Learning and Behavior: Active Learning Edition

Höfundar: Paul Chance; Ellen Furlong (Útgáfa: 8)
Learning and Behavior: Active Learning Edition

Kaup valmöguleikar

Show students how to examine learning through an evolutionary lens as Chance/Furlong's LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR, 8E demonstrates how learning has evolved as a biological mechanism to aid in survival. This clear, engaging presentation embraces a scientific approach to studying behavior with updated content, numerous learning features and current examples that strengthen comprehension. Timely research demonstrates the relevance of the content as students study concepts such as "nature via nurture" and the co-dependency of ontogeny and phylogeny.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Cengage Learning US
ISBN
9798214347356
Print ISBN
9780357658116
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
8
Höfundar
Paul Chance; Ellen Furlong
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2022-03-16
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • About the Authors
  • Dedication
  • Note to the Student: How to Get the Most from This Book
  • Chapter 1. Introduction: Learning to Change
  • 1-1. Natural Selection
  • 1-2. Evolved Behavior
  • Reflexes
  • Modal Action Patterns
  • General Behavior Traits
  • 1-3. Limits of Natural Selection
  • 1-4. Learning: Evolved Modifiability
  • Learning Means Change
  • Behavior Changes
  • Experience Changes Behavior
  • 1-5. Habituation: An Example of Learning
  • 1-6. Nature vs. Nurture
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 2. The Study of Learning and Behavior
  • 2-1. The Natural Science Approach
  • 2-2. Measures of Learning
  • 2-3. Sources of Data
  • Anecdotes
  • Case Studies
  • Descriptive Studies
  • Experimental Studies
  • Limitations of Experiments
  • 2-4. Animal Research and Human Learning
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 3. Pavlovian Conditioning
  • 3-1. Beginnings
  • 3-2. Basic Procedures
  • 3-3. Higher-Order Conditioning
  • 3-4. Measuring Pavlovian Learning
  • 3-5. Variables Affecting Pavlovian Conditioning
  • How the CS and US Are Paired
  • CS–US Contingency
  • CS–US Contiguity
  • Stimulus Features
  • Prior Experience with CS and US
  • Number of CS–US Pairings
  • Intertrial Interval
  • Other Variables
  • 3-6. Extinction of Conditional Responses
  • 3-7. Theories of Conditioning
  • Stimulus Substitution Theory
  • Preparatory Response Theory
  • Compensatory Response Theory
  • Rescorla-Wagner Model
  • Other CS Theories
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 4. Pavlovian Applications
  • 4-1. Fear
  • 4-2. Prejudice
  • 4-3. Paraphilic Disorder
  • 4-4. Taste Aversion
  • 4-5. Advertising
  • 4-6. Drug Addiction
  • 4-7. Health Care
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 5. Operant Learning: Reinforcement
  • 5-1. Beginnings
  • 5-2. Types of Operant Learning
  • 5-3. Kinds of Reinforcers
  • Primary and Secondary
  • Natural and Contrived
  • 5-4. Variables Affecting Operant Learning
  • Contingency
  • Contiguity
  • Reinforcer Characteristics
  • Behavior Characteristics
  • Motivating Operations
  • Other Variables
  • 5-5. Neuromechanics of Reinforcement
  • 5-6. Theories of Positive Reinforcement
  • Hull’s Drive-Reduction Theory
  • Relative Value Theory and the Premack Principle
  • Response-Deprivation Theory
  • 5-7. Theories of Avoidance
  • The Two-Process Theory
  • The One-Process Theory
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 6. Reinforcement: Beyond Habit
  • 6-1. Shaping New Behavior
  • 6-2. Chaining
  • 6-3. Insightful Problem Solving
  • 6-4. Creativity
  • 6-5. Superstition
  • 6-6. Helplessness
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 7. Schedules of Reinforcement
  • 7-1. Beginnings
  • 7-2. Simple Schedules
  • Continuous Reinforcement
  • Fixed Ratio
  • Variable Ratio
  • Fixed Interval
  • Variable Interval
  • Extinction
  • Other Simple Schedules
  • Stretching the Ratio
  • 7-3. Compound Schedules
  • 7-4. The Partial Reinforcement Effect
  • Discrimination Hypothesis
  • Frustration Hypothesis
  • Sequential Hypothesis
  • Response Unit Hypothesis
  • 7-5. Choice and the Matching Law
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 8. Operant Learning: Punishment
  • 8-1. Beginnings
  • 8-2. Types of Punishment
  • 8-3. Variables Affecting Punishment
  • Contingency
  • Contiguity
  • Punisher Intensity
  • Introductory Level of Punisher
  • Reinforcement of the Punished Behavior
  • Alternative Sources of Reinforcement
  • Motivating Operations
  • Other Variables
  • 8-4. Theories of Punishment
  • Two-Process Theory
  • One-Process Theory
  • 8-5. Problems with Punishment
  • 8-6. Alternatives to Punishment
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 9. Operant Applications
  • 9-1. Home
  • 9-2. School
  • 9-3. Clinic
  • Self-Injurious Behavior
  • Delusions
  • Paralysis
  • 9-4. Work
  • 9-5. Zoo
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 10. Observational Learning
  • 10-1. Beginnings
  • 10-2. Types of Observational Learning
  • Social Observational Learning
  • Asocial Observational Learning
  • 10-3. Emulation and Imitation
  • 10-4. Variables Affecting Observational Learning
  • Difficulty of the Task
  • Skilled vs. Unskilled Model
  • Characteristics of the Model
  • Characteristics of the Observer
  • Consequences of Observed Acts
  • Consequences of the Observer’s Behavior
  • 10-5. Theories of Observational Learning
  • Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
  • Operant Learning Model
  • 10-6. Applications of Observational Learning
  • Education
  • Social Change
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 11. Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control
  • 11-1. Beginnings
  • 11-2. Generalization
  • 11-3. Discrimination
  • 11-4. Stimulus Control
  • 11-5. Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control in the Analysis of Behavior
  • Mental Rotation as Generalization
  • Concept Formation as Discrimination Learning
  • Smoking Relapse as Stimulus Control
  • 11-6. Theories of Generalization and Discrimination
  • Pavlov’s Theory
  • Spence’s Theory
  • The Lashley–Wade Theory
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 12. Forgetting
  • 12-1. Beginnings
  • 12-2. Defining Forgetting
  • 12-3. Measuring Forgetting
  • 12-4. Sources of Forgetting
  • Degree of Learning
  • Prior Learning
  • Subsequent Learning
  • Changes in Context
  • 12-5. Applications
  • Eyewitness Testimony
  • Learning to Remember
  • A Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • Chapter 13. The Limits of Learning
  • 13-1. Physical Characteristics
  • 13-2. Nonheritability of Learned Behavior
  • 13-3. Heredity and Learning Ability
  • 13-4. Neurological Damage and Learning
  • 13-5. Critical Periods
  • 13-6. Preparedness and Learning
  • The Last Final Word
  • Key Terms
  • Review Questions
  • Practice Quiz
  • References