Knight's Forensic Pathology

Höfundar: Stefan Pollak; Professor Pekka Saukko; Bernard Knight (Útgáfa: 5)
Knight's Forensic Pathology

Kaup valmöguleikar

Knight’s Forensic Pathology has become a standard reference book worldwide. The unambiguous style, practical orientation, and an approach based strictly on scientific evidence together with the experience of the authors have contributed to this success. A cautious and self-critical interpretation of autopsy findings is required for a correct diagnosis, and these findings become the cornerstone for investigating unexplained fatalities.

Whenever possible, macroscopic evaluation should be complemented by visiting the scene of death, pre-autoptic imaging, biochemical and toxicological analyses as well as histological examinations. This latest edition represents a comprehensive revision, incorporating cutting-edge research and contemporary scientific literature in the field. The text has been significantly enriched with an extensive collection of new full-colour photographic documentation, primarily sourced from recent forensic autopsies conducted at the prestigious Freiburg Institute of Forensic Medicine.

The commitment to case-based learning is maintained by presenting meticulously documented cases that highlight crucial morphological findings—an approach that remains invaluable in developing the forensic pathologist's critical diagnostic acumen and observational expertise. Reviews of the previous edition. "This remains one of the most important books in this field of pathology. It is comprehensive and well written.

The images and drawings are carefully chosen and nicely depict common and uncommon problems encountered in forensic pathology. This book is highly recommended for everyone who performs medicolegal autopsies and should be in all pathology and general hospital libraries. " Doody's Book Review Service “This book is, and will remain for some time, the international benchmark for general forensic pathology and should be on the shelves of every forensic department and library.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Taylor & Francis
ISBN
9781040439647
Print ISBN
9781041130017
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
5
Höfundar
Stefan Pollak; Professor Pekka Saukko; Bernard Knight
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2026-01-20
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Half Title page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Preface to the 5th edition
  • Preface to the 4th edition
  • Acknowledgements to the 5th edition
  • Acknowledgements to the 4th edition
  • About the Authors
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 1 The Forensic Autopsy
  • Types of autopsy
  • Autopsy legislation, guidelines, standards
  • The procedure for a forensic autopsy
  • Preliminaries to an autopsy
  • Examination of the scene of death
  • Estimating the post-mortem interval at the scene
  • Property, clothing and identification
  • Identification of the body
  • The use of the history of the case
  • Precautions regarding potential infective conditions and other risks and hazards in the autopsy room
  • RISK of infection
  • Other toxic chemical or biological agents
  • The autopsy: External examination
  • The autopsy: Internal examination
  • Exposing the body cavities
  • Opening the thorax
  • Examining the abdomen
  • The collection of body fluid samples
  • Removal of the viscera
  • Removing the neck structures
  • Removal of the thoracic contents
  • Removal of the abdominal organs
  • Removal of the pelvic organs
  • Removing the brain
  • Removal and examination of the spinal cord
  • Examination of organs
  • Examination of viscera
  • The neck structures
  • The lungs
  • Inflating the lungs with formalin
  • The neart and great vessels
  • The abdominal organs
  • Examination of the brain
  • Ancillary investigations
  • Microbiology
  • Toxicology
  • Histology
  • Autopsy radiology and post-mortem imaging
  • An historical introduction
  • The autopsy report
  • The form of the autopsy report
  • The timing of the report
  • Discussion and conclusions in an autopsy report
  • Post-mortem artefacts
  • Exhumation
  • The autopsy on the putrefied corpse
  • Resuscitation artefacts at autopsy
  • Mass disasters: The role of the forensic pathologist
  • Forward planning
  • Outline of necessities in mass disaster planning
  • Retrieval of bodies
  • The obscure autopsy
  • References
  • Chapter 2 The Pathophysiology of Death
  • Types of death
  • Brain death
  • The indications of death
  • The mode versus the cause of death
  • Post-mortem changes of forensic importance
  • Hypostasis
  • The distribution of hypostasis
  • The colour of hypostasis
  • The timing and permanence of hypostasis
  • Hypostasis of internal organs
  • Differentiation between hypostasis and bruising
  • Rigor mortis
  • Factors affecting the timing of rigor mortis
  • Rigor mortis in other tissues
  • The biochemistry of rigor mortis
  • Gross effects of rigor mortis
  • Cadaveric spasm
  • Heat and cold stiffening
  • Post-mortem decomposition (Figure 2.14)
  • Putrefaction
  • Sequence of putrefactive changes
  • Decomposition in immersed bodies
  • Decomposition in buried bodies
  • Formation of adipocere
  • The importance of adipocere formation
  • Mummification
  • Post-mortem damage by predators
  • The entomology of the dead and PMI
  • Collection of material for entomological assessment
  • Estimation of time since death
  • Estimation of the time since death by body cooling
  • Post-mortem cooling
  • Factors affecting the cooling curve
  • Methods of measuring body temperature
  • The use of thermometry in estimating the PMI
  • Nomogram method
  • Multiple-site serial measurement methods
  • Stomach emptying as a measure of time since death
  • The use of vitreous humour chemistry in timing death
  • Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and time of death
  • Post-mortem chemistry
  • Post-mortem protein degradation and PMI
  • References
  • Chapter 3 Identification of Human Remains
  • Characteristics useful in identifying the dead
  • Facial appearance
  • Eye colour
  • Skin pigmentation
  • Hair colour
  • Hair structure
  • Tattoos
  • Finger, palm, foot and lip prints
  • Identifying scars
  • The age of scars
  • Occupational stigmata
  • The stature of an intact body
  • Determination of sex in non-skeletalized bodies
  • Age of non-skeletalized bodies
  • Ancestry
  • Identification by DNA characteristics
  • Identification of skeletalized remains
  • The general categorization of skeletal remains
  • Are the remains actually bones?
  • Are the bones of human origin?
  • The determination of sex
  • The skull
  • Sex characteristics in the pelvis
  • Sex characteristics in the sacrum
  • Sexing from the long bones
  • Sex determination from other bones
  • Evidence of pregnancy from the skeleton
  • Estimation of stature from skeletal remains
  • Estimating the subject’s age from skeletal structures
  • The fetus and young infant
  • Skeletal age in the child and young adult
  • Skeletal ageing in later years
  • Ageing adults
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Fourth rib
  • Determination of ancestry from skeletal remains
  • Reconstruction of the facial appearance from the skull
  • Personal identity from skeletal material
  • Frontal sinus and postcranial identification
  • Photosuperimposition techniques for identification
  • The dating of skeletal remains
  • Physical appearance
  • Physical tests
  • Serological and chemical tests, isotopic analyses (Sr, C14)
  • References
  • Chapter 4 The Pathology of Wounds
  • Definition of a wound
  • Mechanism of wounding
  • Classification of wounds
  • Forensic anatomy of the skin
  • Abrasions
  • Tangential or brush abrasions
  • Crushing abrasions
  • Fingernail abrasions
  • Patterned abrasions
  • Post-mortem abrasions
  • Contusions or bruises
  • Intradermal bruises
  • Factors affecting the prominence of a bruise
  • Movement of bruises
  • Alteration of bruises with time
  • Bruising of special significance
  • Post-mortem bruising and other artefacts
  • Kicking
  • Lacerations
  • Patterned lacerations
  • Blunt penetrating injuries
  • Incised wounds
  • Cuts or slashes
  • Stab wounds and penetrating injuries
  • The nature of stabbing weapons
  • The characteristics of a stab wound
  • Dimensions of the weapon
  • Type of weapon
  • Taper of the blade
  • Movement of the knife in the wound
  • Depth of the thrust
  • Direction of the thrust
  • Estimation of the degree of force applied in stabbing
  • Sharp force injuries by weapons other than knives
  • Injuries from scissors
  • Criminalistic aspects
  • Defence wounds
  • Dating of wounds by histology and histochemistry
  • Chronological histological changes after wound infliction
  • 30 minutes to 4 hours
  • 4–12 hours
  • 12–24 hours
  • 24–72 hours
  • 3–6 days
  • 10–15 days
  • 2 weeks to several months, depending on size and other factors
  • Histochemical changes in injured tissues
  • Survival period after wounding
  • References
  • Chapter 5 Head and Spinal Injuries
  • Injury to the scalp
  • Forensic anatomy of the scalp
  • Abrasion of the scalp
  • Bruising of the scalp
  • Laceration of the scalp
  • Scalp injuries from falls
  • Facial injuries
  • Kicking
  • Black eyes
  • Damage to the ear
  • Falls
  • Falls from a height
  • Fractures of the skull
  • Forensic anatomy
  • The mechanics of skull fracture
  • Types of skull fractures
  • Linear fractures
  • Ring fractures
  • Pond fractures
  • Mosaic or spiders-web fractures
  • Depressed fractures
  • Dangers of fractures of the skull
  • Post-traumatic epilepsy
  • Infection following skull fracture
  • Intracranial injuries
  • Forensic anatomy of the brain membranes
  • Extradural (epidural) haemorrhage (EDH)
  • Medico-legal considerations of extradural haemorrhage
  • Heat haematoma
  • Subdural haemorrhage
  • Acute subdural haemorrhage
  • Subdural haemorrhage
  • Chronic subdural haematoma
  • The dating of a subdural haemorrhage
  • Subarachnoid haemorrhage
  • Appearances and mechanism of formation
  • Forensic implications of brain membrane haemorrhage
  • Ruptured berry aneurysm and trauma
  • Subarachnoid haemorrhage and alcohol
  • The rapidity of death in subarachnoid haemorrhage
  • Rotational trauma to the head and upper neck: vertebrobasilar artery injury
  • Forensic anatomy
  • Autopsy appearances
  • artery Mechanism of vertebral trauma
  • Autopsy demonstration of vertebrobasilar artery damage
  • Head injuries in boxers and contact sport athletes
  • Cerebral injuries
  • The mechanisms of brain damage
  • Cerebral contusion
  • Cerebral laceration
  • Traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage
  • Primary brainstem haemorrhage
  • Coup and contrecoup damage
  • Concussion
  • Diffuse neuronal and axonal injury
  • Cerebral oedema
  • Diagnosis of early cerebral hypoxia–ischaemia
  • Stage 1
  • Stage 2
  • Stage 3
  • Stage 4
  • Secondary brainstem lesions
  • Spinal injuries
  • Compression damage
  • Hyperflexion and hyperextension injury
  • Spinal cord injury
  • References
  • Chapter 6 Chest and Abdominal Injuries
  • Chest injuries
  • Forensic anatomy
  • Injuries to the chest wall
  • Haemorrhage and infection in the chest
  • Pneumothorax
  • Injuries to the lungs
  • Injuries of the heart
  • Haemopericardium and cardiac tamponade
  • Injuries to great vessels
  • Abdominal injuries
  • Foreign bodies in the gut
  • Injuries to the pelvis and pelvic organs
  • Complications of abdominal injury
  • References
  • Chapter 7 Self-Inflicted Injury
  • Introduction
  • Suicidal injuries
  • Suicides by stabbing and/or cutting
  • Suicidal firearm wounds
  • Suicide by submersion
  • Suicide by burning (selfincineration)
  • Suicide by ‘asphyxia’
  • Jumping from a height
  • Self-inflicted injuries other than suicide
  • References
  • Chapter 8 Gunshot and Explosion Deaths
  • Introduction
  • The mechanics of missile injury
  • Types of weapons
  • The smooth-bore weapon or ‘shotgun’
  • Shotgun ammunition
  • ‘Country’ guns
  • The rifled weapon
  • Ammunition for rifled weapons
  • Wounds
  • Wounds inflicted by a smoothbore shotgun
  • Shotgun contact wounds
  • Short- to mid-range shotgun discharge
  • Mid- to distant-range shotgun wounds
  • The direction of a shotgun injury
  • Other features of shotgun wounds
  • Wounds from rifled weapons
  • Contact wounds
  • ‘Backspatter’
  • Close-range wounds
  • Soot or smoke soiling and powder tattooing
  • Medium-distance wounds
  • The abrasion collar
  • The grease ring
  • The direction of discharge
  • Bullet wounds in bone
  • Exit wounds
  • Shotgun exit wounds
  • Exit wounds from rifled weapons
  • Firearm damage to internal organs
  • Estimating the range of discharge
  • Rifled weapons
  • Smooth-bore shotguns
  • Airgun injuries
  • Humane (veterinary) killers, industrial ‘stud-guns’ and blankcartridge guns
  • Rubber and plastic bullets
  • Deaths from explosion
  • The nature of explosive trauma
  • Missile injuries in explosions
  • The autopsy in explosion deaths
  • References
  • Chapter 9 Transportation Injuries
  • Introduction
  • The dynamics of vehicular injury
  • Pattern of injury of vehicle occupants
  • The driver
  • The front-seat passenger
  • Rear-seat occupants
  • The effect of seatbelts
  • Seatbelt injuries
  • Airbags
  • The vulnerability of children in vehicles
  • Injuries to motorcyclists
  • Injuries to pedal cyclists
  • Injuries to pedestrians
  • Cause of death in traffic accidents
  • The autopsy on a road traffic death
  • Suicide and homicide by motor vehicle
  • Railway injuries
  • Aircraft accidents
  • References
  • Chapter 10 Extrajudicial Execution and Deaths in Custody
  • Extrajudicial execution
  • Deaths in custody
  • Evidence of fatal physical abuse
  • References
  • Chapter 11 Burns and Scalds
  • Heat injury
  • Classification of the severity of burns
  • Moist thermal damage: Scalds
  • Burns from dry heat
  • The severity of dry burns
  • Burns and sudden death associated with bathing
  • Gross appearances at autopsy
  • Spurious ‘wounds’ in burns
  • Ante-mortem versus post-mortem burns
  • Fumes and fires
  • Toxic substances in fumes
  • Inhalation of soot
  • Atypically localized burning and ‘spontaneous combustion'
  • References
  • Chapter 12 Fatalities from Electrocution and Lightning
  • Introduction
  • Physical factors
  • Pathophysiological considerations
  • Alternating and direct current
  • Current
  • Voltage
  • Resistance
  • Effects upon muscle
  • Mode of death
  • Patterned electric marks
  • Metallic traces in electrical marks
  • Internal appearances
  • Histological appearances
  • Electrocution in the bathroom
  • Suicide by electricity
  • Homicide by electricity
  • Deaths from lightning
  • References
  • Chapter 13 Complications of Injury
  • Introduction
  • Haemorrhage
  • Infection
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Medico-legal aspects of pulmonary embolism
  • Dating of pulmonary emboli and deep vein thrombi
  • Fat and bone marrow embolism
  • Pulmonary fat embolism
  • Systemic fat embolism
  • Autopsy findings in fat embolism
  • Bone marrow embolism
  • Foreign body embolism Apart from thrombi, fat substance and bone
  • Acute respiratory distress
  • Acute kidney injury following trauma
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation
  • Air embolism Most examples of air embolism have a medico-leg significance, as the entry of air into the circulatio usually comes about as a result of trauma, sometim surgical or therapeutic, from barotrauma or fro criminal intervention. Gas embolism causes an interruption of the circulator system by bubbles of air (or some other gas) that gai access to the circulation, usually through the venou side. It is an ‘airlock', familiar to plumbers and owners diesel engines, where the normal flow of liquid throug tubes is wholly or partially blocked by air. In human and animal bodies, the major disability in the heart, as air is compressible and the contraction of the heart fail to move on the bolus of gas, bein designed to pump an incompressible liquid. Th embolized air enters on the venous side and is sucke towards the heart, causing pulmonary air embolism The air usually remains in the right side of the hear pulmonary trunk and arteries, and in the pulmonar vessels, rarely emerging on the pulmonary vein sid Death is usually very rapid, but can be delayed by up t 2 hours.
  • The autopsy in suspected air embolism
  • Subendocardial haemorrhage
  • Sudden death from suprarenal haemorrhage
  • References
  • Chapter 14 Suffocation and ‘Asphyxia’
  • Introduction
  • The nature of ‘asphyxia’
  • Mechanical ‘asphyxia’
  • Definitions of terms
  • The classic signs of ‘asphyxia’
  • Petechial haemorrhages
  • The significance of petechiae
  • Congestion and oedema
  • Cyanosis
  • ‘Engorgement of the right heart and fluidity of the blood'
  • The autopsy diagnosis of ‘asphyxia’
  • Histological and biochemical diagnosis of anoxia/‘asphyxia’
  • Suffocation
  • Smothering
  • ‘Overlaying’ of infants
  • Plastic bag suffocation
  • Autopsy signs of suffocation
  • Gagging
  • Choking
  • Traumatic ‘asphyxia’
  • Features of traumatic asphyxia
  • Postural ‘asphyxia’
  • References
  • Chapter 15 Fatal Pressure on the Neck
  • Introduction
  • Mechanism of death in pressure on the neck
  • Airway occlusion
  • Occlusion of the neck veins
  • Compression of the carotid arteries
  • Nerve effects
  • The frequency of vagal cardiac arrest
  • Medico-legal aspects
  • A combined mechanism of injury and the duration of neck compression
  • Blows to the throat
  • Manual strangulation
  • Autopsy appearances in manual strangulation
  • Internal appearances in manual strangulation
  • Spurious bleeding behind the larynx
  • Forensic anatomy of the larynx
  • Injury to the larynx and hyoid
  • Significance of laryngeal fractures
  • Proof of ante-mortem laryngeal fracture
  • Other causes of fractured laryngeal horns
  • Other laryngeal injuries in strangulation
  • Damage to the carotid arteries
  • Strangulation by ligature
  • The nature of the ligature
  • The ligature mark
  • The position of the ligature mark
  • Other signs of local injury in ligature strangulation
  • The mode of death in ligature strangulation
  • Armlocks and ‘mugging’
  • Hanging
  • Judicial hanging
  • Suicidal and accidental hanging
  • Methods of hanging
  • The hanging mark
  • The position of the hanging mark
  • Autopsy appearances in hanging
  • Mechanism of hanging
  • Accidental and homicidal hanging
  • Sexual asphyxias from autoerotic practices
  • Features of sexual asphyxias
  • Medico-legal aspects of sexual asphyxias
  • References
  • Chapter 16 Immersion Deaths
  • Introduction
  • Signs of immersion
  • Estimation of duration of immersion
  • Death from natural causes before entering the water
  • Natural death while in the water
  • Injuries sustained before entering the water
  • Injuries sustained in the water
  • Deaths from immersion other than drowning
  • Deaths in the bathtub
  • Death from drowning
  • The autopsy signs of drowning
  • Froth in the air passages
  • Overinflation of the lungs
  • Other organs in drowning
  • Chemical changes in the blood in drowning
  • Histological changes in drowning
  • Diatoms and the diagnosis of drowning
  • References
  • Chapter 17 Neglect, Starvation and Hypothermia
  • Introduction
  • General features of neglect and starvation
  • Medico-legal problems
  • Injury caused by cold: hypothermia
  • Factors involved in hypothermia
  • The manifestations of hypothermia
  • Autopsy findings in hypothermia
  • Acute gastric erosions
  • Acute pancreatitis
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Perivascular haemorrhages
  • Further damage to inner organs
  • The ‘hide-and-die’ syndrome
  • Deaths from exposure
  • Local injury due to cold: frostbite
  • References
  • Chapter 18 Deaths Associated with Sexual Offences
  • Introduction
  • External findings in fatal sexual assaults
  • Mouth and lips
  • Bites
  • General bruising and abrasion
  • Other general injuries
  • Anogenital injuries
  • Internal examination
  • Interpretation of minimal findings
  • Tests for semen
  • Offences committed by same-sex persons
  • References
  • Chapter 19 Deaths Associated with Pregnancy
  • Maternal deaths
  • Deaths associated with abortion
  • Legal termination of pregnancy
  • Death from illegal abortion
  • Intrauterine infection
  • The autopsy in abortion deaths
  • Amniotic fluid embolism
  • References
  • Chapter 20 Child Homicide
  • Incidence of child homicides
  • Stillbirth
  • Functions of the forensic pathologist in infanticide
  • To assist in identifying the mother, if she is unknown
  • To estimate the maturity of the child
  • To determine whether or not the child was stillborn and whether it had a separate existence
  • To determine whether the newborn's death was due to natural causes or to any act of omission or commission
  • Definitions of ‘live birth’ and ‘separate existence’
  • Proof of live birth
  • Histological appearances of the lungs in newborns
  • Concealment of birth
  • The autopsy on a suspicious death of a newborn
  • Infanticide by omission to offer proper care
  • Signs indicating that an infant has to be classified as newborn
  • Estimation of maturity
  • Birth-related injuries
  • References
  • Chapter 21 Sudden Death in Infancy
  • Introduction
  • Definition of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
  • Incidence of sudden infant death
  • Factors influencing the risk of SIDS
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Twinning
  • Seasonal incidence
  • Social conditions and housing
  • Sleeping position
  • The case history in sudden infant death
  • The scene of death and external findings
  • Autopsy appearances
  • Histological findings in SIDS
  • Theories of causation
  • The SIDS autopsy
  • Medico-legal problems in cot deaths
  • Differentiating SIDS from external suffocation
  • Multiple sudden infant deaths
  • References
  • Chapter 22 Fatal Child Abuse
  • Introduction
  • General aspects of child abuse
  • Modes of death in child abuse
  • The range of injuries in child abuse
  • Surface bruising
  • Skeletal damage in child abuse
  • Fractures of the skull
  • Limb fractures
  • Damage to the chest cage
  • Dating of fractures
  • Bone diseases and infant fractures
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Infantile cortical hyperostosis (‘Caffey's disease’)
  • Congenital syphilis
  • Copper deficiency
  • Menkes syndrome (‘kinky hair’ syndrome)
  • Head injury in child abuse
  • Visceral injury in child abuse
  • Damage to eyes, ears and mouth
  • Burns in child abuse
  • Bite marks in child abuse
  • Other injuries in child abuse
  • The autopsy in child abuse
  • References
  • Chapter 23 Deaths Associated with Surgical Procedures
  • Introduction
  • The autopsy on deaths associated with surgery and anaesthesia
  • The mode and cause of death after surgery and anaesthesia
  • Death directly caused by disease or injury for which surgery is performed
  • Death due to a disease or disability other than that for which surgery is performed
  • Death as a result of failure of surgical technique
  • Death due to anaesthetic administration
  • Deaths associated with anaesthesia
  • Hazards of local and epidural anaesthesia
  • Malignant hyperthermia
  • Autopsy procedure
  • References
  • Chapter 24 Dysbaric Fatalities and Barotrauma
  • Introduction
  • Physical damage
  • The autopsy in dysbarism and barotrauma deaths
  • References
  • Chapter 25 The Pathology of Sudden Death from Natural Causes
  • Introduction
  • Sudden or unexpected deaths
  • Sudden death from cardiac disease
  • Coronary atherosclerosis
  • Complications in coronary atheromatous lesions
  • Sites of coronary stenosis and occlusion
  • Myocardial infarction
  • The autopsy diagnosis of early myocardial injury and infarction
  • Microscopic appearances of myocardial injury and infarction
  • Complications of myocardial infarction
  • Ruptured heart
  • Mural thrombosis
  • Pericarditis
  • Myocardial fibrosis
  • Cardiac aneurysms
  • Cause of death in coronary insufficiency
  • Sudden death in aortic valve disease
  • Sudden death from cardiomyopathies
  • Myocarditis
  • Endocarditis
  • Cardiac myxoma
  • Death in old age – the senile myocardium
  • Sudden death from rupture of an aneurysm
  • The atheromatous aneurysm
  • The dissecting aneurysm
  • The syphilitic aneurysm
  • Fatal aneurysms of other vessels
  • Sudden death from ruptured cerebral aneurysm
  • Intracerebral haemorrhage
  • Pulmonary thromboembolism
  • Meningitis
  • Sudden death in epilepsy
  • Infectious respiratory diseases
  • Sudden death in bronchial asthma
  • Respiratory obstruction
  • Haemoptysis
  • Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
  • Fatal abdominal catastrophes
  • Genitourinary system
  • The relationship between trauma and disease
  • Coronary atherosclerosis
  • Subarachnoid haemorrhage
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • References
  • Chapter 26 Forensic Dentistry in Legal Medicine
  • Introduction
  • Bite marks
  • The nature of the bite mark
  • The investigation of a bite mark
  • Matching the bite mark with a suspect's dentition
  • Identification of a dead person from the dentition
  • General or reconstructive identity
  • Comparative identification from teeth
  • Charting the teeth
  • Pink teeth
  • References
  • Poisoning and the Forensic Pathologist
  • Introduction
  • The concept of the fatal dose
  • Variations in published fatal poison concentrations
  • The autopsy in suspected poisoning
  • Poisoning deaths in hospital
  • The collection of autopsy samples for toxicological analysis
  • The time of sampling
  • Information supplied to the laboratory
  • Containers for toxicology samples
  • Preservatives in samples
  • The site of sampling for toxicological analysis
  • The technique of obtaining autopsy samples
  • Blood
  • Urine
  • Bile
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Vitreous humour
  • Stomach contents
  • Intestinal contents
  • Vomit
  • Other fluids
  • Analysis for volatile substances
  • Body tissues
  • References
  • Chapter 28 Forensic Aspects of Alcohol
  • Introduction
  • Mode of action
  • Absorption of alcohol
  • Elimination of ethanol
  • Alcohol concentrations: units and various drinks
  • Calculation of alcohol levels in blood from drink taken and the converse
  • Physiological effects of alcohol
  • Modes of death in acute alcoholization
  • Chronic alcoholism
  • Methyl alcohol
  • References
  • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
  • Causes of carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Motor vehicle exhaust gases
  • Domestic appliances
  • Structural fires
  • Industrial processes
  • Incomplete combustion
  • The autopsy in carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Blood analysis
  • References
  • Poisoning by Agricultural Chemicals
  • Introduction
  • Paraquat poisoning
  • The autopsy in paraquat poisoning
  • Toxicology interpretation
  • Organophosphorus pesticides
  • Toxicology interpretation
  • References
  • Poisoning by Medicines
  • General considerations
  • Autopsy appearances
  • Results of laboratory tests
  • Analgesics
  • Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and salicylates
  • Paracetamol
  • Antidepressant drugs
  • The benzodiazepines
  • The phenothiazines
  • The barbiturates
  • Insulin poisoning
  • References
  • Chapter 32 Death from Illicit Drugs
  • Introduction
  • Morphine and other opioid drugs
  • Autopsy appearances
  • Toxicological results
  • Methadone
  • Other substances of abuse
  • Hallucinogens
  • Phencyclidine
  • Lysergic acid diethylamide
  • Cannabis
  • The amphetamines
  • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or ‘ecstasy’
  • Cocaine
  • Designer drugs
  • Special autopsy findings
  • References
  • Corrosives, Metallic Poisons and Other Toxic Substances
  • Introduction
  • Cyanide
  • Autopsy findings in cyanide poisoning
  • Toxicological analysis
  • Corrosive acids, alkalis and phenols
  • Oxalic acid and oxalate salts
  • Ethylene glycol poisoning
  • Laboratory analysis in ethylene glycol poisoning
  • Metallic poisons
  • Arsenic
  • Fatal dosages in arsenical poisoning
  • Autopsy findings
  • Toxicology sampling and analytical results
  • Antimony
  • Thallium
  • References
  • Deaths from Organic Solvents
  • Introduction
  • Volatile substance abuse
  • Dangers of solvent abuse
  • Substances of abuse
  • Toluene
  • Petrol (gasoline), xylene and benzene
  • Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) and 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride)
  • Butane and propane
  • Fluorocarbons
  • Carbon tetrachloride
  • Other halogenated hydrocarbons
  • The autopsy on victims of abuse
  • References
  • Appendix Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Recommendation No. R (99) 3
  • Recommendation No. R (99) 3 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Harmonisation of Medico-legal Autopsy Rules
  • Principles and rules relating to medico-legal autopsy procedures
  • Scope of the recommendation
  • Principle I Scene investigation
  • Principle II Autopsy physicians
  • Principle III Identification
  • Principle IV General considerations
  • Principle V Autopsy procedures
  • I external examination
  • II Internal examination
  • Principle VI Autopsy report
  • Appendix to Recommendation No. R (99) 3
  • Specific procedures (selected examples)
  • Index