ISE Urban Economics

Höfundur: Arthur O'Sullivan (Útgáfa: 9)
ISE Urban Economics

Kaup valmöguleikar

Over the course of two decades, Urban Economics has achieved a worldwide audience, and has been translated into Chinese, Greek, Russian, and Korean. Like the eight previous editions, this edition provides a clear and concise presentation of the economic forces that: - cause the development of cities; - determine the spatial form of cities; - cause urban economies to grow or shrink; - generate urban problems such as poverty, crime, and congestion; - make the market for urban housing unique; and - shape the tax and spending policies of local governments.

In addition to developing the basic concepts of urban economics, the book uses economic analysis to evaluate the merits of policies designed to address our most vexing urban problems.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
McGraw-Hill Higher Education (International)
ISBN
9781260288810
Print ISBN
9781260084498
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
9
Höfundar
Arthur O'Sullivan
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2018-01-25
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Title
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • The Authors
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • The McGraw-Hill Series Economics
  • Brief Contents
  • Contents
  • Part I: Introduction and Key Concepts
  • Chapter 1: Introduction
  • Urban Economics and Cities
  • Census Definitions
  • Urban Population
  • Metropolitan Area aka Core-Based Statistical Area
  • Principal City
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 2: Key Concepts of Urban Economics
  • Opportunity Cost
  • Marginal Principle
  • Nash Equilibrium
  • Nash Equilibrium in a Model of Supply and Demand
  • Nash Equilibrium in Location
  • Nash Equilibrium and Spatial Variation in Prices
  • Comparative Statics
  • Comparative Statics for Choice Variables
  • Comparative Statics for Market Equilibrium
  • Pareto Efficiency
  • Pareto Efficiency in an Exchange Economy
  • Market Equilibrium and Pareto Efficiency
  • Pareto Inefficiency in the Urban Economy
  • Self-Reinforcing Changes
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • Part II: Market Forces in the Development of Cites
  • Chapter 3: Trading and Factory Towns
  • A Model of Backyard Production
  • Comparative Advantage and a Trading Town
  • Comparative Advantage and Trade
  • Scale Economies in Exchange, Trading Firms, and Trading Towns
  • Trading Cities in Urban History
  • Scale Economies and a Factory Town
  • The Price of Factory Shoes
  • The Market Area of a Factory
  • Factory Towns
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 4: Agglomeration Economies
  • Agglomeration Economies
  • Sharing an Intermediate Input
  • Tapping a Common Labor Pool
  • Skills Matching
  • Sharing Knowledge
  • Other Benefits of City Size
  • Equilibrium Size of a Cluster
  • Agglomeration Diseconomies
  • Equilibrium vs. Efficient Cluster Size
  • Empirical Evidence and Examples
  • Empirical Evidence for Agglomeration Economies
  • Economic Effects of Million-Dollar Plants
  • Evidence of Knowledge Spillovers
  • Single-Industry Clusters
  • Corporate Headquarters and Functional Specialization
  • Agglomeration and the Product Cycle: The Radio Industry in New York
  • Nursery Cities
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 5: Where Do Cities Develop?
  • Transport-Intensive Firms
  • Resource-Oriented Firms
  • Market-Oriented Firms
  • The Principle of Median Location
  • Illustration: Intercity Location Choice
  • The Median Location and Large Cities
  • Transshipment Points and Port Cities
  • Labor, Energy, and Agglomeration Economies
  • Labor Cost
  • Energy Technology
  • Agglomeration Economies
  • U.S. Manufacturing Belt—Growth and Decline
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 6: Consumer Cities and Central Places
  • Monopolistic Competition in Location
  • Structure of Monopolistic Competition
  • Effects of Market Entry
  • Cities as Entertainment Machines
  • Minimum Market Size
  • City Size and Product Variety
  • Cities as Entertainment Machines
  • Central Place Theory
  • Simplifying Assumptions
  • The Central Place Hierarchy
  • Insights from Central Place Theory
  • Relaxing the Assumptions
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 7: Cities in a Regional Economy
  • Urban Utility and City Size
  • The Urban Utility Curve
  • Regional Equilibrium: Cities Are Not Too Small
  • Regional Equilibrium: Cities May Be Too Large
  • Regional Equilibrium: Efficient Cities?
  • Differences in City Size
  • Equilibrium City Sizes in a Regional Economy
  • The Rank-Size Rule
  • Urban Economic Growth
  • Innovation and Regionwide Utility
  • Human Capital and Economic Growth
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 8: The Urban Labor Market
  • Urban Labor Supply and Demand
  • The Labor Supply Curve
  • The Labor Demand Curve
  • The Employment Multiplier
  • Multipliers in Small and Large Cities
  • Comparative Statics: Changes in Demand and Supply
  • Market Effects of an Increase in Labor Demand
  • Who Gets the New Jobs?
  • Market Effects of an Increase in Labor Supply
  • Simultaneous Changes in Demand and Supply
  • Public Policy: Taxes and Sports
  • Taxes and Firm Location Choices
  • Tax Incentive Programs
  • Geographically Targeted Subsidies: Empowerment and Enterprise Zones
  • Sport Stadiums and Mega-Events
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 9: The First Cities
  • Jericho
  • Catalhoyuk
  • Babylonia
  • The Ecological Setting
  • Religious Beliefs
  • Religious Offerings and Temple Enterprises
  • Transactions and Writing
  • References and Reading
  • Part III: Urban Land Use and Housing
  • Chapter 10: Land Rent and Manufacturing Land
  • Fertility and the Leftover Principle
  • Land Rent, Market Value, and the Price of Land
  • Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Land
  • Competition and the Leftover Principle
  • Manufacturing: Land Price and Location
  • Freight Cost versus Labor Cost
  • The Intracity Truck
  • Intercity Truck and Highways in a Beltway City
  • Manufacturing Rent and the Spatial Distribution of Manufacturing
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 11: Office Space and Tall Buildings
  • The Price of Office Space
  • Interaction Travel Cost for Office Firms
  • Willingness to Pay for Office Space
  • Labor Accessibility, Wages, and the Willingness to Pay for Office Space
  • Office Subcenters
  • Building Height and Land Prices
  • The Price of Office Space and Building Height
  • Profit-Maximizing Building Height
  • The Willingness to Pay for Land
  • Input Substitution
  • Skyscraper Games
  • A Model of Competition to Be the Tallest
  • Nash Equilibrium versus Pareto Efficiency
  • The Spatial Distribution of Office Activity
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 12: Housing Prices and Residential Land Use
  • Job Accessibility
  • Utility Maximization with Commuting Cost and Housing
  • Commuting Distance and the Price of Housing
  • The Convex Housing-Price Curve
  • The Algebra of the Convex Housing-Price Curve
  • Job Accessibility within a Metropolitan Area
  • Crime, Environmental Quality, Schools
  • Crime and Housing Prices
  • Air Quality and Housing Prices
  • School Productivity and Housing Prices
  • Housing Production and the Price of Residential Land
  • Profit-Maximizing Quantity of Housing
  • The Price of Residential Land
  • Population Density
  • Sources of Variation in Population Density
  • Population Density within Cities
  • Population Density across Cities
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 13: Spatial Distribution of Employment and Residence
  • The Spatial Distribution of Employment and Residence
  • Commuting Patterns
  • Five-Kilometer Shares and Median Locations
  • Employment Density
  • Employment Subcenters
  • Suburbanization and Sprawl
  • Decentralization of Population
  • Sprawl and Density Facts
  • The Consequences of Low Density
  • Policy Responses to Sprawl?
  • Review and Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 14: The Monocentric City and Urban General Equilibrium
  • The Monocentric Model
  • The Industrial Revolution and the Monocentric City
  • Land Use in the Monocentric City
  • Centralized Employment
  • General-Equilibrium Model
  • Interactions between the Land and Labor Markets
  • The General Equilibrium Effects of the Streetcar
  • The Streetcar and Land Rent
  • Changes in Employment and Residential Density
  • The General Equilibrium Effects of Rising Sea Level
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 15: Neighborhoods
  • Segregation: Income, Education, Race
  • Income Segregation
  • Education Segregation
  • Racial Segregation
  • Sorting for Local Public Goods
  • Diversity in Demand for Local Public Goods
  • Diversity in the Demand for the Taxed Good
  • Bidding for Favorable Neighbors
  • A Model of Bidding for Favorable Neighbors
  • Mixing and Perfect Integration
  • Land Prices and Locational Equilibrium
  • Lot Size and Public Policy
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 16: Land Use Policy
  • Zoning: History & Legal Basis
  • A Brief History of Zoning in the United States
  • The Legal Basis for Zoning
  • The Role of Zoning
  • Zoning to Mitigate Environmental Externalities
  • Zoning to Prevent Fiscal Deficits
  • Zoning to Mitigate Density Externalities
  • The Market Effects of Low-Density Zoning
  • Limits on Residential Development
  • Limits on Building Permits
  • Development Taxes
  • Growth Boundary
  • The Market Effects of Land-Use Regulations
  • Growth Control and Labor Markets
  • Residential Limits and the Urban Economy
  • An Urban Growth Boundary and the Regional Economy
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 17: Urban Housing and Public Policy
  • Filtering: Durability and Submarkets
  • The Filtering Model of Housing
  • Supply of High-Quality Housing
  • Supply of Low-Quality Housing
  • Applying the Filtering Model: Limit on Building Permits
  • Filtering and Gentrification
  • Supply-Side Public Policy
  • Public Housing
  • Subsidies for Private Housing
  • Filtering and Crowding Out
  • Demand-Side Public Policy
  • Housing Vouchers and Efficiency
  • The Market Effects of Vouchers
  • Subsidies for Mortgage Interest
  • Homelessness and Public Policy
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Part IV: Urban Transportation
  • Chapter 18: Cars and Roads
  • Congestion Externalities
  • The Cost of Travel: External, Private, and Social
  • Market Equilibrium vs. Efficient Outcome
  • The Congestion Tax
  • Implementing a Congestion Tax
  • Implementing a Congestion Tax
  • Value Pricing and HOT Lanes
  • Environmental Externalities
  • Externality Tax versus Gasoline Tax
  • The Market Effects of a Gasoline Tax
  • Externalities from Traffic Accidents
  • Social Cost of Traffic Accidents
  • Inefficiency from Underpricing Accident Costs
  • Safety Equipment and Risk Compensation
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 19: Urban Public Transit
  • Modal Choice: Individual Traveler
  • Trip Cost for Alternative Modes
  • A Numerical Example of Modal Choice
  • Elasticities of Demand for Public Transit
  • The Cost and Pricing of Public Transit
  • Cost Curves for Transit Systems
  • Efficient Ridership and Pricing
  • Transit Subsidies
  • Choosing a Transit System
  • Ridership and Average Cost
  • Light Rail versus Buses
  • Privatization
  • Transit Systems and Land-Use Patterns
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Part V: Local Government, Education, and Crime
  • Chapter 20: The Role of Local Government
  • Role of Local Government
  • Three Roles for Government
  • Local Government in a Federal System
  • Local Public Goods: Efficiency and Mechanisms
  • The Efficient Level of a Local Public Good
  • Majority Rule and the Decisive Median Voter
  • Benefit Taxation
  • The Tiebout Model: Voting with Feet
  • A Closer Look at the Median-Voter Result
  • The Median Voter in a Representative Democracy
  • Implications of the Median-Voter Result
  • Limitations of the Median-Voter Result
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 21: Local Government Revenue
  • The Property Tax
  • A Simple Model of the Residential Property
  • The Land Portion of the Property Tax
  • Structure Portion: Partial-Equilibrium
  • Structure Portion: A General-Equilibrium Approach
  • Changing the Assumptions
  • From Models to Reality
  • Rental Property Owners and Homeowners
  • Practical Guide for Policy Makers
  • The Tiebout Model and the Property Tax
  • Property Tax Limitations
  • Intergovernmental Grants
  • Lump-Sum Categorical Grants
  • Matching Grants
  • The Flypaper Effect
  • Welfare Reform: Matching Grants to Lump-Sum Grants
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 22: Education
  • Spending and Achievement
  • The Education Production Function
  • Peer Effects
  • School Inputs: The Value-Added of Teachers
  • School Inputs: Teachers and Class Size
  • Teacher Compensation and Productivity
  • Innovations in Charter Schools
  • Overall Effects of Educational Spending
  • Spending Inequalities and Public Policy
  • Intergovernmental Grants: Foundation Plans
  • Response to a Foundation Grant
  • Matching Grants: Guaranteed Tax Base
  • Effects of Equalization Plans on Spending and Achievement Inequalities
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 23: Crime and Public Policy
  • Crime Facts
  • A Model of the Rational Criminal
  • Expected Utility from Crime
  • Certainty Equivalent and the Crime Decision
  • Income and Criminal Behavior
  • Anguish Costs and Internal Penalties
  • Insights from Neuroscience
  • Public Policy and Crime
  • Investment in Human Capital
  • The Certainty of Punishment
  • The Severity of Punishment
  • The Role of Prisons
  • The Efficient Level and Mix of Crime
  • The Efficient Amount of Crime
  • Occupational Choice and Marginal Deterrence
  • Review the Concepts
  • Apply the Concepts
  • References and Reading
  • Chapter 24: Models of Microeconomics
  • Input Choice: Cost Minimization
  • Production Function and Isoquants
  • Production Cost and Cost Minimization
  • Input Substitution
  • Consumer Choice
  • Utility Maximization
  • Individual and Market Demand Curves
  • Perfect Competition: Supply and Demand
  • Long-Run Supply Curve for Constant-Cost Industry
  • Long-Run Equilibrium for a Constant-Cost Industry
  • The Long-Run Equilibrium for an Increasing-Cost Industry
  • Uncertainty
  • Expected Monetary Value and Expected Utility
  • Certainty Equivalent
  • Loss Aversion and Certainty Equivalent
  • Index