Macroeconomic Theory
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The definitive graduate textbook on modern macroeconomics Macroeconomic Theory is the most up-to-date graduate-level macroeconomics textbook available today. This revised second edition emphasizes the general equilibrium character of macroeconomics to explain effects across the whole economy while taking into account recent research in the field. It is the perfect resource for students and researchers seeking coverage of the most current developments in macroeconomics.
Michael Wickens lays out the core ideas of modern macroeconomics and its links with finance. He presents the simplest general equilibrium macroeconomic model for a closed economy, and then gradually develops a comprehensive model of the open economy. Every important topic is covered, including growth, business cycles, fiscal policy, taxation and debt finance, current account sustainability, and exchange-rate determination.
There is also an up-to-date account of monetary policy through inflation targeting. Wickens addresses the interrelationships between macroeconomics and modern finance and shows how they affect stock, bond, and foreign-exchange markets. In this edition, he also examines issues raised by the most recent financial crisis, and two new chapters explore banks, financial intermediation, and unconventional monetary policy, as well as modern theories of unemployment.
There is new material in most other chapters, including macrofinance models and inflation targeting when there are supply shocks. While the mathematics in the book is rigorous, the fundamental concepts presented make the text self-contained and easy to use. Accessible, comprehensive, and wide-ranging, Macroeconomic Theory is the standard book on the subject for students and economists. The most up-to-date graduate macroeconomics textbook available today General equilibrium macroeconomics and the latest advances covered fully and completely Two new chapters investigate banking and monetary policy, and unemployment Addresses questions raised by the recent financial crisis Web-based exercises with answers Extensive mathematical appendix for at-a-glance easy reference This book has been adopted as a textbook at the following universities: American University Bentley College Brandeis University Brigham Young University California Lutheran University California State University - Sacramento Cardiff University Carleton University Colorado College Fordham University London Metropolitan University New York University Northeastern University Ohio University - Main Campus San Diego State University St.
Cloud State University State University Of New York - Amherst Campus State University Of New York - Buffalo North Campus Temple University - Main Texas Tech University University of Alberta University Of Notre Dame University Of Ottawa University Of Pittsburgh University Of South Florida - Tampa University Of Tennessee University Of Texas At Dallas University Of Washington University of Western Ontario Wesleyan University Western Nevada Community College.
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- Princeton University Press
- 9781400842476
- 9780691152868
- ePub
- 2
- Michael Wickens
- English
- 2012-03-12
- 100
- 2
- 2
Kaflar
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Dynamic General Equilibrium versus Traditional Macroeconomics
- 1.2 Traditional Macroeconomics
- 1.3 Dynamic General Equilibrium Macroeconomics
- 1.4 The Structure of This Book
- 2 The Centralized Economy
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 The Basic Dynamic General Equilibrium Closed Economy
- 2.3 Golden Rule Solution
- 2.3.1 The Steady State
- 2.3.2 The Dynamics of the Golden Rule
- 2.4 Optimal Solution
- 2.4.1 Derivation of the Fundamental Euler Equation
- 2.4.2 Interpretation of the Euler Equation
- 2.4.3 The Intertemporal Production Possibility Frontier
- 2.4.4 Graphical Representation of the Solution
- 2.4.5 Static Equilibrium Solution
- 2.4.6 Dynamics of the Optimal Solution
- 2.4.7 Algebraic Analysis of the Saddlepath Dynamics
- 2.5 Real-Business-Cycle Dynamics
- 2.5.1 The Business Cycle
- 2.5.2 Permanent Technology Shocks
- 2.5.3 Temporary Technology Shocks
- 2.5.4 The Stability and Dynamics of the Golden Rule Revisited
- 2.6 Labor in the Basic Model
- 2.7 Investment
- 2.7.1 q-Theory
- 2.7.2 Time to Build
- 2.8 Conclusions
- 3 Economic Growth
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Modeling Economic Growth
- 3.3 The Solow–Swan Model of Growth
- 3.3.1 Theory
- 3.3.2 Growth and Economic Development
- 3.3.3 Balanced Growth
- 3.4 The Theory of Optimal Growth
- 3.4.1 Theory
- 3.4.2 Additional Remarks on Optimal Growth
- 3.5 Endogenous Growth
- 3.5.1 The AK Model of Endogenous Growth
- 3.5.2 Human Capital Models of Endogenous Growth
- 3.6 Conclusions
- 4 The Decentralized Economy
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Consumption
- 4.2.1 The Consumption Decision
- 4.2.2 The Intertemporal Budget Constraint
- 4.2.3 Interpreting the Euler Equation
- 4.2.4 The Consumption Function
- 4.2.5 Permanent and Temporary Shocks
- 4.3 Savings
- 4.4 Life-Cycle Theory
- 4.4.1 Implications of Life-Cycle Theory
- 4.4.2 Model of Perpetual Youth
- 4.5 Nondurable and Durable Consumption
- 4.6 Labor Supply
- 4.7 Firms
- 4.7.1 Labor Demand without Adjustment Costs
- 4.7.2 Labor Demand with Adjustment Costs
- 4.8 General Equilibrium in a Decentralized Economy
- 4.8.1 Consolidating the Household and Firm Budget Constraints
- 4.8.2 The Labor Market
- 4.8.3 The Goods Market
- 4.9 Comparison with the Centralized Model
- 4.10 Conclusions
- 5 Government: Expenditures and Public Finances
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 The Government Budget Constraint
- 5.2.1 The Nominal Government Budget Constraint
- 5.2.2 The Real Government Budget Constraint
- 5.2.3 An Alternative Representation of the GBC
- 5.3 Financing Government Expenditures
- 5.3.1 Tax Finance
- 5.3.2 Bond Finance
- 5.3.3 Intertemporal Fiscal Policy
- 5.3.4 The Ricardian Equivalence Theorem
- 5.4 The Sustainability of the Fiscal Stance
- 5.4.1 Case 1: [(1 + π)(1 + γ)]/(1 + R) > 1 (Stable Case)
- 5.4.2 Case 2: 0 < [(1 + π)(1 + γ)]/(1 + R) < 1 (Unstable Case)
- 5.4.3 Fiscal Rules
- 5.5 The Stability and Growth Pact
- 5.6 The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level
- 5.7 Optimizing Public Finances
- 5.7.1 Optimal Government Expenditures
- 5.7.2 Optimal Tax Rates
- 5.7.3 The Optimal Level of Debt
- 5.8 Conclusions
- 6 Fiscal Policy: Further Issues
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Time-Consistent and Time-Inconsistent Fiscal Policy
- 6.2.1 Lump-Sum Taxation
- 6.2.2 Taxes on Labor and Capital
- 6.2.3 Conclusions
- 6.3 The Overlapping-Generations Model
- 6.3.1 Introduction
- 6.3.2 The Basic Overlapping-Generations Model
- 6.3.3 Short-Run Dynamics and Long-Run Equilibrium
- 6.3.4 Comparison with the Representative-Agent Model
- 6.3.5 Fiscal Policy in the OLG Model: Pensions
- 6.3.6 Conclusions
- 7 The Open Economy
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 The Optimal Solution for the Open Economy
- 7.2.1 The Open Economy’s Resource Constraint
- 7.2.2 The Optimal Solution
- 7.2.3 Interpretation of the Solution
- 7.2.4 Long-Run Equilibrium
- 7.2.5 Shocks to the Current Account
- 7.3 Traded and Nontraded Goods
- 7.3.1 The Long-Run Solution
- 7.4 The Terms of Trade and the Real Exchange Rate
- 7.4.1 The Law of One Price
- 7.4.2 Purchasing Power Parity
- 7.4.3 Some Stylized Facts about the Terms of Trade and the Real Exchange Rate
- 7.5 Imperfect Substitutability of Tradeables
- 7.5.1 Pricing-to-Market, Local-Currency Pricing, and Producer-Currency Pricing
- 7.5.2 Imperfect Substitutability of Tradeables and Nontradeables
- 7.6 Current-Account Sustainability
- 7.6.1 Balance of Payments Sustainability
- 7.6.2 The Intertemporal Approach to the Current Account
- 7.7 Conclusions
- 8 The Monetary Economy
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 A Brief History of Money and Its Role
- 8.3 The Nominal Household Budget Constraint
- 8.4 The Cash-in-Advance Model of Money Demand
- 8.5 Money in the Utility Function
- 8.6 Money as an Intermediate Good or the Shopping-Time Model
- 8.7 Transactions Costs
- 8.8 Cash and Credit Purchases
- 8.9 Some Empirical Evidence
- 8.10 Hyperinflation and Cagan’s Money-Demand Model
- 8.11 The Optimal Rate of Inflation
- 8.11.1 The Friedman Rule
- 8.11.2 The General Equilibrium Solution
- 8.12 The Super-Neutrality of Money
- 8.13 Conclusions
- 9 Imperfectly Flexible Prices
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Some Stylized “Facts” about Prices and Wages
- 9.3 Price Setting under Imperfect Competition
- 9.3.1 Theory of Pricing in Imperfect Competition
- 9.3.2 Price Determination in the Macroeconomy with Imperfect Competition
- 9.3.3 Pricing with Intermediate Goods
- 9.3.4 Pricing in the Open Economy: Local and Producer-Currency Pricing
- 9.4 Price Stickiness
- 9.4.1 Taylor Model of Overlapping Contracts
- 9.4.2 The Calvo Model of Staggered Price Adjustment
- 9.4.3 Optimal Dynamic Adjustment
- 9.4.4 Price Level Dynamics
- 9.5 The New Keynesian Phillips Curve
- 9.5.1 The New Keynesian Phillips Curve in an Open Economy
- 9.6 Conclusions
- 10 Unemployment
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Some Labor Market Data
- 10.3 Search Theory and Unemployment
- 10.3.1 The Employment Matching Function
- 10.3.2 Labor Demand
- 10.3.3 Labor Supply
- 10.3.4 Wage Bargaining
- 10.3.5 Comment
- 10.4 Efficiency-Wage Theory
- 10.4.1 Comment
- 10.5 Wage Stickiness and Unemployment
- 10.5.1 Labor Demand
- 10.5.2 Labor Supply
- 10.5.3 The Equilibrium Solution
- 10.5.4 Wage Determination
- 10.5.5 Unemployment
- 10.5.6 Comment
- 10.6 Unemployment and the Effectiveness of Fiscal and Monetary Policy
- 10.7 Conclusions
- 11 Asset Pricing and Macroeconomics
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Expected Utility and Risk
- 11.2.1 Risk Aversion
- 11.2.2 Risk Premium
- 11.3 Insurance Premium
- 11.4 No-Arbitrage and Market Efficiency
- 11.4.1 Arbitrage and No-Arbitrage
- 11.4.2 Market Efficiency
- 11.5 Asset Pricing and Contingent Claims
- 11.5.1 A Contingent Claim
- 11.5.2 The Price of an Asset
- 11.5.3 The Stochastic Discount-Factor Approach to Asset Pricing
- 11.5.4 Asset Returns
- 11.5.5 Risk-Free Return
- 11.5.6 The No-Arbitrage Relation
- 11.5.7 Risk-Neutral Valuation
- 11.6 General Equilibrium Asset Pricing
- 11.6.1 Using Contingent-Claims Analysis
- 11.6.2 Asset Pricing Using the Consumption-Based Capital-Asset-Pricing Model (C-CAPM)
- 11.7 Asset Allocation
- 11.7.1 The Capital-Asset-Pricing Model (CAPM)
- 11.7.2 Asset Substitutability and No-Arbitrage
- 11.8 Consumption under Uncertainty
- 11.9 Complete Markets
- 11.9.1 Risk Sharing and Complete Markets
- 11.9.2 Market Incompleteness
- 11.10 Conclusions
- 12 Financial Markets
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 The Stock Market
- 12.2.1 The Present-Value Model
- 12.2.2 The General Equilibrium Model of Stock Prices
- 12.2.3 Comment
- 12.3 The Bond Market
- 12.3.1 The Term Structure of Interest Rates
- 12.3.2 The Term Premium
- 12.3.3 Macroeconomic Sources of Risk in the Term Structure
- 12.3.4 Estimating Future Inflation from the Yield Curve
- 12.3.5 Comment
- 12.3.6 Monetary Policy and the Term Structure
- 12.3.7 Comment
- 12.3.8 DSGE Models of the Term Structure
- 12.4 The FOREX Market
- 12.4.1 Uncovered and Covered Interest Parity
- 12.4.2 The General Equilibrium Model of FOREX
- 12.4.3 Comment
- 12.5 Conclusions
- 13 Nominal Exchange Rates
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 International Monetary Arrangements 1873–2011
- 13.2.1 The Gold Standard System: 1873–1937
- 13.2.2 The Bretton Woods System: 1945–71
- 13.2.3 Floating Exchange Rates: 1973–2011
- 13.3 The Keynesian IS–LM–BP Model of the Exchange Rate
- 13.3.1 The IS–LM Model
- 13.3.2 The BP Equation
- 13.3.3 Fixed Exchange Rates: The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments
- 13.3.4 Exchange-Rate Determination with Imperfect Capital Substitutability
- 13.4 UIP and Exchange-Rate Determination
- 13.5 The Mundell–Fleming Model of the Exchange Rate
- 13.5.1 Theory
- 13.5.2 Monetary Policy
- 13.5.3 Fiscal Policy
- 13.6 The Monetary Model of the Exchange Rate
- 13.6.1 Theory
- 13.6.2 Monetary Policy
- 13.6.3 Fiscal Policy
- 13.7 The Dornbusch Model of the Exchange Rate
- 13.7.1 Theory
- 13.7.2 Monetary Policy
- 13.7.3 Fiscal Policy
- 13.7.4 Comparison of the Dornbusch and Monetary Models
- 13.8 The Monetary Model with Sticky Prices
- 13.9 The Obstfeld–Rogoff Redux Model
- 13.9.1 The Basic Redux Model with Flexible Prices
- 13.9.2 Log-Linear Approximation
- 13.9.3 The Small-Economy Version of the Redux Model with Sticky Prices
- 13.9.4 Comment
- 13.10 Conclusions
- 14 Monetary Policy
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Inflation and the Fisher Equation
- 14.3 The Keynesian Model of Inflation
- 14.3.1 Theory
- 14.3.2 Empirical Evidence
- 14.4 The New Keynesian Model of Inflation
- 14.4.1 Theory
- 14.4.2 The Effectiveness of Inflation Targeting in the New Keynesian Model
- 14.4.3 Inflation Targeting with a Flexible Exchange Rate
- 14.4.4 The Nominal Exchange Rate Under Inflation Targeting
- 14.4.5 Inflation Targeting and Supply Shocks
- 14.5 Optimal Inflation Targeting
- 14.5.1 Social Welfare and the Inflation Objective Function
- 14.5.2 Optimal Inflation Policy under Discretion
- 14.5.3 Optimal Inflation Policy under Commitment to a Rule
- 14.5.4 Intertemporal Optimization and Time-Consistent Inflation Targeting
- 14.5.5 Central Bank Preferences versus Public Preferences
- 14.6 Optimal Monetary Policy Using the New Keynesian Model
- 14.6.1 Using Discretion
- 14.6.2 Rules-Based Policy
- 14.7 Optimal Monetary and Fiscal Policy
- 14.8 Monetary Policy in the Eurozone
- 14.8.1 A New Keynesian Model of the Eurozone
- 14.8.2 Optimal Eurozone Monetary Policy
- 14.8.3 Individual Country Inflation
- 14.8.4 Eurozone Country Inflation Differentials
- 14.8.5 Is There Another Solution?
- 14.9 Conclusions
- 15 Banks, Financial Intermediation, and Unconventional Monetary Policy
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Some Lessons from the Financial Crisis
- 15.3 Financial Market Imperfections
- 15.3.1 Borrowing Constraints
- 15.3.2 Default
- 15.3.3 Imperfect Information
- 15.4 Modern Banking: A Brief History and Its Role in the Financial Crisis
- 15.5 Fractional Reserve Banking
- 15.6 The Theory of Bank Runs
- 15.6.1 Households and the Banks
- 15.6.2 The Interbank Market
- 15.6.3 Central Bank Intervention
- 15.6.4 Comment
- 15.7 A Theory of Unconventional Monetary Policy
- 15.7.1 Households
- 15.7.2 Financial Intermediaries
- 15.7.3 The Central Bank
- 15.7.4 Comment
- 15.8 A DSGE Model with Default
- 15.8.1 The Nonbank Private Sector
- 15.8.2 Banks
- 15.8.3 Government
- 15.8.4 Comment
- 15.9 Conclusions
- 16 Real Business Cycles, DSGE Models, and Economic Fluctuations
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 The Methodology of RBC Analysis
- 16.2.1 The Steady-State Solution
- 16.2.2 Short-Run Dynamics
- 16.3 Empirical Methods
- 16.4 Empirical Evidence on the RBC Model
- 16.4.1 The Basic RBC Model
- 16.4.2 Extensions to the Basic RBC Model
- 16.4.3 The Open-Economy RBC Model
- 16.5 DSGE Models of the Monetary Economy
- 16.5.1 The Smets–Wouters Model
- 16.5.2 Empirical Results
- 16.6 Wedges, Frictions, and Economic Fluctuations
- 16.6.1 A Benchmark Model
- 16.6.2 Alternative Explanations of the Wedges
- 16.6.3 Frictions
- 16.6.4 Comment
- 16.7 The Identification of a New Keynesian Model
- 16.8 Some Reflections on the Choices Involved in Constructing a DSGE Model
- 16.9 Conclusions
- 17 Mathematical Appendix
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Dynamic Optimization
- 17.3 The Method of Lagrange Multipliers
- 17.3.1 Equality Constraints
- 17.3.2 Inequality Constraints
- 17.4 Continuous-Time Optimization
- 17.4.1 The Calculus of Variations
- 17.4.2 The Maximum Principle
- 17.5 Dynamic Programming
- 17.6 Stochastic Dynamic Optimization
- 17.7 Time Consistency and Time Inconsistency
- 17.8 The Linear Rational-Expectations Models
- 17.8.1 Rational Expectations
- 17.8.2 The First-Order Nonstochastic Equation
- 17.8.3 Whiteman’s Solution Method for Linear Rational-Expectations Models
- 17.8.4 Systems of Rational-Expectations Equations
- References
- Index