles By Gamma Motor Neurons
  • Proprioception From Golgi Tendon Organs
  • Proprioception From The Joints
  • Spinal Interneurons And Circuits
  • Box 13.3 Path Of Discovery: Expecting The Unexpected In Spinal Circuits
  • Reciprocal Inhibition
  • Inhibitory And Excitatory Interneurons
  • The Generation Of Spinal Motor Programs For Walking
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Fourteen Brain Control Of Movement
  • Introduction
  • Descending Spinal Tracts
  • The Lateral Pathways
  • The Effects Of Lateral Pathway Lesions
  • Box 14.1 Neuroscience And Medicine: Paresis, Paralysis, Spasticity, And Babinski
  • The Ventromedial Pathways
  • The Vestibulospinal Tracts
  • The Tectospinal Tract
  • The Pontine And Medullary Reticulospinal Tracts
  • The Planning Of Movement By The Cerebral Cortex
  • Motor Cortex
  • The Contributions Of Posterior Parietal And Prefrontal Cortex
  • Neuronal Correlates Of Motor Planning
  • Box 14.2 Brain Byte: Behavioral Neurophysiology
  • Mirror Neurons
  • The Basal Ganglia
  • Anatomy Of The Basal Ganglia
  • Direct And Indirect Pathways Through The Basal Ganglia
  • Basal Ganglia Disorders
  • Box 14.3 Neuroscience And Medicine: Do Neurons In Diseased Basal Ganglia Die By Suicide?
  • Box 14.4 Neuroscience And Medicine: Brain Destruction And Stimulation: Useful Therapies For Brain Disorders
  • The Initiation Of Movement By Primary Motor Cortex
  • The Input–Output Organization Of M1
  • The Coding Of Movement In M1
  • The Malleable Motor Map
  • The Cerebellum
  • Box 14.5 Neuroscience And Medicine: Involuntary Movements—Normal And Abnormal
  • Anatomy Of The Cerebellum
  • Box 14.6 Path Of Discovery: Action Potential Firing In Diverse Neurons Of The Motor System
  • The Motor Loop Through The Lateral Cerebellum
  • Programming The Cerebellum
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Fifteen Chemical Control Of The Brain And Behavior
  • Introduction
  • The Secretory Hypothalamus
  • An Overview Of The Hypothalamus
  • Homeostasis
  • Structure And Connections Of The Hypothalamus
  • Pathways To The Pituitary
  • Hypothalamic Control Of The Posterior Pituitary
  • Hypothalamic Control Of The Anterior Pituitary
  • Box 15.1 Brain Byte: Stress And The Brain
  • The Autonomic Nervous System
  • Ans Circuits
  • Sympathetic And Parasympathetic Divisions
  • The Enteric Division
  • Central Control Of The Ans
  • Neurotransmitters And The Pharmacology Of Autonomic Function
  • Preganglionic Neurotransmitters
  • Postganglionic Neurotransmitters
  • The Diffuse Modulatory Systems Of The Brain
  • Anatomy And Functions Of The Diffuse Modulatory Systems
  • The Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus
  • The Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei
  • Box 15.2 Neuroscience And Medicine: Food, Mood, And Covid
  • The Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra And Ventral Tegmental Area
  • The Cholinergic Basal Forebrain And Brainstem Complexes
  • Drugs And The Diffuse Modulatory Systems
  • Hallucinogens
  • Empathogens
  • Box 15.3 Path Of Discovery: Octopuses On Mdma
  • Stimulants
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Sixteen Motivation
  • Introduction
  • The Hypothalamus, Homeostasis, And Motivated Behavior
  • The Long-Term Regulation Of Feeding Behavior
  • Energy Balance
  • Hormonal And Hypothalamic Regulation Of Body Fat And Feeding
  • Body Fat And Food Consumption
  • Box 16.1 Neuroscience And Medicine: The Starving Brain Of Obesity
  • The Hypothalamus And Feeding
  • The Effects Of Elevated Leptin Levels On The Hypothalamus
  • The Effects Of Decreased Leptin Levels On The Hypothalamus
  • The Control Of Feeding By Lateral Hypothalamic Peptides
  • The Short-Term Regulation Of Feeding Behavior
  • Appetite, Eating, Digestion, And Satiety
  • Box 16.2 Brain Byte: Marijuana And The Munchies
  • Ghrelin
  • Gastric Distension
  • Cholecystokinin Curiously
  • Glucagon-Like Peptide-1
  • Insulin
  • Box 16.3 Neuroscience And Medicine: Diabetes Mellitus And Insulin Shock
  • Why Do We Eat?
  • Reinforcement And Reward
  • Box 16.4 Brain Byte: Self-Stimulation Of The Human Brain
  • The Role Of Dopamine In Motivation
  • Box 16.5 Neuroscience And Medicine: Dopamine And Addiction
  • The Rewards Of A Good Meal
  • Serotonin, Food, And Mood
  • Other Motivated Behaviors
  • Drinking
  • Temperature Regulation
  • Socialization
  • Box 16.6 Path Of Discovery: Cells And Circuits Of The Social Brain
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Box 16.7 Brain Byte: Neuroeconomics
  • Chapter Seventeen Sex And The Brain
  • Introduction
  • Sexual Development
  • Sex And Gender
  • Box 17.1 Path Of Discovery: From Science To Sex
  • The Genetic Determination Of Sex
  • Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
  • Sexual Development And Differentiation
  • The Hormonal Control Of Sex
  • The Principal Male And Female Hormones
  • Hormonal Alterations Of Sexual Development And Behavior
  • Direct Genetic Effects On Sexual Differentiation Of The Brain And Behavior
  • Box 17.2 Brain Byte: Bird Songs And Bird Brains
  • Activational Effects Of Sex Hormones
  • The Control Of Sex Hormones By The Pituitary And Hypothalamus
  • The Neural Basis Of Sexual Behaviors
  • Reproductive Organs And Their Control
  • Mammalian Mating Strategies
  • The Neurochemistry Of Reproductive Behavior
  • Brain Changes Associated With Maternal And Paternal Behavior
  • Love, Bonding, And The Human Brain
  • Sexual Dimorphisms Of The Brain And Behavior
  • Sexual Dimorphisms Of The Central Nervous System
  • Sex Differences And Dimorphisms In The Human Brain
  • Sex Differences And Dimorphisms Of Cognition
  • Sexual Orientation And Gender Identity
  • Sexual Orientation
  • Gender Identity
  • Sex As A Factor In Neurological Disease
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Eighteen Brain Mechanisms Of Emotion
  • Introduction
  • What Are Emotions?
  • Emotional Experience And Expression
  • Unconscious Emotion
  • Reconciling Different Theories Of Emotion
  • Emotion Pathways In The Brain
  • Broca’S Limbic Lobe And The Papez Circuit
  • Box 18.1 Neuroscience And Medicine: Passage Of An Iron Rod Through The Head
  • Difficulties With The Concept Of A Single System For Emotions
  • Emotion Classification And Neural Representations
  • Basic Emotion Theories
  • Dimensional Emotion Theories
  • Constructed Emotion Theory
  • Box 18.2 Path Of Discovery: An Emotional Life
  • Pieces Of The Emotion Puzzle
  • Hypothalamus
  • Midbrain
  • Amygdala
  • Anatomy Of The Amygdala
  • KlüVer–Bucy Syndrome
  • Effects Of Amygdala Stimulation And Lesions
  • Box 18.3 Neuroscience And Medicine: The Frontal Lobotomy
  • A Neural Circuit For Learned Fear
  • Insular Cortex And Cingulate Cortex
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Nineteen Sleep, Circadian Clocks, And Brain Rhythms
  • Introduction
  • Box 19.1 Path Of Discovery: The Roles Of Rhythms
  • The Electroencephalogram
  • Recording Brain Waves
  • Eeg Rhythms
  • Mechanisms And Meanings Of Brain Rhythms
  • The Generation Of Synchronous Rhythms
  • Functions Of Brain Rhythms
  • Sleep
  • Box 19.2 Neuroscience And Medicine: The Seizures Of Epilepsy
  • The Functional States Of The Brain
  • The Sleep Cycle
  • Box 19.3 Brain Byte: Walking, Talking, And Screaming In Your Sleep
  • Why Do We Sleep?
  • Box 19.4 Brain Byte: The Longest All-Nighter
  • Functions Of Dreaming And Rem Sleep
  • Neural Mechanisms Of Sleep
  • Wakefulness And The Ascending Arousal System
  • Falling Asleep, Waking
  • Box 19.5 Neuroscience And Medicine: Narcolepsy
  • Sleep-Promoting Factors
  • Gene Expression During Sleeping And Waking
  • Circadian Rhythms
  • Biological Clocks
  • The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: A Brain Clock
  • Box 19.6 Brain Byte: Mutant Hamster Clocks
  • Scn Mechanisms
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Twenty Language
  • Introduction
  • What Is Language?
  • Human Sound And Speech Production
  • Box 20.1 Brain Byte: Thinking In Different Languages
  • Is Language Unique To Humans?
  • Language Acquisition
  • Box 20.2 Path Of Discovery: Babies: A Model For Researchers
  • Genes Involved In Language
  • Foxp2 And Verbal Dyspraxia
  • Genetic Factors In Dyslexia And Specific Language Impairment.
  • The Discovery Of Specialized Language Areas In The Brain
  • Broca’S Area And Wernicke’S Area
  • Box 20.3 Brain Byte: Assessing Hemispheric Language Dominance
  • Language Insights From The Study Of Aphasia
  • Broca’S Aphasia
  • Wernicke’S Aphasia
  • The Wernicke–Geschwind Model Of Language And Aphasia
  • Aphasia In Bilingual People And People Who Are Deaf
  • The Brain’S Language Network
  • The Effects Of Brain Stimulation On Language
  • Imaging Language Processing In The Human Brain
  • Sign Language And Braille
  • Language Networks And Language Streams
  • Asymmetrical Language Processing In The Two Cerebral Hemispheres
  • Language Processing In Split-Brain Humans
  • Left Hemisphere Language Dominance
  • Language Functions Of The Right Hemisphere
  • Anatomical Asymmetry And Language
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Twenty-One The Resting Brain, Attention, And Consciousness
  • Introduction
  • Resting State Brain Activity
  • The Brain’S Default Mode Network
  • Activating The Default Mode Network
  • Functions Of The Default Mode Network
  • Attention
  • Box 21.1 Neuroscience And Medicine: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Allocation Of Attention
  • Perceptual Effects Of Attention
  • Attention Enhances Visual Sensitivity
  • Attention Speeds Reaction Times
  • Selection History Biases Attention
  • Physiological Effects Of Attention
  • Attention Enhances Neural Responses
  • Attention To Location Shifts Brain Activation
  • Attention Alters Receptive Fields
  • Attention Reduces Response Variability
  • Attention Networks
  • Box 21.2 Path Of Discovery: Exploring The Attention Network In The Primate Brain
  • Salience And Priority Maps
  • A Map Of Salience And Priority In The Parietal Lobe
  • Box 21.3 Neuroscience And Medicine: Hemispatial Neglect Syndrome
  • Dorsal And Ventral Attention Networks
  • Consciousness
  • What Is Consciousness?
  • Neural Correlates Of Consciousness
  • Neuronal Correlates Of Alternating Perception
  • Visual Awareness And Human Brain Activity
  • Theories Of Consciousness
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Twenty-Two Mental Illness
  • Introduction
  • Mental Illness And The Brain
  • Psychosocial Approaches To Mental Illness
  • Biological Approaches To Mental Illness
  • The Promise And Challenge Of Molecular Medicine In Psychiatry
  • Anxiety Disorders
  • A Description Of Anxiety Disorders
  • Panic Disorder
  • Agoraphobia
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd)
  • Biological Bases Of Anxiety Disorders
  • The Stress Response
  • Regulation Of The Hpa Axis By The Amygdala And Hippocampus
  • Treatments For Anxiety Disorders
  • Psychotherapy
  • Anxiolytic Medications
  • Affective Disorders
  • A Description Of Affective Disorders
  • Major Depressive Disorder
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder
  • Bipolar Disorder
  • Box 22.1 Brain Byte: A Magical Orange Grove In A Nightmare
  • Biological Bases Of Affective Disorders
  • The Monoamine Hypothesis
  • The Diathesis–Stress Hypothesis
  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex Dysfunction
  • Treatments For Affective Disorders
  • Psychotherapy
  • Antidepressants Targeting The Monoamines
  • Lithium
  • Transcranial Magnetic Therapy And Vagus Nerve Stimulation Effective
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy
  • Rapidly Acting Antidepressant Medications
  • Box 22.2 Path Of Discovery: Discovery Of The Rapid Antidepressant Effects Of Ketamine
  • Deep Brain Stimulation
  • Schizophrenia
  • A Description Of Schizophrenia
  • Biological Bases Of Schizophrenia
  • Genes And The Environment
  • The Dopamine Hypothesis
  • The Glutamate Hypothesis
  • Treatments For Schizophrenia
  • Box 22.3 Path Of Discovery: Adventures Of A Drug Hunter
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Twenty-Three Wiring The Brain
  • Introduction
  • The Genesis Of Neurons
  • Cell Proliferation
  • Box 23.1 Brain Byte: Neurogenesis In Adult Humans (Or How Neuroscientists Learned To Love The Bomb)
  • Cell Migration
  • Cell Differentiation
  • Differentiation Of Cortical Areas
  • The Genesis Of Connections
  • The Growing Axon
  • Axon Guidance
  • Guidance Cues
  • Box 23.2 Path Of Discovery: How Axons Navigate
  • Establishing Topographic Maps
  • Box 23.3 Neuroscience And Medicine: Why Our Cns Axons Don’T Regenerate
  • Synapse Formation
  • The Elimination Of Cells And Synapses
  • Box 23.4 Neuroscience And Medicine: The Mystery Of Autism
  • Cell Death
  • Changes In Synaptic Capacity
  • Activity-Dependent Synaptic Rearrangement
  • Synaptic Segregation
  • Segregation Of Retinal Inputs To The Lgn
  • Segregation Of Lgn Inputs In The Primary Visual Cortex
  • Box 23.5 Brain Byte: Three-Eyed Frogs, Ocular Dominance Columns, And Other Oddities
  • Box 23.6 Brain Food: The Critical Period Concept
  • Synaptic Convergence
  • Synaptic Competition
  • Modulatory Influences
  • Elementary Mechanisms Of Cortical Synaptic Plasticity
  • Excitatory Synaptic Transmission In The Immature Visual System
  • Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation
  • Long-Term Synaptic Depression
  • Why Critical Periods End
  • Box 23.7 Neuroscience And Medicine: Releasing The Brakes On Synaptic Plasticity In The Adult Visual Cortex
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Twenty-Four Memory Systems
  • Introduction
  • Types Of Memory And Amnesia
  • Declarative And Nondeclarative Memory
  • Box 24.1 Brain Byte: Extraordinary Memory
  • Procedural Memory
  • Nonassociative Learning
  • Associative Learning
  • Long-Term, Short-Term, And Working Memory
  • Amnesia
  • Working Memory
  • Neuronal Representations Of Working Memory
  • Delay Period Activity
  • Delay Period Spiking, Oscillations, And Plasticity
  • Working Memory In The Human Brain
  • Long-Term Memory
  • Box 24.2 Path Of Discovery: Engrams And Memory: I Remember It All Too Well
  • The Neocortex And Declarative Memory
  • Hebb And The Cell Assembly
  • The Medial Temporal Lobes, Memory, And Amnesia
  • Anatomy Of The Medial Temporal Lobe
  • Electrical Stimulation Of The Human Temporal Lobes
  • Neural Recordings From The Human Hippocampus
  • The Case Of H.M.: Temporal Lobectomy And Amnesia
  • Box 24.3 Neuroscience And Medicine: Korsakoff’S Syndrome And The Case Of N.A.
  • Spatial Memory, Place Cells, And Grid Cells
  • Human Spatial Memory
  • Human Place And Grid Cells
  • The Hippocampus And The Nature Of Declarative Memories
  • Consolidating Memories And Retaining Engrams
  • Models Of Systems Consolidation
  • Systems Consolidation And Sleep
  • Reconsolidation
  • Box 24.4 Brain Byte: Introducing False Memories And Erasing Bad Memories
  • Procedural Memory
  • The Striatum And Procedural Memory In Rodents
  • Human Disease And Procedural Memory
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Chapter Twenty-Five Molecular Mechanisms Of Learning And Memory
  • Introduction
  • How Memories Make Their Mark
  • Cellular Reports Of Memory Formation
  • Distributed Memory Storage
  • Strengthening Synapses
  • Box 25.1 Path Of Discovery: What Attracted Me To The Study Of Learning And Memory In Aplysia?
  • Anatomy Of The Hippocampus
  • Properties Of Ltp In Ca1
  • Mechanisms Of Ltp In Ca1
  • Box 25.2 Brain Food: Synaptic Plasticity: Timing Is Everything
  • Weakening Synapses
  • Mechanisms Of Ltd In Ca1
  • Box 25.3 Brain Food: The Wide World Of Long-Term Synaptic Depression
  • Glutamate Receptor Trafficking
  • Ltp, Ltd, And Memory
  • Box 25.4 Brain Byte: Memory Mutants
  • Synaptic, Cellular, And Network Homeostasis
  • Metaplasticity
  • Synaptic Scaling
  • Firing Rate Homeostasis
  • Box 25.5 Path Of Discovery: Self-Tuning Neurons And Homeostatic Plasticity
  • Memory Consolidation
  • Persistently Active Protein Kinases
  • Camkii
  • Protein Kinase M Zeta
  • Protein Synthesis And Memory Consolidation
  • Synaptic Tagging And Capture
  • Creb And Memory
  • Structural Plasticity And Memory
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Glossary
  • References
  • Index