Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment

Name: Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment
Price: 4990 ISK
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Author: C. Donald Ahrens; Robert Henson
ISBN: 9798214348889

Höfundar: C. Donald Ahrens; Robert Henson (Útgáfa: 13)

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Í 13. útgáfu METEOROLOGY TODAY: AN INTRODUCTION TO WEATHER, CLIMATE, AND THE ENVIRONMENT kynna veðurfræðingarnir C. Donald Ahrens og Robert Henson nemendum hugtök og helstu viðfangsefni samtímans í veðurfræði með hliðsjón af nýjustu þekkingu á veðri, loftslagi og jarðvísindum. Þessi myndræna kennslubók byggist á vísindalegri aðferð og sýnir nemendum hvernig þeir geta athugað, reiknað og samþætt upplýsingar líkt og verðandi vísindamenn.

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Útgefandi: Cengage Learning US

ISBN: 9798214348889

Print ISBN: 9780357452073

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 13

Höfundar: C. Donald Ahrens; Robert Henson

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2021-01-01

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Flokkar: Náttúruvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Náttúra › Veður Vísindi › Almennt Vísindi › Veðurfræði og loftslagsfræði

Kaflar

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
To the Student
Chapter 1. Earth and Its Atmosphere
1.1. The Atmosphere and the Scientific Method
1.2. Overview of Earth’s Atmosphere
1.2a. The Early Atmosphere
1.2b. Composition of Today’s Atmosphere
1.3. Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere
1.3a. A Brief Look at Air Pressure and Air Density
1.3b. Layers of the Atmosphere
1.3c. The Ionosphere
1.4. Weather and Climate
1.4a. Meteorology—A Brief History
1.4b. A Satellite’s View of the Weather
1.4c. Weather and Climate in Our Lives
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 2. Energy: Warming and Cooling Earth and the Atmosphere
2.1. Energy, Temperature, and Heat
2.1a. Temperature Scales
2.1b. Specific Heat
2.1c. Latent Heat—The Hidden Warmth
2.2. Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere
2.2a. Conduction
2.2b. Convection
2.3. Radiant Energy
2.3a. Radiation and Temperature
2.3b. Radiation of the Sun and Earth
2.4. Radiation: Absorption, Emission, and Equilibrium
2.4a. Selective Absorbers and the Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect
2.4b. Enhancement of the Greenhouse Effect
2.4c. Warming the Air from Below
2.4d. Shortwave Radiation Streaming from the Sun
2.4e. Earth’s Annual Energy Balance
2.5. Solar Particles, the Aurora, and Space Weather
2.5a. Solar Storms and Space Weather
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 3. Seasonal and Daily Temperatures
3.1. Why Earth Has Seasons
3.1a. Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere
3.1b. Seasons in the Southern Hemisphere
3.2. Local Seasonal Variations
3.3. Daily Warming and Cooling of Air Near the Surface
3.3a. Daytime Warming
3.3b. Extreme High Temperatures
3.3c. Nighttime Cooling
3.3d. Cold Air at the Surface
3.3e. Protecting Crops from the Cold Night Air
3.3f. Record Low Temperatures
3.3g. Daily Temperature Variations
3.3h. Regional Temperature Variations
3.4. Applications of Air Temperature Data
3.4a. Air Temperature and Human Comfort
3.4b. Measuring Air Temperature
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 4. Atmospheric Humidity
4.1. Circulation of Water in the Atmosphere
4.2. The Many Phases of Water
4.3. Evaporation, Condensation, and Saturation
4.4. Humidity
4.4a. Absolute Humidity
4.4b. Specific Humidity and Mixing Ratio
4.4c. Vapor Pressure
4.4d. Relative Humidity
4.4e. Relative Humidity and Dew Point
4.5. Assessment and Impacts of Humidity
4.5a. Relative Humidity in the Home
4.5b. Relative Humidity and Human Discomfort
4.5c. Measuring Humidity
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 5. Condensation: Dew, Fog, and Clouds
5.1. The Formation of Dew and Frost
5.2. Condensation Nuclei
5.3. Haze
5.4. Fog
5.4a. Radiation Fog
5.4b. Advection Fog
5.4c. Upslope Fog
5.4d. Evaporation (Mixing) Fog
5.5. Foggy Weather
5.6. Clouds
5.6a. Classification of Clouds
5.6b. Cloud Identification
5.6c. Some Unusual Clouds
5.6d. Cloud Observations
5.6e. Satellite Observations
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 6. Stability and Cloud Development
6.1. Atmospheric Stability
6.2. Determining Stability
6.2a. A Stable Atmosphere
6.2b. An Unstable Atmosphere
6.2c. A Conditionally Unstable Atmosphere
6.2d. Causes of Instability
6.3. Cloud Development
6.3a. Convection and Clouds
6.3b. Topography and Clouds
6.3c. Clouds that form Downwind of Mountains
6.3d. Changing Cloud Forms
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 7. Precipitation
7.1. Precipitation Processes
7.1a. How Do Cloud Droplets Grow Larger?
7.1b. Collision and Coalescence Process
7.1c. Ice-Crystal (Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen) Process
7.1d. Cloud Seeding and Precipitation
7.1e. Precipitation in Clouds
7.2. Precipitation Types
7.2a. Rain
7.2b. Snow
7.2c. Snowflakes and Snowfall
7.2d. A Blanket of Snow
7.2e. Sleet and Freezing Rain
7.2f. Snow Grains and Snow Pellets
7.2g. Hail
7.3. Measuring Precipitation
7.3a. Instruments
7.3b. Doppler Radar and Precipitation
7.3c. Measuring Precipitation from Space
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 8. Air Pressure and Winds
8.1. Atmospheric Pressure
8.1a. Horizontal Pressure Variations: A Tale of Two Cities
8.1b. Daily Pressure Variations
8.1c. Pressure Measurements
8.1d. Pressure Readings
8.2. Surface and Upper-Level Charts
8.3. Newton’s Laws of Motion
8.4. Forces That Influence the Winds
8.4a. Pressure-Gradient Force
8.4b. Coriolis Force
8.4c. Straight-Line Flow Aloft—Geostrophic Winds
8.4d. Curved Winds Around Lows and Highs Aloft—Gradient Winds
8.4e. Winds on Upper-Level Charts
8.4f. Surface Winds
8.5. Winds and Vertical Air Motions
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 9. Wind: Small-Scale and Local Systems
9.1. Scales of Atmospheric Motion
9.2. Small-Scale Winds Interacting with the Environment
9.2a. Friction and Turbulence in the Boundary Layer
9.2b. Eddies—Big and Small
9.2c. The Strong Force of the Wind
9.2d. Wind and Soil
9.2e. Wind and Snow
9.2f. Wind and Vegetation
9.2g. Wind and Water
9.3. Local Wind Systems
9.3a. Thermal Circulations
9.3b. Sea and Land Breezes
9.3c. Mountain and Valley Breezes
9.3d. Katabatic Winds
9.3e. Chinook (FOEHN) Winds
9.3f. Santa Ana Winds
9.3g. Desert Winds
9.3h. Seasonally Changing Winds—The Monsoon
9.4. Determining Wind Direction and Speed
9.4a. The Influence of Prevailing Winds
9.4b. Wind Measurements
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 10. Wind: Global Systems
10.1. General Circulation of the Atmosphere
10.1a. Single-Cell Model
10.1b. Three-Cell Model
10.1c. Average Surface Winds and Pressure: The Real World
10.1d. The General Circulation and Precipitation Patterns
10.1e. Average Wind Flow and Pressure Patterns Aloft
10.2. Jet Streams
10.2a. The Formation of Jet Streams
10.2b. Other Jet Streams
10.3. Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions
10.3a. Global Wind Patterns and Surface Ocean Currents
10.3b. Upwelling
10.3c. El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation
10.3d. Effects of El Niño and La Niña
10.3e. Pacific Decadal Oscillation
10.3f. Indian Ocean Dipole
10.3g. North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 11. Air Masses and Fronts
11.1. Air Masses
11.1a. Source Regions
11.1b. Classification
11.1c. Air Masses of North America
11.2. Fronts
11.2a. Stationary Fronts
11.2b. Cold Fronts
11.2c. Warm Fronts
11.2d. Drylines
11.2e. Occluded Fronts
11.2f. Upper-Air Fronts
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 12. Middle-Latitude Cyclones
12.1. Polar Front Theory
12.2. Where Do Mid-latitude Cyclones Tend to Form?
12.3. Vertical Structure of Deep Dynamic Lows
12.3a. The Roles of Converging and Diverging Air
12.4. Upper-Level Waves and Mid-Latitude Cyclones
12.5. The Necessary Ingredients for a Developing Mid-Latitude Cyclone
12.5a. Upper-Air Support
12.5b. The Role of the Jet Stream
12.5c. Conveyor Belt Model of Mid-Latitude Cyclones
2.5d. A Developing Mid-Latitude Cyclone—The March Storm of 1993
12.6. Vorticity, Divergence, and Developing Mid-latitude Cyclones
12.6a. Vorticity on a Spinning Planet
12.6b. Vorticity Advection and Shortwaves
12.6c. Putting it all Together—A Massive Snowstorm
12.6d. Polar Lows
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 13. Weather Forecasting
13.1. Weather Observations
13.1a. Surface and Upper-Air Data
13.1b. Satellite Products
13.1c. Doppler Radar
13.2. Acquisition of Weather Information
13.3. Weather Analysis Tools
13.4. Weather Forecasting Methods
13.4a. The Computer and Weather Forecasting: Numerical Weather Prediction
13.4b. Why Computer-Based Forecasts Can Go Awry and Steps to Improve Them
13.4c. Other Forecasting Techniques
13.5. Time Range of Forecasts
13.6. Accuracy and Skill in Weather Forecasting
13.7. Weather Forecasting Using Surface Charts
13.7a. Determining the Movement of Weather Systems
13.7b. A Forecast for Six Cities
13.8. Using Forecasting Tools to Predict the Weather
13.8a. Help from the 500-Mb Chart
13.8b. The Models Provide Assistance
13.8c. A Valid Forecast
13.8d. Satellite and Upper-Air Assistance
13.8e. A Day of Rain and Wind
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 14. Thunderstorms
14.1. Thunderstorm Types
14.1a. Ordinary Cell Thunderstorms
14.1b. Multicell Thunderstorms
14.1c. Supercell Thunderstorms
14.1d. Thunderstorms and the Dryline
14.1e. Pyrocumulonimbus
14.2. Thunderstorms and Flooding
14.3. Distribution of Thunderstorms
14.4. Lightning and Thunder
14.4a. How Far Away is the Lightning? Start Counting
14.4b. Electrification of Clouds
14.4c. Lightning Types
14.4d. Lightning Detection and Suppression
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 15. Tornadoes
15.1. Tornadoes: A Few Facts
15.1a. Tornado Life Cycle
15.1b. Tornado Occurrence and Distribution
15.1c. Tornado Winds
15.1d. Tornado Outbreaks
15.2. Tornado Formation
15.2a. Supercell Tornadoes
15.2b. Nonsupercell Tornadoes
15.2c. Waterspouts
15.3. Observing Tornadoes and Severe Weather
15.4. Storm Chasing and Mobile Radar
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 16. Hurricanes
16.1. Tropical Weather
16.2. Hurricanes, Tropical Storms, and Tropical Cyclones
16.3. Anatomy of a Hurricane
16.4. Hurricane Formation and Dissipation
16.4a. The Right Environment
16.4b. The Developing Storm
16.4c. The Storm Dies Out
16.4d. Investigating the Storm
16.5. Hurricane Movement
Eastern Pacific Hurricanes
16.5a. Naming Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
16.6. Devastating Winds, the Storm Surge, and Flooding
16.6a. Classifying Hurricane Strength
16.6b. Hurricane-Spawned Tornadoes
16.6c. Hurricane Fatalities
16.7. Some Notable Hurricanes
16.7a. Galveston, 1900
16.7b. New England, 1938
16.7c. Camille, 1969
16.7d. Andrew, 1992
16.7e. Katrina and Rita, 2005
16.7f. Sandy, 2012
16.7g. Michael, 2018
16.7h. Dorian, 2019
16.8. Destructive Tropical Cyclones Around the World
16.9. Hurricane Watches and Warnings
16.10. Hurricane Forecasting Techniques
16.11. Modifying Hurricanes
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 17. Global Climate
17.1. A World with Many Climates
17.1a. Global Temperatures
17.1b. Global Precipitation
17.2. Climatic Classification
17.2a. The Ancient Greeks
17.2b. The Köppen System
17.2c. Thornthwaite’s System
17.3. The Global Pattern of Climate
17.3a. Tropical Moist Climates (Group A)
17.3b. Dry Climates (Group B)
17.3c. Moist Subtropical Mid-Latitude Climates (Group C)
17.3d. Moist Continental Climates (Group D)
17.3e. Polar Climates (Group E)
17.3f. Highland Climates (Group H)
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 18. Earth’s Changing Climate
18.1. Reconstructing Past Climates
18.2. Climate Throughout the Ages
18.2a. Temperature Trends During the past 1000 Years
18.2b. Temperature Trends During the past 100-Plus Years
18.3. Climate Change Caused by Natural Events
18.3a. Feedback Mechanisms
18.3b. Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building
18.3c. Variations in Earth’s Orbit
18.3d. Variations in Solar Output
18.3e. Atmospheric Particles
18.4. Climate Change Caused by Human (Anthropogenic) Activities
18.4a. Greenhouse Gases
18.4b. Aerosols Injected into the Lower Atmosphere
18.4c. Land Use Changes
18.5. Global Warming and Related Changes
18.5a. Recent Global Warming: Perspective
18.5b. Projections of Future Climate Change
18.5c. Patterns and Consequences of Climate Change
18.6. Mitigating and Adapting to Climate Change
Diplomatic Efforts
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 19. Air Pollution
19.1. A Brief History of Air Pollution
19.2. Types and Sources of Air Pollutants
19.2a. Primary Air Pollutants
19.2b. Ozone in the Troposphere
19.2c. Ozone in the Stratosphere
19.2d. Air Pollution: Trends and Patterns
19.3. Factors That Affect Air Pollution
19.3a. The Role of the Wind
19.3b. The Role of Stability and Inversions
19.3c. The Role of Topography
19.3d. Severe Air Pollution Potential
19.4. Air Pollution and the Urban Environment
19.5. Acid Deposition
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 20. Light, Color, and Atmospheric Optics
20.1. White and Colors
20.2. Clouds and Scattered Light
20.2a. Blue Skies and Hazy Days
20.2b. White Clouds and Dark Bases
20.2c. Crepuscular and Anticrepuscular Rays
20.3. Red Suns and Blue Moons
20.4. Twinkling, Twilight, and the Green Flash
20.5. The Mirage: Seeing Is Not Believing
20.6. Halos, Sundogs, and Sun Pillars
20.7. Rainbows
20.8. Coronas, Glories, and Heiligenschein
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought
Problems and Exercises
Appendix A. Units, Conversions, Abbreviations, and Equations
Appendix B. Weather Symbols and the Station Model
Appendix C. Humidity and Dew-Point Tables (Psychrometric Tables)
Appendix D. Average Annual Global Precipitation
Appendix E. Instant Weather Forecast Chart
Appendix F. Changing GMT and UTC to Local Time
Appendix G. Standard Atmosphere
Appendix H. Adiabatic Chart
Additional Reading Material