Mulholland & Greenfield's Surgery

Name: Mulholland & Greenfield's Surgery
Price: 23568 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Justin B. Dimick; Hasan B. Alam; Timothy M. Pawlik; Mary Hawn; Julie Ann Sosa; Dawn M. Coleman
ISBN: 9781975243579

Höfundar: Justin B. Dimick; Hasan B. Alam; Timothy M. Pawlik; Mary Hawn; Julie Ann Sosa; Dawn M. Coleman (Útgáfa: 8)

Kaup valmöguleikar

With its emphasis on quick-access, easy-to-digest content, Mulholland & Greenfield’s Surgery: Scientific Principles and Practice, Eighth Edition, is a gold-standard text for today’s residents and practicing surgeons. Edited by Drs. Justin B. Dimick, Hasan B. Alam, Timothy M. Pawlik, Mary Hawn, Julie Ann Sosa, and new co-editor Dr. Dawn M. Coleman, it balances scientific advances with clinical practice, reflecting rapid changes, new technologies, and innovative techniques in current surgical care.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi: Wolters Kluwer Health

ISBN: 9781975243579

Print ISBN: 9781975243555

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 8

Höfundar: Justin B. Dimick; Hasan B. Alam; Timothy M. Pawlik; Mary Hawn; Julie Ann Sosa; Dawn M. Coleman

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2026-04-13

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 10

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Heilbrigðisvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Læknisfræði › Almennt

Kaflar

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Contents
List of Algorithms
Contributors
Part One Scientific Principles
Chapter 1 Surgical Nutrition and Metabolism
BASIC METABOLIC PRINCIPLES
Body Composition
ENERGY AND SUBSTRATE METABOLISM
Measuring Energy Expenditure
NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
Anthropometric Measurements and Nutritional Indices
Sarcopenia
Serum Protein Levels
OVERFEEDING AND MALNUTRITION
Overfeeding
Malnutrition
Substrate Metabolism Changes during Stress
Stressor-Dependent Adjustments to the Metabolic Response
NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
Nutritional Support in Elective Surgery
Nutritional Support in Critical Care
Parenteral Nutrition Considerations
Enteral Nutrition Considerations
Macro- and Micronutrient Selection
Nutritional Access
NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS
Sepsis and Septic Shock
Acute Respiratory Failure
Acute Renal Failure
Acute Liver Failure
Complications of Gastrointestinal Surgery
Burns
Acute Pancreatitis
Trauma
Solid Organ Transplant
Bariatric Surgery
Geriatrics
Obesity
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 2 The Pathogenesis of Obesity and Metabolic Disease
GENETICS OF OBESITY
Metabolic Thrift, Genetics, and Epigenetics
Human Metabolic Diversity and Environment
PHYSIOLOGY OF OBESITY
The Adipostat
Satiety and Hunger
Metabolic Rate
Adipocyte Physiology
The Microbiome
Bariatric Surgery and Weight Physiology
Summary
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLIC DISEASE
Obesity and Metabolic Disease
Nutrient Excess
Cellular Responses to Nutrient Excess
Adipose Tissue Heterogeneity
Adipose Tissue Failure
SYSTEMIC METABOLIC DISEASE
Adipose Tissue Overflow
Liver Disease
Diabetes
Cancer
SUMMARY
Chapter 3 Wound Healing
PHASES OF WOUND HEALING
Hemostasis
Inflammatory Phase
Proliferation Phase
Remodeling Phase
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chronic Versus Acute Wounds
MEDICATIONS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
Glucocorticoid Steroids
Radiation
Chapter 4 Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF IMMUNOTHERAPY
OVERVIEW OF TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY
T Cells
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
MECHANISMS OF IMMUNE EVASION
Immunosuppressive Cytokines and Molecules
Recruitment of Regulatory Immune Cells
Metabolic Reprogramming in the TME
Downregulation of Antigen Presentation
Immune Selection and Evolution
TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY
Cytokine Therapy
Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Predicting Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Adoptive T-Cell Therapy
Vaccine Therapy
Oncolytic Viral Therapy
Cytotoxic Therapy and Immunogenic Cell Death
Overcoming Tumor-Induced Immunosuppression
SUMMARY
Chapter 5 Hemostasis
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
NATURAL ANTICOAGULANT MECHANISMS
FIBRINOLYSIS
ENDOTHELIUM AND HEMOSTASIS
THROMBOSIS, INFLAMMATION, AND RESOLUTION
Cell Adhesion Molecules
Leukocytes and Thrombosis
ARTERIAL VERSUS VENOUS THROMBOSIS
PROCOAGULANT STATES
Acquired Procoagulant States
Inherited Procoagulant States
BLEEDING DISORDERS
Coagulation Factor Deficiency
Rare Factor Deficiencies
Platelet Disorders
Abnormalities in Fibrinolysis
Chapter 6 Surgical Infections
EARLY USE OF APPROPRIATE BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
SOURCE CONTROL
PATHOGEN IDENTIFICATION
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
SPECIFIC INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS
Appendicitis
Biliary Infections
Diverticulitis
Clostridioides Difficile Infection and Colitis
Pancreatitis
SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
Classification of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Early Diagnosis and Differentiation of Necrotizing Versus Nonnecrotizing SSTI
Early Initiation of Appropriate Empiric Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Therapy With Anti-MRSA Coverage and Consideration of Risk Factors for Specific Pathogens
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections (NSTIs)
Pyomyositis
SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS (SSIs)
Epidemiology
Definitions
Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection
Surgical Site Infection Prevention
Treatment of Surgical Site Infection
Chapter 7 Shock
EVALUATION OF SHOCK
TYPES OF SHOCK
Hypovolemic Shock
Cardiogenic Shock
Extracardiac Obstructive Shock
Distributive Shock
Septic Shock
Traumatic Shock
Neurogenic Shock
Physiologic Response to Hypovolemia
Acute Response
Sustained Response
ORGAN-SPECIFIC COMPENSATORY RESPONSES TO SHOCK
Cardiac and Microvascular Response
Neuroendocrine Response
Immunoinflammatory Response
Pulmonary Response
Renal Response
Hepatic Response
Genetic Regulation of the Response to Shock
LOSS OF COMPENSATORY RESPONSES TO SHOCK
COMPLICATIONS OF SHOCK
Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome and CCI
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
Hypothermia
Coagulopathy
TREATMENT
Fluid Therapy
Crystalloids
Colloids
Resuscitative Strategy
Permissive Hypotension
Transfusion
Hemoglobin Thresholds and Clinical Evidence
Shock and Resuscitation
Type O Blood
Type-Specific Blood
Whole Blood
Autotransfusion
Endpoints of Resuscitation
MONITORS
Central Venous Pressure
Pulmonary Artery Catheter
Minimally Invasive CO Monitors
Arterial Wave Contour Analysis
Bedside Ultrasound and Echocardiography
Future Monitoring Devices
PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPORT
Inotropes and Vasopressors
Miscellaneous Therapeutics
Future Therapies
Chapter 8 Critical Care
HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING
Oxygen Transport
Volume Assessment
Fluid Responsiveness
Cardiac Function
CARDIAC ARREST AND DYSRHYTHMIAS
PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE
Oxygenation
Ventilation
VENTILATOR MODES
Pulmonary Mechanics
Conventional Modes
ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Diagnosis
Ventilator Management
Ventilator-Associated Events
Liberation from Ventilation
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM PROPHYLAXIS
Incidence
Risk Factor Scoring
Approaches to Prevention of VTE
TRANSFUSION
METABOLISM AND NUTRITION
Metabolic Requirements and Assessment
Nutritional Support
Routes of Nutritional Support
Timing of Nutritional Support
Organ Specific Nutritional Support
Immunonutrition
Stress-Related Gastrointestinal Bleeding
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
Etiology
Severity
Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury
LIVER DYSFUNCTION
Variceal Bleeding
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Ascites and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Liver Failure
ENDOCRINE ISSUES
Glucose Control
Adrenal Insufficiency
Thyroid Abnormalities
INFECTIOUS DISEASE ISSUES
Sepsis Guidelines
Hospital-Acquired Infections
NEUROLOGIC ISSUES
Analgesia and Sedation
Delirium
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF CRITICAL CARE
Evidence-Based Care
Severity of Illness
Chapter 9 Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Balance
BODY FLUIDS
Total Body Water and Body Fluid Compartments
Composition of Body Fluids
Osmotic Activity of Body Fluids
Colloid Oncotic Pressure (Colloid Osmotic Pressure)
Osmoregulation
FLUID BALANCE
Volume Control
Normal Water Exchange
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE THERAPY
Parenteral Solutions
Goals of Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
CORRECTION OF VOLUME ABNORMALITIES
Volume Deficits
Volume Excess
REPLACEMENT OF ONGOING FLUID LOSSES
Intraoperative Fluid Therapy
Postoperative Fluid Therapy and Monitoring
ELECTROLYTES
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
ACID–BASE
Buffer Systems
Acid–Base Balance
Acid–Base Disturbances
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Mixed Acid–Base Disorders
Chapter 10 Burns: Medical, Surgical, Critical Care, and Reconstruction of the Burn Patient
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Children
Adults
Older Adults
Socioeconomic Status
ETIOLOGY
Flame Burns
Scald Burns
Contact Injuries
Electrical
Chemical Burns
PHYSIOLOGY OF BURNS
Burn Shock
Metabolic Response to Burn Injury
Immunologic Response to Burn Injury
Burn Severity
EMERGENCY CARE
Stop the Burning
Primary Survey
Secondary Survey
Difficult to Resuscitate Patients
CRITICAL CARE OF THE BURN PATIENT
Treatment for Inhalational Injury
Electrolyte Abnormalities and Acute Renal Failure
Acute Kidney Injury
Metabolic Response and Nutrition
WOUND MANAGEMENT
OPERATIVE INTERVENTIONS
Excision and Grafting
Skin Substitutes
PAIN MANAGEMENT
WOUND INFECTIONS
BURN RECONSTRUCTION
Optimizing Acute Treatment to Minimize the Need for Reconstruction
Hypertrophic Scarring
Tissue Expansion
Specific Anatomic Concerns
Heterotopic Ossification
Marjolin Ulcer
EMERGING TECHNIQUES
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 11 Anesthesiology and Pain Management
INTRODUCTION
ANESTHETIC MEDICATIONS AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS
Inhalation Agents
Intravenous Sedatives/Hypnotics
Muscle Relaxants and Antagonism
Opioids (Narcotics) and Other Intravenous Analgesics
Propofol
Ketamine
Amnesics and Anxiolytics
Local Anesthetics
NEURAXIAL BLOCKADE
PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCKADE
SEDATION ANALGESIA FOR MINOR SURGICAL PROCEDURES
AIRWAY EVALUATION FOR THE NONANESTHESIOLOGIST
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ANESTHESIA
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pulmonary Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
Obesity
Diabetes Mellitus
Renal Insufficiency and Failure
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Risks Associated with Regional Techniques in Patients Being Treated with Anticoagulants
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
Outpatient Medication Regimen Management
Airway Assessment
MONITORING THE SURGICAL PATIENT
Monitors of Oxygenation
Ventilation Monitors
Circulation Monitors
Neuromuscular Blockade Monitors
Processed EEG Monitors
COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
ENHANCED RECOVERY PROTOCOLS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ANESTHESIOLOGY
POSTOPERATIVE ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 12 The Pregnant Patient
ANATOMY OF THE CHANGING UTERUS
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS
Fetal Viability and Corticosteroid Administration
PREMATURE ONSET OF LABOR
Tocolysis
MONITORING OF THE FETUS
Fetal Heart Rate
Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring During Nonobstetric Surgery
IMAGING THE PREGNANT PATIENT
Ionizing Radiation
Ultrasound
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
APPENDICITIS IN THE PREGNANT PATIENT
Diagnosis
Imaging
Diagnostic Laparoscopy
Management
BILIARY TRACT DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
Management of Symptomatic Cholelithiasis and Acute Cholecystitis
Management of Choledocholithiasis
BREAST CANCER IN THE PREGNANT PATIENT
MANAGEMENT OF THE PREGNANT PATIENT WITH TRAUMA
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 13 Measuring the Quality of Surgical Care: Surgeons, Hospitals, Systems, and Neighborhoods
TRADITIONAL QUALITY MEASURES
Structure
Process of Care
Outcomes
CHOOSING THE RIGHT MEASURE
IMPROVING OUR ABILITY TO MEASURE
Low Volume
Risk Adjustment
APPROACHES TO MEASURE AND IMPROVE SURGICAL CARE ACROSS HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS
Centralize Complex Procedures
Decentralize Ambulatory Procedures
Delivery Coordination
EMERGING NEEDS TO UNDERSTAND AND MEASURE THE NEIGHBORHOODS OF OUR PATIENTS
SUMMARY
Chapter 14 Improving Surgical Quality
QUALITY METRICS
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROCESSES
Outcome Based
Culture and Quality
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT POLICY AND REGULATION—THE MOVE TOWARD VALUE
SUMMARY
Chapter 15 Patient Safety
ADVERSE EVENTS AND ERRORS
MEASUREMENT CHALLENGES
SYSTEMS THINKING
HIGH-RELIABILITY ORGANIZATIONS
CREATING A JUST CULTURE
COMMUNICATION
MEASURING CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION
TOOLS FOR IMPROVING TEAMWORK AND COMMUNICATION
MACHINE LEARNING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PATIENT SAFETY
INVESTIGATING A SAFETY EVENT
ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM
SUMMARY
Chapter 16 Artificial Intelligence in Surgery
TERMINOLOGY
DATA
Sources of Data
Quality of Data
OVERVIEW OF METHODS
Classes of Learning
Generative Artificial Intelligence
APPLICATIONS
Perioperative Predictive Models
Computer Vision
OBSTACLES
Culture of Data
AI Knowledge and Literacy
Trustworthiness
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
EMERGING AREAS
GenAI to Improve Surgical Workflows
Robotics
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 17 Global Surgery
DEFINITIONS
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL SURGERY
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SURGICAL BURDEN OF DISEASE
Noncommunicable Disease (NCD)
Injury
Communicable Disease
Maternal/Child Health
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Socioeconomic Factors
Physical Environment
Delays in Care
HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS
OPPORTUNITIES AND SOLUTIONS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Part Two Surgical Practice
SECTION A: TRAUMA
Chapter 18 Trauma and Trauma Care: General Considerations
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURIES IN THE UNITED STATES
BIOMECHANICS OF INJURY TO GUIDE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
Blunt Injuries
Penetrating Injuries
THE TRIMODAL MODEL OF INJURY-RELATED MORTALITY: IMMEDIATE, EARLY, AND LATE DEATHS
Immediate Deaths
Early Deaths
Late Deaths
CLINICAL PRIORITIES FOR INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF INJURED PATIENTS
Advance Trauma Life Support
Immediate Hemorrhage Control
Hemostatic Resuscitation and Massive Transfusion Protocols
LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE BATTLEFIELD
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Chapter 19 Prehospital and New Advances in Resuscitation
PREHOSPITAL CARE
Personnel
Triage
Scoop and Run versus Stay and Play
SCENE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Resuscitation
CONTROVERSIES
Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of Aorta
LTOWB Rh-Positive Transfusion in Children and Women of Childbearing Potential
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 20 Head Injuries
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
Clinical Scoring System
Neuroimaging Scales
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TBI
Primary Brain Injury
Secondary Brain Injury
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in TBI
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
RADIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT
MANAGEMENT OF BRAIN INJURIES
Broad Goals of Management
Initial Resuscitation
Neuromonitoring
Medical Management of ICP Elevation
Sedation and Analgesia
Therapeutic Intensity Level and Management Parameters to Control ICP
Management of Impending Cerebral Herniation
SURGICAL APPROACH
Skull Fracture
Epidural Hematoma
Subdural Hematoma
Parenchymal Contusions
Penetrating Injuries to the Brain
Role of Decompressive Craniectomy
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 21 Injury and Violence Prevention: A Public Health Approach
HISTORY OF INJURY PREVENTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURY: DEFINING THE PROBLEM
Unintentional Injury
Suicide and Self-Harm
Homicide and Assault
Mass Shootings
Legal Intervention
Intimate Partner Violence
Child Abuse
Firearms
LANDMARK INJURY PREVENTION INITIATIVES
Violence as Public Health Problem
THE SOCIAL ECOLOGIC MODEL
THE SURGEON’S ROLE IN FIREARM-RELATED INJURY AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION
Primary Prevention
Secondary and Tertiary Prevention
SUMMARY
Chapter 22 Neck Injuries
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
INITIAL MANAGEMENT
PENETRATING NECK TRAUMA
Mandatory Versus Selective Exploration
The Utility of Computed Tomography as a Diagnostic Adjunct
The Utility of Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) as a Diagnostic Adjunct
General Considerations for Management
Incision Selection
BLUNT NECK TRAUMA
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC INJURIES
Penetrating Cerebrovascular Injury
Laryngeal and Tracheal Injuries
Esophagus
BCVI
SUMMARY
Chapter 23 Thoracic Trauma
INITIAL IMAGING
COMMON INJURIES
Rib Fractures
Treatment
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary Contusion
Hemothorax
Retained Hemothorax
Aortic Injury
Diaphragmatic Injuries
Cardiac Injuries
Blunt Cardiac Injury
Tracheobronchial Injury
Thoracic Esophageal Injury
RESUSCITATIVE THORACOTOMY
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 24 Abdominal Trauma
BLUNT TRAUMA: INITIAL EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSTICS
Resuscitation
Diagnostics
PENETRATING TRAUMA: INITIAL EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSTICS
General Approach to Penetrating Abdominal Injury
Indications and Contraindications for Selective Nonoperative Management
Diagnostics
THE TRAUMA LAPAROTOMY
DAMAGE-CONTROL LAPAROTOMY
DIAPHRAGM
Anatomy
Epidemiology
Diagnostics
Treatment
LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT
Anatomy
Epidemiology
Diagnostics
Treatment
Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Injury
SPLEEN
Anatomy
Epidemiology
Diagnostics
Treatment
PANCREAS
Anatomy
Epidemiology
Diagnostics
Treatment
STOMACH
Anatomy
Diagnostics
Treatment
DUODENUM AND SMALL BOWEL
Anatomy
Epidemiology
Treatment
COLON
Epidemiology
Diagnostics
Treatment
RECTUM
Anatomy
Epidemiology
Diagnostics
Treatment
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 25 Genitourinary Trauma
KIDNEY
Evaluation
Treatment
URETER
Evaluation
Treatment
BLADDER
Evaluation
Treatment
URETHRA
Evaluation
Treatment
Chapter 26 Vascular Trauma
BACKGROUND
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MECHANISMS OF VASCULAR TRAUMA
Wartime Vascular Injury
Civilian Population Vascular Trauma
Mechanism of Vascular Trauma
DIAGNOSIS OF VASCULAR INJURY
Physical Examination
Adjuncts to the Physical Examination
Computed Tomography for Vascular Trauma
Contrast Angiography
MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH VASCULAR TRAUMA
Trauma Patient Pathophysiology
Resuscitation of the Trauma Patient
General Intraoperative Considerations and Pearls
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC INJURY PATTERNS—EXTREMITY
Upper Extremity
Lower Extremity
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC INJURY PATTERNS—CERVICAL
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC INJURY PATTERNS—TORSO
Thoracic Cavity
Abdomen and Retroperitoneum
ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC VASCULAR INJURIES
SUMMARY
Chapter 27 Orthopedic Trauma
AIMS AND PRIORITIES IN ORTHOPEDIC TRAUMA CARE
THE OVERALL ROLE OF THE ORTHOPEDIC TRAUMATOLOGIST IN THE TRAUMA CENTRE
ORTHOPEDIC TRAUMA SURGERY TO SAVE LIFE
Hemorrhage
The Bleeding Pelvis
Pelvic Packing
COMPLICATED PELVIC INJURIES—OPEN FRACTURES OR ASSOCIATED VISCERAL INJURY
THE ORTHOPEDIC MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR POLYTRAUMA
Damage Control Surgery in Orthopedics
Special Polytrauma Situations—Head Injury
Special Polytrauma Situations—Chest Injury and Femur Fractures
SPECIFIC ORTHOPEDIC SCENARIOS
Major Wounds
ORTHOPEDIC TRAUMA SURGERY TO SAVE LIMBS
Open Fracture Principles
VASCULAR INJURIES
COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
INDICATIONS FOR AMPUTATION/FAILURE OF RECONSTRUCTION
ORTHOPEDIC TRAUMA SURGERY TO LIMIT DISABILITY—MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES
Complex Articular Fractures
SPECIAL FRACTURE GROUPS—PROXIMAL FEMUR
COMPLICATIONS
Infection Nonunion and Malunion
Orthopedic Injury/Disaster Triage
Chapter 28 Pediatric Trauma
OVERVIEW AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRAUMA SYSTEMS
INITIAL ASSESSMENT, RESUSCITATION, AND STABILIZATION
Vital Signs
Fluid Resuscitation
SECONDARY SURVEY AND ADJUNCT DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC INJURIES
Traumatic Brain Injury
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Spine Trauma
Thoracic Trauma
Abdominal Trauma
Pelvic Fracture and Extremity Trauma
Child Physical Abuse
INJURY PREVENTION
Smoke Detectors and Carbon Monoxide Detectors
Drunken Driving Laws
Junior Driver Laws/Safe Driving Laws
Child Passenger Restraints
All-Terrain Vehicle Laws
GUN VIOLENCE PREVENTION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 29 Geriatric Trauma
PHYSIOLOGY, COMORBIDITY, AND PREINJURY MEDICATIONS
Cardiovascular
Pulmonary
Renal and Gastrointestinal
Medications
MECHANISM AND INJURIES
Elderly Abuse
Traumatic Brain Injury
Fractures
TRIAGE CRITERIA FOR OLDER PATIENTS
EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT
Trauma Evaluation
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
Assessing Frailty
Patient Management
OUTCOMES
Mortality Outcomes
Functional Outcomes
PALLIATIVE AND END-OF-LIFE CARE IN THE GERIATRIC TRAUMA PATIENT
End-of-Life Care
Chapter 30 Trauma in Pregnancy
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MECHANISMS OF INJURY
EVALUATION OF THE PREGNANT TRAUMA PATIENT
Airway
Pulmonary System
Cardiovascular System
Hematologic System
FETAL EVALUATION AND MONITORING
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Pelvic Fractures
Abruptio Placentae
Uterine Rupture
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Eclampsia
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
EMERGENCY CESAREAN SECTION
SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
TEAM APPROACH TO TRAUMA IN THE PREGNANT PATIENT
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 31 Postinjury Management
ACUTE TRAUMATIC COAGULOPATHY
DETECTION OF TRAUMATIC COAGULOPATHY
DAMAGE CONTROL RESUSCITATION
ENDPOINTS OF RESUSCITATION
ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Secondary Brain Injury
Imaging in TBI
Coagulopathy in TBI
Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy in TBI
Seizure Prophylaxis after TBI
Penetrating Brain Injury
NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC SUPPORT
ORGAN DONATION
Rib Fractures
Blunt Cardiac Injury
Chapter 32 The Outdoors—Venomous Bites and Stings and Environmental Exposure
BITES AND STINGS
Snakebites
Venomous Lizards
Insect Bites and Stings
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
Hypothermia
Hypothermia in Trauma Patients
Treatment of Primary or Accidental Hypothermia
Cold Injury and Frostbite
Treatment of Cold Injury
SUMMARY
SECTION B: TRANSPLANTATION
Chapter 33 Clinical Transplant Immunology
SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR MODERN CLINICAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
The Immune Response to a Solid Organ Transplant
REJECTION IN SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
Hyperacute Rejection
Acute Rejection
Chronic Rejection
Antibody-Mediated Rejection
IMMUNOLOGIC PHARMACOTHERAPY IN SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
Induction
CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR BLOCKADE
IL-2 Receptor Blockade
LEUKOCYTE DEPLETION
MAINTENANCE IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Steroids
mTOR Inhibitors
Antimetabolite Drugs
Infections after Transplant
Cancer
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 34 Organ Retrieval and Preservation
ORGAN DONATION (FIG. 34/ch034.xhtml#s757">ORGAN DONATION (FIG. 34.2)
Living Donation
Deceased Donation
ORGAN SELECTION
Donor History of Cancer
Donor History of Infectious Disease
Organ-Specific Issues
THE ORGAN RETRIEVAL OPERATION
Heart and Lung Retrieval
Liver Retrieval
Kidney Retrieval
Pancreas Retrieval
METHODS FOR ORGAN OPTIMIZATION AND PRESERVATION
Chapter 35 Kidney Transplantation
IMMUNOLOGY OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
THE DONOR POOL: LIVING DONORS, DECEASED DONORS, AND DONATION AFTER CARDIAC DEATH
Living Donors
Deceased Donors
Further Strategies for Increasing the Number of Donor Kidneys
THE TRANSPLANT PROCEDURE
Recipient Preoperative Assessment
Living-Donor Nephrectomy: Open and Minimally Invasive
Recipient Operative Procedure
COMPLICATIONS
Early Graft Dysfunction
Technical Complications
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION, REJECTION, AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE COMPLICATIONS
Immunosuppression
Rejection
Immunosuppressive Complications
CURRENT RESULTS AND FUTURE TRENDS
Chapter 36 Hepatic Transplantation
INDICATIONS FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
Transplant for Malignancy
END-STAGE LIVER DISEASE AND EVALUATION FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Acute Liver Injury and Fulminant Hepatic Failure
Medical and Surgical Evaluation for Liver Transplantation
Waitlist Management and Organ Allocation
SURGICAL PROCEDURE: LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Donor Selection, Procurement, and Preservation
Anesthetic Management
Intraoperative Management of Coagulopathy
Surgical Technique
Recipient Hepatectomy
Anhepatic Phase and Implantation of the Donor Liver
Postrevascularization Phase
Technique for Partial Liver Transplantation
Living-Donor Liver Transplantation
POSTTRANSPLANT CARE AND COMPLICATIONS
Recipient Factors
Donor Factors
Technical Factors
Vascular Complications
Biliary Complications
Cellular Rejection
Antibody-Mediated Rejection
Chronic Rejection
Immunosuppression Management
Chapter 37 Cardiac Transplantation
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
INDICATIONS AND ASSESSMENT FOR HEART TRANSPLANTATION
PRETRANSPLANT MANAGEMENT
DONOR HEART AVAILABILITY AND ALLOCATION
DURABLE MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT
TEMPORARY MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT
DONOR SELECTION AND MANAGEMENT
DONOR HEART RECOVERY PROCEDURE
DONOR HEART PRESERVATION
DONATION AFTER CIRCULATORY DETERMINATION OF DEATH (DCD)
RECIPIENT PREPARATION AND TRANSPLANTATION
OUTCOMES
Survival
Complications
Immune Suppression and Rejection
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 38 Lung Transplantation
EARLY YEARS OF LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
CURRENT STATUS OF LUNG TRANSPLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES
INDICATIONS
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Pulmonary Hypertension
CONTRAINDICATIONS
OPERATIVE PROCEDURES
Donor Recovery Operation
Recipient Preparation
Single-Lung Transplantation
Bilateral-Lung Transplantation
OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
Allograft Ischemic Time
Single- versus Bilateral-Lung Transplant
Intraoperative Cardiopulmonary Support
Special Patient Populations
Surgical Complications
STRATEGIES FOR EXPANDING THE DONOR ORGAN POOL
Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion
Hepatitis C Virus–Infected Organs (HCV)
SUMMARY
Chapter 39 Pancreas and Islet Transplantation
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SECONDARY COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION
Overview
Patient Selection
Simultaneous Kidney–Pancreas Transplantation
Pancreas after Kidney Transplantation
Simultaneous Living-Donor Kidney–Deceased-Donor Pancreas Transplantation
Pancreas-Alone Transplantation
Evaluation and Screening
The Waiting List and Recipients
Deceased-Donor Pancreas Allocation
Donor Evaluation
Procurement Technique
Back-Table Preparation of the Pancreas
Recipient Operation
Immunosuppression
Complications
Diagnosis and Treatment of Rejection
Recurrent Autoimmune Diabetes
Posttransplant Viral Infections
Outcomes
ISLET TRANSPLANTATION
Overview
History
Islet Isolation
Patient Selection
Donor Selection/Recovery/Preservation
Transplant Techniques
Perioperative Care
Immunosuppression
Metabolic Control
Complications
Results
Alternative Methods
THE FUTURE OF PANCREAS AND ISLET TRANSPLANTATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SECTION C: HEAD AND NECK
Chapter 40 Head and Neck
PATIENT EVALUATION
History
Examination
Workup
Airway Concerns
INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Neck Abscesses
Complications of Rhinosinusitis
Sialadenitis
NECK MASSES: CYSTIC NECK INFECTION OR MALIGNANCY?
SALIVARY NEOPLASMS
HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Oral Cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx
Larynx
NECK DISSECTION
COMPLICATIONS OF HEAD AND NECK SURGERY
SECTION D: ESOPHAGUS
Chapter 41 Esophageal Anatomy and Physiology and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
ESOPHAGEAL ANATOMY AND FUNCTION
Cervical Esophagus
Thoracic Esophagus
Abdominal Esophagus
Structure of the Esophageal Wall and Mucosa
Blood Supply, Lymphatics, and Innervation
PHYSIOLOGY
The Swallowing Mechanism
The Gastroesophageal Barrier: Lower Esophageal Sphincter
EVALUATION OF ESOPHAGEAL FUNCTION
Upper Endoscopy
Radiologic Evaluation
Esophageal Manometry
Ambulatory pH Monitoring
Multichannel Impedance Testing
Impedance Planimetry
CONCLUSIONS
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
Definition and Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Physiology of the Antireflux Barrier
Structural Integrity of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Anatomic Alterations
Implications
Complications of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Acknowledgment
Chapter 42 Esophageal Tumors and Injury
MALIGNANT ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS
Epidemiology and Histology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Evaluation
Staging
Treatment
Prognosis
ESOPHAGECTOMY
Techniques of Esophagectomy
Intraoperative Complications
Immediate and Long-term Outcomes Following Esophagectomy
Morbidity Following Esophagectomy
BENIGN ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS
Leiomyoma
Fibrovascular Polyp
Schwannoma
Lymphangioma
ESOPHAGEAL INJURY
Esophageal Perforation
Caustic Injury
Esophageal Fistulas
Esophageal Foreign Body
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Section E: STOMACH AND DUODENUM
Chapter 43 Gastric Anatomy and Physiology
GROSS ANATOMY
Embryonic Development
Structural Anatomy
Arteriovenous Anatomy
Lymphatic Drainage
Innervation
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
Cardiac Glands
Oxyntic Glands
Antral Glands
GASTRIC PEPTIDES
Gastrin
Somatostatin
Ghrelin
GASTRIC ACID SECRETION
Cellular Events
Regulation of Acid Secretion
PEPSIN
INTRINSIC FACTOR
GASTRIC BLOOD FLOW
GASTRIC MOTILITY
Gastric Smooth Muscle
Coordination of Contraction
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 44 Management of Obesity
DIAGNOSIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Obesity and Metabolic Disease
Diagnosis
Epidemiology, Disease Burden
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Treatment Strategies
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Bariatric Surgery—Beginnings
Gastric Bypass
Malabsorption Revisited
Pure Restriction
Epidemiology of Modern Bariatric Surgery
Chapter 45 Gastric Neoplasms
ADENOCARCINOMA
Epidemiology
Premalignant Lesions
Gastritis
Helicobacter Pylori
Previous Gastric Surgery
Hereditary Syndromes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Staging
Staging Laparoscopy
Pathology
Curative-Intent Treatment
Endoscopic Resection
Surgical Resection
Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapies
Palliative Surgical Treatment
OTHER GASTRIC NEOPLASMS
Gastric Lymphoma
Gastric Carcinoids
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Section F: SMALL INTESTINE
Chapter 46A Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Intestinal Obstruction, Ileus, and Pseudo-Obstruction of the Colon (Ogilvie Syndrome)
MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE INTESTINE
Terminology and Classification
Specific Types of Bowel Obstruction
Intussusception
Open and Laparoscopic Operations in the Management of Small Bowel Obstruction
ILEUS AND PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION
Ileus
Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 46B Small Intestine: Normal Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of Obstruction and Ileus Syndromes
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Embryologic Considerations
Physiology: Intestinal Absorption and Secretion
Physiology: Motility of the Small Intestine
Principles of Intestinal Immunology
The Intestinal Microbiome
Endocrine, Paracrine, and Neurocrine Communication Pathways of the Intestine
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION, ILEUS, AND PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION OF THE COLON
Pathophysiology of Intestinal Obstruction
Pathophysiology of Ileus
Pathophysiology of Colonic Pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome)
CLOSING COMMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 47 Crohn Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
CLINICAL EVALUATION
Upper Gastrointestinal
Small Bowel
Colonic
Anorectal
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Extraintestinal Disease
DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
Radiology
Endoscopy
Pathology
Laboratory Analysis
TREATMENT
Medical Management
PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
Indications for Surgery
SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS
Ileocolic and Small-Bowel Disease (Algorithm 47/ch047.xhtml#s1062">Ileocolic and Small-Bowel Disease (Algorithm 47.1)
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 48 Small Intestinal Neoplasms
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
PREDISPOSITION TO SMALL BOWEL ADENOCARCINOMA
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF SMALL BOWEL NEOPLASMS (TABLE 48/ch048.xhtml#s1068">CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF SMALL BOWEL NEOPLASMS (TABLE 48.4)
DIAGNOSTIC OPTIONS
MANAGEMENT OF BENIGN SMALL INTESTINAL LESIONS
MANAGEMENT OF MALIGNANT SMALL INTESTINAL TUMORS
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and Clinical Staging
Treatment and Survival (Algorithm 48/ch048.xhtml#s1075">Treatment and Survival (Algorithm 48.1)
SMALL BOWEL ADENOCARCINOMA
OTHER TUMORS FOUND IN THE SMALL BOWEL
Section G: PANCREAS
Chapter 49 Pancreas Anatomy and Physiology
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE PANCREAS
VARIANT EMBRYOLOGIC ANATOMY
Pancreas Divisum and other MPD Variants
Pancreaticobiliary Junction Variants
Annular Pancreas
Ectopic or Heterotopic Pancreas
Hypoplasia or Agenesis
Congenital Pancreatic Cysts
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE PANCREAS
Exocrine Pancreas
Endocrine Pancreas
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PANCREAS
Exocrine Physiology
Exocrine Insufficiency
Endocrine Physiology
PANCREATIC ANATOMY
Lymphatics
Innervation
Chapter 50 Acute Pancreatitis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Criteria
Severity Prediction
Classification
Imaging
INITIAL TREATMENT
Fluid Resuscitation
Nutrition
Pain Management
Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Interventions
COMPLICATIONS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Local Complications of Pancreatitis
Infected Pancreatic Collections
Porto-Spleno-Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis (PSMVT)
MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
Local Complications of Pancreatitis
Infected Pancreatic Collections
Porto-Spleno-Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis (PSMVT)
STEP-UP APPROACH
Endoscopic Approach
Percutaneous Catheter Drainage
Minimally Invasive Necrosectomy
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 51 Chronic Pancreatitis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
CONSIDERATIONS IN MANAGEMENT
ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Lateral Pancreaticojejunostomy
Localized Pancreatic Head Resection with Lateral Pancreaticojejunostomy
Pancreatic Head Resection
Distal Pancreatectomy
Total Pancreatectomy
Minimally Invasive Surgery for Chronic Pancreatitis
SUMMARY
Chapter 52 Neoplasms of Exocrine Pancreas
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
Molecular Genetics
Pathology
Solid Epithelial Tumors
Cystic Epithelial Tumors
CLINICOPATHOLOGIC STAGING OF PDAC
Clinical Presentation
Laboratory Studies
Radiologic Studies
Preoperative Staging
Staging Laparoscopy
SURGICAL RESECTION OF PANCREATIC CARCINOMA
Carcinoma of the Head, Neck, or Uncinate Process
Carcinoma of the Body and Tail
Postoperative Results
ADJUVANT AND NEOADJUVANT THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH LOCALIZED PDAC
CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIATION FOR UNRESECTABLE OR METASTATIC PDAC
PALLIATION
Jaundice
Duodenal Obstruction
Pain
Chapter 53 Neoplasms of the Endocrine Pancreas
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
MOLECULAR GENETICS
Whole-Exome Sequencing of PENs
Familial Syndromes
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Presentation
Biochemical
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy
Endoscopic Ultrasound
Venous Sampling
SURGICAL EXPLORATION
NONFUNCTIONAL PANCREATIC ENDOCRINE NEOPLASMS
Surgical Resection
Lymphadenectomy
INSULINOMA
GASTRINOMA (ZOLLINGER–ELLISON SYNDROME)
VIPOMA (VERNER–MORRISON SYNDROME)
GLUCAGONOMA
SOMATOSTATINOMA
METASTATIC PANCREATIC ENDOCRINE TUMORS
Liver-Directed Therapies
Somatostatin Analogs
Systemic Therapies
SECTION H: HEPATOBILIARY AND PORTAL VENOUS SYSTEM
Chapter 54 Hepatobiliary Anatomy
TOPOGRAPHIC AND SURFACE ANATOMY
MORPHOLOGIC AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
HEPATIC ARTERIES
PORTAL VEINS
BILIARY SYSTEM AND GALLBLADDER
HEPATIC VEINS
LIVER IMAGING
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING/MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHOLANGIOPANCREAOTOGRAPHY
ULTRASOUND AND INTRAOPERATIVE LIVER ASSESSMENT
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF HEPATIC RESERVE
INDICATIONS FOR LIVER RESECTION AND ONCOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
NOMENCLATURE FOR HEPATECTOMIES
INTRAOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 55 Hepatic Infection and Acute Liver Failure
PYOGENIC LIVER ABSCESS
Prevalence and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Microbiology
Treatment
AMEBIC LIVER ABSCESS
Prevalence and Pathogenesis
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
ECHINOCOCCUS (HYDATID DISEASE)
Prevalence and Pathogenesis
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
SCHISTOSOMA
Prevalence and Pathogenesis
Risk factors
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Viral Hepatitis
HEPATITIS A VIRUS
Epidemiology/Risk Factors for Transmission
Clinical Features
Treatment
HEPATITIS B VIRUS
Epidemiology/Risk Factors for Transmission
Clinical Features
Treatment
HEPATITIS C VIRUS
Epidemiology/Risk Factors for Transmission
Clinical Features
Treatment
HEPATITIS D VIRUS
Epidemiology/Risk Factors for Transmission
Clinical Features
Treatment
HEPATITIS E VIRUS
Epidemiology/Risk Factors for Transmission
Clinical Features
Treatment
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein–Barr Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Varicella Zoster Virus
ACUTE LIVER FAILURE
Definition
Diagnosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management and Treatment
Liver Transplantation
Life Support Systems
Prognosis
Chapter 56 Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension
CIRRHOSIS
Background and Definition
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Complications
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Complications of Portal Hypertension
Chapter 57 Hepatic Neoplasms
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Workup
Diagnostic Principles
GENERAL TREATMENT GUIDELINES
BENIGN/PREMALIGNANT LESIONS
Hemangioma
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Hepatocellular Adenoma
Simple Cysts
Mucinous Cysts (MCN and IPMN-B)
MALIGNANT LESIONS
Oncologic Appropriateness
Host Condition
Technical Resectability
ONCOLOGIC APPROPRIATENESS
Preoperative Evaluation
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Colorectal Liver Metastases
Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases
Noncolorectal, Nonneuroendocrine Liver Metastases
HOST CONDITION
TECHNICAL RESECTABILITY
Vascular Inflow/Outflow and Biliary Drainage
FLR QUANTITY AND QUALITY
Volumetric Assessment of the Liver
Functional Assessment of the Liver
INCREASING TECHNICAL RESECTABILITY
Portal Vein Embolization
Two-Stage Hepatectomy
Associating Liver Partition with Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy
ANATOMY AND CLASSIFICATION
OPERATIVE PROCEDURES
Patient Positioning and Incision (Open Hepatectomy)
Exposure, Mobilization, and Assessment
Intraoperative Ultrasound
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HEPATIC RESECTIONS
Inflow Control and Preservation of the Integrity of the Biliary Tree
Outflow Control
Parenchymal Transection
SUMMARY
Chapter 58 Calculous Biliary Disease
RISK FACTORS FOR GALLSTONE FORMATION
NATURAL HISTORY OF GALLSTONES
GALLSTONES AND GALLBLADDER CANCER
CHOLECYSTITIS
Acute Cholecystitis
Clinical Manifestations
Imaging
Diagnosis
Treatment
CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS
ACUTE ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS
OTHER CONDITIONS
Gangrenous Cholecystitis
Emphysematous Cholecystitis
Mirizzi Syndrome
Cholecystoenteric Fistulae
CHOLECYSTECTOMY
TECHNIQUE—LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Intraoperative Cholangiogram
OTHER APPROACHES TO CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Single-Incision Laparoscopic Approach
Robotic Cholecystectomy
Open Cholecystectomy
SUBTOTAL CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Percutaneous Drains After Cholecystectomy
COMPLICATIONS OF CHOLECYSTECTOMY
PERCUTANEOUS CHOLECYSTOSTOMY
Other Therapies
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Gallstone Pancreatitis
Gallbladder Cancer
Cholecystitis During Pregnancy
Cholecystitis and Cirrhosis
CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Endoscopic Approach
Percutaneous Approach
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS
Laparoscopic Surgical Approach
Open Surgical Approach
INTRAHEPATIC STONES
Chapter 59 Biliary Injury, Strictures, and Sclerosing Cholangitis
BILE DUCT INJURY
Clinical Presentation
Evaluation
Treatment
Outcomes
Follow-Up
BILIARY STRICTURE
Clinical Presentation
Evaluation
Treatment
Outcomes
Follow-Up
SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS
Clinical Presentation
Evaluation
Treatment
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 60 Biliary Neoplasms
INTRODUCTION
GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA
Incidence
Pathology and Staging
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Surgery
Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapy
Prognosis
Follow-Up after Resection for Gallbladder Cancer
Issues for the Future
CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA
INCIDENCE
Pathology and Staging
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Surgery
Hepatic Arterial Chemotherapy
Neoadjuvant Therapy
Adjuvant Therapy
Follow-Up after Resection of Cholangiocarcinoma
Issues for the Future
BENIGN GALLBLADDER NEOPLASMS
Incidence
Pathology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
BENIGN BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS
Incidence
SECTION I: COLON AND RECTUM
Chapter 61 Anatomy and Physiology of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus
EMBRYOLOGY
GROSS ANATOMY
Pelvic Floor
Anorectal Spaces
Arterial Blood Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Neural Components
PHYSIOLOGY
Colonic Flora
Colonic Motility
Defecation
Anal Continence
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 62 Gastrointestinal Bleeding
NOMENCLATURE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Site and Cause of Bleeding
Risk Factors for GI Bleeding
Severity of Bleeding
RISK ASSESSMENT AND TRIAGE
Risk Assessment Tools for Upper GI Bleeding
Risk Assessment Tools for Lower GI Bleeding
RESUSCITATION
Airway Management
Volume Resuscitation
Hemodynamic Monitoring
Gastric Emptying Interventions
Acid Suppression
Management of Antithrombotic Drugs
DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHMS
Upper GI Bleeding
Lower GI Bleeding
SMALL BOWEL GI BLEEDING
ENDOSCOPIC OPTIONS FOR ACUTE BLEEDING MANAGEMENT
Electrosurgical Energy Devices (Fig. 62/ch062.xhtml#s1433">Electrosurgical Energy Devices (Fig. 62.2)
Injection Therapy
Mechanical Therapy
Topical Therapy
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Stress Ulceration
Esophagitis
Mallory–Weiss Syndrome
Dieulafoy Lesion
Gastroesophageal Varices
Clinical Outcomes for Upper GI Bleeding
LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
Colonic Diverticulosis
Postpolypectomy Bleeding
Internal Hemorrhoids
Colon Ischemia
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Infectious Colitis
SMALL BOWEL GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
Meckel Diverticulum
Small Bowel Diverticula
SOURCES OF BLEEDING THROUGHOUT THE GI TRACT
Angioectasia
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Aortoenteric Fistulae
Postoperative Staple Line Bleeding
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 63 Ulcerative Colitis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
Genetics
Environment
Microbiome
CLINICAL FEATURES
Extraintestinal Manifestations
DIAGNOSIS
Laboratory Testing
Imaging
Endoscopy
Pathology
MANAGEMENT
Medical Management
SURGERY
Indications
Surgical Management
Chapter 64 Colorectal Polyps and Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes
COLORECTAL POLYPS
Adenomatous Polyps
Epidemiology
Histology
Etiology/Molecular Pathways
Clinical Features
Serrated Polyps
Hamartomatous Polyps
Inflammatory Polyps
SCREENING AND SURVEILLANCE MODALITIES FOR COLORECTAL POLYPS AND CRC
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
CT Colonography
Stool-Based Tests
POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES
Adenomatous Polyposis Syndromes
Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 65 Colorectal Cancer
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CRC RISK FACTORS
MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS
HISTOPATHOLOGY AND PROGRESSION
STAGING AND PROGNOSIS
SCREENING AND PREVENTION
Screening Tests
Risk Categories
Consequences of Screening
Implementation of Guidelines
DIAGNOSIS
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnostic Evaluation
TREATMENT
Preoperative Preparation
Principles of Surgical Treatment
TREATMENT OF LOCALIZED COLON CANCER
Malignant Colonic Polyps
Surgery for Localized Colon Cancer
Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy for Localized Colon Cancer
TREATMENT OF LOCALIZED RECTAL CANCER
Anatomy of the Rectum
Clinical Staging of Rectal Cancer
Local Excision for Early-Stage Rectal Cancer
Transabdominal Resection for Rectal Cancer
Management of Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS)
Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Radiation and Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Total Neoadjuvant Therapy
Outcomes of Multimodality Treatment in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Treatment Selection in Patients with Localized Rectal Cancer
Watch and Wait
TUMOR-RELATED EMERGENCIES
SURVEILLANCE AFTER CURATIVE RESECTION FOR COLON AND RECTAL CANCER
TREATMENT OF STAGE IV COLON AND RECTAL CANCER
Treatment of the Primary Tumor in Stage IV CRC
Surgical Treatment of Colorectal Metastases
Chemotherapy for Metastatic Disease
TREATMENT OF LOCALLY RECURRENT CRC
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 66 Diverticular Disease
TERMINOLOGY AND ANATOMY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
Inherent Risk Factors: Genetics
Inherent Risk Factors: Colonic Structure and Function
Environmental Risk Factors: Diet and Lifestyle
Environmental Risk Factors: Microbiome
ACUTE DIVERTICULITIS
Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
RECURRENT DIVERTICULITIS AND CHRONIC PRESENTATIONS
Recurrent Diverticulitis
Fistulas and Stenosis/Obstruction
Less Common Presentations of Diverticular Disease
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 67 Anorectal Disorders
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Blood Supply and Innervation
Physiology
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF THE ANUS
BENIGN ANORECTAL DISEASE
Hemorrhoids
Clinical Manifestations
Evaluation
Treatment
Operative Treatment
Anal Fissure
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Anorectal Abscess
Clinical Manifestations
Evaluation
MANAGEMENT
Anal Fistula
Anovaginal and Rectovaginal Fistulae
Pilonidal Disease
Anal Incontinence
Rectal Prolapse
ANAL NEOPLASIA
Condyloma Acuminata and Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Paget Disease
Melanoma
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 68 Appendiceal Diseases
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
APPENDICITIS
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
APPENDICEAL NEOPLASMS
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms
Adenocarcinomas
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SECTION J: HERNIA AND SPLEEN
Chapter 69 Abdominal Wall Hernias
ANATOMY OF THE ABDOMINAL CORE
Diaphragm
Anterior Abdominal Wall and Flanks
Posterolateral (Lumbar) Abdominal Wall
Deep Inguinal Region
Vasculature of the Abdominal Wall and Deep Inguinal Region
Pelvic Floor and Obturator Muscles
WHY DO HUMAN BEINGS DEVELOP ABDOMINAL WALL HERNIAS?
GROIN HERNIAS
Epidemiology
Classification
Clinical Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Preoperative Considerations
Surgical Treatment of Groin Hernias
Complications of Inguinal Hernia Repair
Inguinal Hernia Recurrence
SPORTS HERNIA/ATHLETIC PUBALGIA
VENTRAL ABDOMINAL WALL HERNIAS
Epidemiology and Classification
Clinical Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Radiographic Imaging
VENTRAL HERNIA PREVENTION
Abdominal Wall Closure
Prophylactic Mesh Placement
Hernia Repair in the Emergent Setting
GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE TREATMENT OF VENTRAL HERNIAS
Preoperative Preparation
COMMON MIDLINE VENTRAL HERNIAS
Umbilical Hernias
Epigastric Hernias
Incisional Hernias
Diastasis Recti
LATERAL AND FLANK HERNIAS
Spigelian Hernia
Lumbar and Flank Hernias
PARASTOMAL HERNIAS
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ABDOMINAL WALL HERNIAS
Small Hernia Defects
Medium Size Hernia Defects
Large Size Hernia Defects
Massive Hernia with Loss of Domain
Parastomal Hernia Repairs
Unusual Hernias
HERNIA RECURRENCE
COMPLICATIONS OF VENTRAL HERNIA REPAIR
General Complications
Surgical Site Infection
Surgical Site Occurrence
Mesh-Related Complications
Chapter 70 The Spleen
HISTORY
EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
Hematologic Function of the Spleen
Immunologic Function of the Spleen
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Hyposplenism
Hypersplenism
SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN
Trauma of the Spleen
Autoimmune and Erythrocyte Disorders
Hypersplenism
VASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE SPLEEN
Splenic Vein Thrombosis
Splenic Artery Aneurysm
MISCELLANEOUS INDICATIONS FOR SPLENECTOMY
Cysts of the Spleen
Splenic Abscess
Ectopic Spleen (Wandering Spleen)
INCIDENTAL SPLENECTOMY
IATROGENIC SPLENECTOMY
DIAGNOSTIC SPLENECTOMY
SPLENECTOMY: OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
Preoperative Evaluation
Description of Procedure
SEQUELAE OF SPLENECTOMY AND HYPOSPLENISM
Postsplenectomy Sepsis
Vascular Complications Following Splenectomy
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SECTION K: SURGICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY
Chapter 71 Breast Disease
ANATOMY
Surgical Anatomy of the Breast
Lymphatic Drainage
BREAST PHYSIOLOGY
Breast Development
Pregnancy and Lactation
Menopause
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH BREAST DISEASE
Clinical Breast Examination
Diagnostic Mammography and Breast Ultrasound
Diagnostic MRI
Biopsy Procedures
COMMON CLINICAL PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS
Breast Mass
Breast Pain
Nipple Discharge
Breast Infections
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
Nonproliferative Breast Lesions
Proliferative Breast Lesions Without Atypia
Proliferative Breast Lesions with Atypia
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS)
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS AT HIGH RISK FOR BREAST CANCER
Risk Factors
Clinical Risk Assessment
Management
DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU (DCIS)
EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH BREAST CANCER
AJCC TNM Staging
Histologic Subtype and Tumor Grade
Biomarker Profile (ER, PR, HER2)
Molecular Subtyping
Breast MRI
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
TREATMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH BREAST CANCER
Overview
Surgical Therapy
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Endocrine Therapy
Targeted Therapy
Special Issues in Breast Cancer Treatment
Breast Cancer in the Elderly
Breast Cancer during Pregnancy
Breast Cancer in Men
Locoregional Breast Cancer Recurrence
Paget Disease of the Breast
Phyllodes Tumor
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 72 Thyroid Gland
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY OF THE THYROID
Vasculature
Lymphatics
Nerves
Parathyroid Glands
THYROID PHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH A THYROID DISORDER
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF THYROID ABNORMALITIES
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin, TSH)
Free versus Total Thyroxine (T4) and Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
Thyroglobulin and Thyroglobulin Antibodies
Thyroid Autoantibodies
Calcitonin
RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF THYROID ABNORMALITIES
Ultrasound
Radionuclide Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography
Computed Tomography and/or Magnetic Resonance Imaging
THYROID DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERTHYROIDISM
Toxic Adenoma
Toxic Multinodular Goiter
Graves Disease
Thyroid Storm
THYROID DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM
THYROIDITIS
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Postpartum Thyroiditis and Painless Sporadic Thyroiditis
Subacute Thyroiditis
Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis or Thyroiditis
Acute Thyroiditis
Riedel Thyroiditis
NODULAR THYROID DISEASE
Multinodular Goiter
Uninodular Disease
Substernal or Intrathoracic Thyroid Nodular Disease
Thyroid Cytopathology
Bethesda Classification
Molecular Evaluation
DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER
Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Nonoperative Management
Follicular Thyroid Cancer
Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like Nuclear Features
Oncocytic Thyroid Cancer
MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER
ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER
OTHER THYROID MALIGNANCIES
STAGING OF DIFFERENTIATED, MEDULLARY, AND ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER
NONSURGICAL THERAPEUTIC ADJUNCTS FOR THYROID CANCER
TSH Suppression
Radioiodine Therapy
External Beam Radiation Therapy
Metastatic Disease and Systemic Therapy
THYROID SURGERY
Technique
Surgical Energy Devices
Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring
Extent of Operation
Lymph Node Dissection
COMPLICATIONS
Hypoparathyroidism
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury
Hematoma
Chapter 73 Parathyroid Glands
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
Calcium
Phosphate
Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
Pathophysiology
HYPERCALCEMIA
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Etiology
Medical Treatment
HYPOCALCEMIA
Clinical Features
Etiology
Treatment
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Definitions
PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Incidence
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
Principles of Operative Parathyroidectomy
Focused Parathyroidectomy with Limited Surgical Exploration
Special Situations
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN KIDNEY DISEASE
Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Technique of Parathyroid Autotransplantation
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features and Management of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Clinical Features and Management of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Nonendocrine Manifestations of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 74 Adrenal Gland
ANATOMY
BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
EVALUATION OF ADRENAL DISORDERS
Incidentally Discovered Structural Adrenal Abnormalities
DISEASES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Functional Disorders
Primary Aldosteronism
Treatment
Benign Nonfunctional Adrenal Disorders
Adrenal Hemorrhage
Adrenal Malignancy
DISEASES OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
Pheochromocytoma
Neuroblastoma and Ganglioneuroma
Metastasis to the Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Lymphoma
ADRENALECTOMY
Preoperative Preparation
Surgical Approaches
Open Posterior Adrenalectomy (Lumbotomy)
Thoracoabdominal Approach
Partial Adrenalectomy
Complications
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Adrenalectomy in Pregnancy
ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Suggested Readings and Key References
Chapter 75 Pituitary Surgery
ANATOMY
PATHOLOGY OF SELLAR LESIONS
Pituitary Adenomas
Nonadenomatous Lesions of the Sella
MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS
ENDOCRINE EVALUATION
Hypopituitarism
Hypersecretory Syndromes
Endocrine Evaluation of a Pituitary “Incidentaloma”
NEUROLOGIC EVALUATION IN PITUITARY ADENOMAS
IMAGING OF PITUITARY ADENOMAS
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Computerized Tomography
MRI Characteristics of Pituitary Tumors and Other Sellar Lesions
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
Approach
Navigation
VISUALIZATION
Determining the Adequacy of Resection
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS
Prolactinomas
Acromegaly
Cushing Disease
MANAGEMENT OF PITUITARY ADENOMAS BY SYNDROME
Prolactinomas
Acromegaly
Cushing Disease
Nonfunctioning Tumors
Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas
SOCIOECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
SECTION L: LUNG
Chapter 76 Lung Neoplasms
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MOLECULAR TUMOR GENOMICS
NON–SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA
Overview
Diagnosis for Non–small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Staging of Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Treatment
PULMONARY CARCINOID TUMORS
LARGE CELL NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA
SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA
ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA
MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA
Chapter 77 Nonneoplastic Thoracic Disease
CHEST WALL ANATOMY
CHEST WALL NEOPLASMS
BENIGN SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
BENIGN BONY/CARTILAGINOUS TUMORS
MALIGNANT SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
MALIGNANT BONY/CARTILAGINOUS TUMORS
METASTATIC TUMORS
CHEST WALL RECONSTRUCTION
CHEST WALL CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES AND THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
Pectus Excavatum and Pectus Carinatum
Sternal Clefts
Poland Syndrome
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
NONNEOPLASTIC LUNG DISEASE
Lung Abscess and Bronchiectasis
Hemoptysis
COPD and Lung Volume Reduction
Tracheobronchial Foreign Body Aspiration
Pneumothorax
Congenital Lung Disease
Pulmonary Sequestrations
Congenital Lobar Emphysema
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
Bronchogenic Cysts
Pleural Disease
PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
Empyema
Mesothelioma
Trachea
Anatomy
Surgical Airways
Tracheal Tumors
Tracheomalacia and Airway Stents
Mediastinum
Anterior Mediastinum
Middle and Posterior Mediastinum
Pediatric Mediastinum
Mediastinitis
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
SECTION M: VASCULAR DISEASE
Chapter 78 Congenital Heart Disease
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Repair and Complications
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS
Types of VSDs
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Repair and Complications
Pearls and Pitfalls of Repair
Complications
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS
Embryology
Types of ASDs
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Repair and Complications
ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS
Types of AVSD
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Repair and Complications
COARCTATION OF THE AORTA
Definition, Embryology, and Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Repair and Complications
Pearls and Pitfalls
DOUBLE-OUTLET RIGHT VENTRICLE
Definition, Types, and Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Repair
Complications
TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS
Definition, Embryology, and Epidemiology
Types
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Repair and Complications
TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES
Embryology
Types
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Repair
PULMONARY ATRESIA WITH INTACT VENTRICULAR SEPTUM
Types
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Repair and Complications
VASCULAR RINGS
Embryology
Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Complete Rings
Partial Rings
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management and Surgical Repair
AORTIC STENOSIS
Definition and Embryology
Types and Epidemiology
Valvular Aortic Stenosis
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Management and Surgical Repair
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis in the Older Child
Subvalvar Aortic Stenosis
Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Embryology
Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Management and Surgical Repair
The Advent of Partial Heart Transplantation
HYPOPLASTIC LEFT-HEART SYNDROME
Definition, Embryology, and Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Management and Surgical Repair
CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES
Definition and Embryology
Types
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 79 Structural Heart Disease
VALVULAR ANATOMY
Anatomy of the Aortic Valve
Anatomy of the Mitral Valve
Anatomy of the Tricuspid Valve
Anatomy of the Pulmonic Valve
VALVULAR PATHOLOGY
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Regurgitation
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Regurgitation
Tricuspid Valve Disease
Pulmonic Valve Pathology
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 80 Ischemic Heart Disease
CORONARY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS
CORONARY MICROVASCULAR DISEASE
PATIENT PRESENTATION
COMPLICATIONS OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS
Cardiogenic Shock
Postinfarction Ventricular Septal Defect
Papillary Muscle Rupture
Ventricular Free Wall Rupture
DIAGNOSIS
MEDICAL TREATMENT
PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS
CORONARY BYPASS GRAFTING
Indications
Standard Technique
Off-pump Technique
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
RESULTS OF CORONARY BYPASS GRAFTING
COMPARATIVE TRIALS
Chapter 81 Mechanical Circulatory Support
INDICATIONS FOR MCS
TIMING OF MCS INTERVENTION
Cardiogenic Shock and Acute Heart Failure
Chronic Heart Failure
PATIENT SELECTION AND INFLUENCE OF COMORBIDITIES ON OUTCOMES
Renal Function
Pulmonary Function
Liver Function
Right Ventricular Heart Failure
Nutrition
OTHER IMPORTANT MEDICAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN INITIATING MCS
Valvular Heart Disease
Coronary Artery Disease
Arrhythmias
Intracardiac Shunts
PATIENT OUTCOMES AND MAJOR ADVERSE EVENTS FOLLOWING INITIATION OF MCS
Bleeding
RV Failure
Intracranial Bleeding and Thromboembolism
Infection
Device Malfunction and Thrombosis
WEANING PATIENTS FROM MCS
Weaning Short-Term MCS
Weaning Long-Term MCS
MCS DEVICES
Devices Intended for Short-Term MCS (Temporary Devices)
Implantable Devices Intended for Durable MCS
HeartMate III
Total Artificial Heart
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Chapter 82 Vascular Diagnostics: The Noninvasive Vascular Laboratory
PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
ULTRASOUND
BASICS OF DUPLEX ULTRASOUND
B-Mode Ultrasound
Doppler Ultrasound
Color Flow
Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
Common Carotid Artery Waveforms
ICA Waveforms
Vertebral Artery
External Carotid Artery
Classifying Carotid Stenosis
Current Criteria for ICA Stenosis
BILATERAL HIGH-GRADE ICA STENOSIS
Stented Carotid Arteries
CCA and ECA Stenosis
LOWER EXTREMITY ARTERIAL DISEASE
PLETHYSMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Volume Flow
Pulse Volume Recordings
ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUES
Ankle–Brachial Index
Segmental Limb Pressures
Exercise Testing
Doppler Analog Waveform Analysis
Peripheral Artery Duplex Scanning
Upper Extremity Arterial Evaluation
SEGMENTAL ARM PRESSURES
DIGITAL PRESSURES AND PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
COLD CHALLENGE TESTING
UPPER EXTREMITY DUPLEX SCANNING
VISCERAL ARTERIES
Mesenteric Arteries
RENAL ARTERIES
Indirect Assessment of Renal Artery Stenosis
Direct Assessment of Renal Artery Stenosis
Predicting Success of Renal Artery Interventions
VENOUS DISEASE
Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
SELECTED MISCELLANEOUS EXAMINATIONS
Evaluation for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Evaluation of Aortic Endografts
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography
Evaluation and Treatment of Groin Pseudoaneurysms
Transcutaneous Oxygen Measurements
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 83 Vascular Infection
DEFINITIONS AND PATHOGENESIS
Pathogenesis of Primary Arterial Infections
Pathogenesis of Arterial Graft Infections
MICROBIOLOGY
Primary Arterial Infections
Arterial Graft Infections
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTERIAL GRAFT INFECTIONS
DIAGNOSIS
Common Clinical Presentations
Imaging for Vascular Infection
CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT
Primary Arterial Infections
Arterial Graft Infections
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF AORTIC ARTERIAL AND GRAFT INFECTIONS
Initial Management in Stable patients
Aortic Infections Presenting with Hemorrhage or Sepsis
Definitive Surgical Management for Aortic Graft Infection (including Aortoenteric Fistula)
NONAORTIC ARTERIAL AND GRAFT INFECTIONS
Lower Extremity Arterial Infections
Arterial Infections in Other Sites
ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
PREVENTION OF SECONDARY ARTERIAL INFECTIONS
SUMMARY
Chapter 84 Cerebrovascular Disease
ATHEROSCLEROTIC CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis of Stroke
Clinical Syndromes
Initial Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment of Atherosclerotic Carotid Artery Disease
Symptomatic Carotid Lesions
Asymptomatic Carotid Lesions
CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY
Technique
Complications
Transfemoral Carotid Artery Stenting
Complications
Results
TRANSCAROTID ARTERY REVASCULARIZATION
Technique
Complications
Results
CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY VERSUS TRANSFEMORAL CAROTID STENTING VERSUS TRANSCAROTID REVASCULARIZATION
NONATHEROSCLEROTIC CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE
Carotid Artery Dissection
Carotid Artery Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Carotid Artery Aneurysms
Carotid Body Tumors
Carotid Trauma
VERTEBROBASILAR INSUFFICIENCY
Introduction
Clinical Findings
Pathogenesis
Initial Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
ATHEROSCLEROTIC BRACHIOCEPHALIC DISEASE
Introduction
Clinical Findings
Diagnostic Evaluation
Indications for Repair
Surgical Treatment
Chapter 85 Upper Extremity Artery Disease
ETIOLOGY
Primary Etiologies
Secondary Etiologies
PRESENTATION
History and Physical Exam
Laboratory and Noninvasive Testing
Cross-sectional and Catheter-based Imaging
Nuclear Medicine Studies
MANAGEMENT
Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease
Inflammatory Conditions
Extrinsic Compression
Distal Degenerative Lesions
Traumatic Injury
Access-Related Hand Ischemia
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 86 Renal and Splanchnic Vascular Disease
SPLANCHNIC VASCULAR OCCLUSIVE AND ANEURYSMAL DISEASE
Anatomy and Physiology
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
Management of AMI
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
Management of CMI
Splanchnic Artery Aneurysms
RENAL ARTERY OCCLUSIVE AND ANEURYSMAL DISEASE
Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension
Renal Artery Occlusive Disease
Medical Management of Renovascular Hypertension
Surgical and Endovascular Management of Renal Artery Occlusive Disease
RENAL ARTERY ANEURYSM
Chapter 87 Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
ETIOLOGY
ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PRESENTATION
Clinical Pathologic Types of Aortoiliac Disease
DIAGNOSIS
Noninvasive Vascular Testing
Differential Diagnosis
TREATMENT
Medical Therapy (TABLE 87/ch087.xhtml#s2234">Medical Therapy (TABLE 87.5)
Indications for Revascularization
Preintervention Imaging Studies
Preoperative Evaluation
Chapter 88 Peripheral Arterial Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY
INFRAINGUINAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Risk Factors
Presentation and Natural History
Diagnosis
Medical Treatment
Indications for Revascularization
Approach to Revascularization
Endovascular Therapy
Operative Management
Autogenous Vein Bypass
Nonreversed Saphenous Vein Grafts
Prosthetic Bypass
Reoperative Bypass Surgery
Postreconstruction Management
Graft Failure and Surveillance
Complications
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 89 Lower Extremity Amputation
INDICATIONS
EVALUATION FOR REVASCULARIZATION
CHOICE OF AMPUTATION LEVEL
General
Specific Situations
Energy Requirement
Clinical Assessment
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
General Considerations
Digital and Ray Amputations
Transmetatarsal Amputation
Syme Amputation
Below-Knee Amputation
Above-Knee Amputation
Complications
REHABILITATION AND PROSTHETIC MANAGEMENT
General Considerations
Specific Considerations
Chapter 90 Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aorta: Aneurysm and Dissection
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Imaging
Indications for Surgery
Preoperative Evaluation
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
Elephant Trunk Technique for Extensive Aortic Aneurysms
Postoperative Management
Surgical Outcomes
Complications
Impact of Aortic Dissection
Endovascular Repair
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 91 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS
MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
PATHOGENESIS AND RISK FACTORS
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
OPERATIVE INDICATIONS
CHOICE OF OPEN OR ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR
OPERATIVE REPAIR
Preoperative Evaluation
Open Repair of Intact Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Endovascular Repair of Intact Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
REPAIR OF RUPTURED ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS
Open Repair
ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR FOR RUPTURE
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Isolated Iliac Artery Aneurysms
INFLAMMATORY ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS
Juxtarenal and Suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Infected Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Aortoenteric Fistulae
Venous Anomalies Relevant to Aortic Surgery
Renal Anomalies
Concomitant Renal or Visceral Artery Occlusive Disease
Additional Concurrent Intra-abdominal Disease
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 92 Lower Extremity Aneurysms
PERIPHERAL ANEURYSMS
Incidence
Pathogenesis
FEMORAL ARTERY ANEURYSMS
Degenerative (Atherosclerotic) Aneurysms
Anastomotic Pseudoaneurysms
Femoral Pseudoaneurysms
Mycotic Aneurysms
POPLITEAL ARTERY ANEURYSMS
Incidence
Pattern of Disease
Clinical Manifestations
Natural History
Diagnosis
Treatment
Surgical Technique
Results
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 93 Venous Disease
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Categories
Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis
Pulmonary Embolism
Axillary/Subclavian Vein Thrombosis
Standard Therapy for VTE
Duration of Anticoagulation
Emerging Medical Treatments and Trends in VTE Managements
Calf Vein DVT
Nonpharmacologic Treatments
IVC Filters
Thrombolytic and Surgical Procedures for Deep VTE
Superficial Thrombophlebitis
CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE
Normal Venous Anatomy
Normal Venous Physiology
Prevalence and Impact
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment Options and Results
SECTION N: PEDIATRIC SURGERY
Chapter 94 Fetal, Neonatal, and Pediatric Physiology
Early Fetal Development
Neonatal Physiology and Implications of Prematurity
Pediatric Physiology
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 95 Fetal Intervention
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW SURGICAL SUBSPECIALTY
CORE PRINCIPLES
FETAL SURGERY—KEY ELEMENTS LEADING TO SUCCESS OF FETAL SURGERY
Fetal Imaging
Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis
MATERNAL–FETAL RISKS
CURRENT FETAL CONDITIONS AMENABLE TO FETAL INTERVENTION
Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Rationale for Prenatal Treatment
Myelomeningocele aka Spina Bifida
Rationale for Prenatal Surgery
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Treatment Methods
Congenital Cardiac Lesions/Congenital Heart Defects
Rationale for Prenatal Intervention—Treatment Methods
Congenital Lung Lesions
Treatment Methods
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Rationale for Prenatal Surgery—Treatment Methods
Gastroschisis
Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction
Rationale for Fetal Treatment
Cervical Teratoma, Airways Masses, and EXIT Procedures
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 96 Pediatric Head and Neck
CONGENITAL
Thyroglossal Duct Cysts
Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts
Teratomas
Branchial Cleft Anomalies
INFECTIOUS
Acute Suppurative Lymphadenitis
Chronic Lymphadenitis (Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/Cat s)
VASCULAR ANOMALIES
Infantile Hemangiomas
Lymphatic Malformations
THYROID
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
AIRWAY
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
Laryngeal and Subglottic Lesions
Tracheal Pathology
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 97 Pediatric Chest
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE DIAPHRAGM
Embryology of the Diaphragm
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Pathology and Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognostic Factors
Treatment
Surgery
Outcome
Evolving Therapies
Foramen of Morgagni Hernia
Eventration of the Diaphragm
Diaphragmatic Pacing
ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA/TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
Embryology
Classification
Incidence and Epidemiology
Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, and Pathophysiology
Associated Anomalies
Preoperative Management
Surgical Technique
Results, Complications, and Outcomes
OTHER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE TRACHEA AND ESOPHAGUS
Laryngotracheoesophageal Cleft and Tracheal Agenesis
Congenital Esophageal Stenosis
Esophageal Duplication
Vascular Rings
Congenital Tracheal Stenosis
FOREIGN BODIES OF THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE AND ESOPHAGUS
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Management
CONGENITAL LUNG LESIONS
Pulmonary Sequestration
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations
Bronchogenic Cysts
Congenital Lobar Overinflation
Diagnosis
Cysts of the Mediastinum
Thymic Cysts
Enteric Duplication Cysts/Enterogenous Cysts
Lymphatic Malformations
Pericardial Cysts
THORACIC TUMORS IN CHILDREN
Metastatic Lung Tumors
Primary Lung Tumors
Bronchial Adenomas
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Pleuropulmonary Blastoma
Other Malignant Tumors
Hamartoma
Mediastinal Tumors
Chest Wall Tumors
Respiratory Papillomatosis
CHEST WALL DEFORMITIES
Embryology, Development, and Etiology of Chest Wall Deformities
Pectus Excavatum
Surgical Correction of the Pectus Excavatum
“Open” Operations
Minimally Invasive Repair/Nuss Procedure
Pectus Carinatum
Poland Syndrome
Sternal Clefts
Jeune Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy
The “Slipping Rib” Syndrome
“Flaring” of the Costal Margin
PLEURAL DISEASES
Empyema
Pneumothorax
Chylothorax
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 98 Pediatric Abdomen
ABDOMINAL WALL
Gastroschisis and Omphalocele
Umbilical Hernia
Inguinal Hernia and Hydrocele
Hydrocele
STOMACH, DUODENUM, AND SMALL INTESTINE
Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction
Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
Malrotation
Intestinal Atresia or Stenosis
Meconium Ileus
Meckel Diverticulum and Related Disorders
Intestinal Duplications
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Intussusception
COLON, RECTUM, AND ANUS
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Congenital Aganglionosis (Hirschsprung Disease)
Anorectal Malformations (Imperforate Anus)
Meconium Plug Syndrome
Rectal Prolapse
OTHER CHILDHOOD GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Foreign Bodies
Mesenteric and Omental Cysts
Primary Peritonitis
Ascites
LIVER, BILIARY TRACT, AND PANCREAS
Embryology
Biliary Atresia
Congenital Choledochal Cystic Disease of the Biliary Tract
Tumors of the Liver
Liver Resection
Hepatic Infections
Disorders of the Pancreas
Chapter 99 Pediatric Genitourinary System
FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY
Cystic Conditions of the Kidney
Solitary Kidney
ANOMALIES OF THE URETER
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Ureteral Duplication
Ectopic Ureter
Ureterocele
Megaureter
Vesicoureteral Reflux
BLADDER ANOMALIES
Urachal Abnormality
Exstrophy–Epispadias Complex
Prune-Belly Syndrome
Neurogenic Bladder
ANOMALIES OF THE URETHRA
Posterior Urethral Valves
Hypospadias
Anomalies of the Penis and Prepuce
ANOMALIES OF THE TESTICLE AND SCROTUM
Undescended Testicle or Cryptorchidism
Torsion of Testicle and Appendages
Prepubertal Testicular Tumors
Varicocele
VAGINAL ANOMALIES
Labial Adhesions
Imperforate Hymen
Urogenital Sinus Anomalies
Differences in Sex Development
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 100 Childhood Tumors
INCIDENCE OF CHILDHOOD SOLID TUMORS
NEUROBLASTOMA
Epidemiology and Genetic Risk
Pathology and Biologic Features
Presentation, Diagnosis, and Staging
Perinatal Neuroblastoma
Treatment
Future Directions
WILMS TUMOR
Epidemiology and Genetic Risk
Pathology and Biologic Features
Presentation, Diagnosis, and Staging
Treatment
Surgical Considerations
Renal Vein/Inferior Vena Cava
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
Partial Nephrectomy
Future Directions
NON-WILMS RENAL TUMORS
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
Clear Cell Sarcoma
Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney
Renal Cell Carcinoma
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Epidemiology and Genetic Risk
Pathology and Biologic Features
Presentation and Diagnosis
Staging
Clinical Group Assessment and Risk Status
Treatment
Future Directions
NONRHABDOMYOSARCOMA SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA
Epidemiology
Pathology and Biologic Features
Presentation, Diagnosis, and Staging
Treatment
HEPATIC TUMORS
Hepatoblastoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
SECTION O: SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE
Chapter 101 Cutaneous Malignancies
MELANOMA
Etiology and Risk Factors
Clinical Diagnosis and Classification
Staging and Prognostic Factors
Clinical and Pathologic Staging
Other Prognostic Factors
Treatment of Primary Melanoma
Staging Workup
Excision of Primary Melanoma
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
Treatment of Regional Metastatic Melanoma: Microscopic Disease
Treatment of Regional Metastatic Melanoma: Macroscopic Disease
Adjuvant Therapy
Treatment of In-Transit Disease
Systemic Therapy for Melanoma
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
BRAF and MEK Inhibitors
Chemotherapy
High-Dose Interleukin-2
ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY
Surgery for Metastatic Melanoma
NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCERS
Risk Factors and Diagnosis
Surgical Treatment of BCC/SCC
Mohs Surgery
Adjuvant and Primary Radiation Therapy for BCC/SCC
Systemic Therapy for BCC/SCC
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Localized Therapy for Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Systemic Therapy for Merkel Cell Carcinoma
OTHER CUTANEOUS MALIGNANCIES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 102 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue
EPIDEMIOLOGY
GENETIC CANCER SYNDROMES
SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
PATHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
Staging
TREATMENT
Principles of Surgery
Radiation and Systemic Therapy
Retroperitoneal and Intra-Abdominal Sarcomas
Recurrent or Metastatic Disease
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Desmoid Tumors/Desmoid Fibromatosis
SUMMARY
Chapter 103 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
MANAGEMENT OF THE PROBLEM WOUND
Wound Evaluation
The Treatment Paradigm for Wound Management
PEDIATRIC PLASTIC SURGERY
Congenital Anomalies
HAND AND UPPER EXTREMITY SURGERY
Nomenclature
Anatomy and Examination
Infection
Trauma
Complex Hand and Forearm Reconstruction
Congenital Anomalies
Acquired Conditions
PLASTIC SURGERY OF THE BREAST
Breast Characteristics
Reduction Mammoplasty
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Approaches
Mastopexy
Augmentation Mammoplasty
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Approaches
Postoperative Follow-Up
Gynecomastia Reduction
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Approaches
Postoperative Follow-Up
Breast Reconstruction
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Approaches
Postoperative Follow-Up
Gender Affirming Surgery
Breast Implants
AESTHETIC SURGERY
Cosmetic Procedures for the Head and Neck
Cosmetic Procedures of the Trunk and Extremities (Body Sculpting)
NONSURGICAL AESTHETIC PROCEDURES
Minimally Invasive Procedures
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Index