ISE Urban Economics
Höfundur:
Arthur O'Sullivan (Útgáfa: 9)
Kaup valmöguleikar
Over the course of two decades, Urban Economics has achieved a worldwide audience, and has been translated into Chinese, Greek, Russian, and Korean. Like the eight previous editions, this edition provides a clear and concise presentation of the economic forces that: - cause the development of cities; - determine the spatial form of cities; - cause urban economies to grow or shrink; - generate urban problems such as poverty, crime, and congestion; - make the market for urban housing unique; and - shape the tax and spending policies of local governments.
Nánar um bókina
- McGraw-Hill Higher Education (International)
- 9781260288810
- 9781260084498
- ePub
- 9
- Arthur O'Sullivan
- English
- 2018-01-25
- 100
- 2
- 2
Kaflar
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- Dedication
- The Authors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- The McGraw-Hill Series Economics
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Part I: Introduction and Key Concepts
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- Urban Economics and Cities
- Census Definitions
- Urban Population
- Metropolitan Area aka Core-Based Statistical Area
- Principal City
- References and Reading
- Chapter 2: Key Concepts of Urban Economics
- Opportunity Cost
- Marginal Principle
- Nash Equilibrium
- Nash Equilibrium in a Model of Supply and Demand
- Nash Equilibrium in Location
- Nash Equilibrium and Spatial Variation in Prices
- Comparative Statics
- Comparative Statics for Choice Variables
- Comparative Statics for Market Equilibrium
- Pareto Efficiency
- Pareto Efficiency in an Exchange Economy
- Market Equilibrium and Pareto Efficiency
- Pareto Inefficiency in the Urban Economy
- Self-Reinforcing Changes
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- Part II: Market Forces in the Development of Cites
- Chapter 3: Trading and Factory Towns
- A Model of Backyard Production
- Comparative Advantage and a Trading Town
- Comparative Advantage and Trade
- Scale Economies in Exchange, Trading Firms, and Trading Towns
- Trading Cities in Urban History
- Scale Economies and a Factory Town
- The Price of Factory Shoes
- The Market Area of a Factory
- Factory Towns
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 4: Agglomeration Economies
- Agglomeration Economies
- Sharing an Intermediate Input
- Tapping a Common Labor Pool
- Skills Matching
- Sharing Knowledge
- Other Benefits of City Size
- Equilibrium Size of a Cluster
- Agglomeration Diseconomies
- Equilibrium vs. Efficient Cluster Size
- Empirical Evidence and Examples
- Empirical Evidence for Agglomeration Economies
- Economic Effects of Million-Dollar Plants
- Evidence of Knowledge Spillovers
- Single-Industry Clusters
- Corporate Headquarters and Functional Specialization
- Agglomeration and the Product Cycle: The Radio Industry in New York
- Nursery Cities
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 5: Where Do Cities Develop?
- Transport-Intensive Firms
- Resource-Oriented Firms
- Market-Oriented Firms
- The Principle of Median Location
- Illustration: Intercity Location Choice
- The Median Location and Large Cities
- Transshipment Points and Port Cities
- Labor, Energy, and Agglomeration Economies
- Labor Cost
- Energy Technology
- Agglomeration Economies
- U.S. Manufacturing Belt—Growth and Decline
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 6: Consumer Cities and Central Places
- Monopolistic Competition in Location
- Structure of Monopolistic Competition
- Effects of Market Entry
- Cities as Entertainment Machines
- Minimum Market Size
- City Size and Product Variety
- Cities as Entertainment Machines
- Central Place Theory
- Simplifying Assumptions
- The Central Place Hierarchy
- Insights from Central Place Theory
- Relaxing the Assumptions
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 7: Cities in a Regional Economy
- Urban Utility and City Size
- The Urban Utility Curve
- Regional Equilibrium: Cities Are Not Too Small
- Regional Equilibrium: Cities May Be Too Large
- Regional Equilibrium: Efficient Cities?
- Differences in City Size
- Equilibrium City Sizes in a Regional Economy
- The Rank-Size Rule
- Urban Economic Growth
- Innovation and Regionwide Utility
- Human Capital and Economic Growth
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 8: The Urban Labor Market
- Urban Labor Supply and Demand
- The Labor Supply Curve
- The Labor Demand Curve
- The Employment Multiplier
- Multipliers in Small and Large Cities
- Comparative Statics: Changes in Demand and Supply
- Market Effects of an Increase in Labor Demand
- Who Gets the New Jobs?
- Market Effects of an Increase in Labor Supply
- Simultaneous Changes in Demand and Supply
- Public Policy: Taxes and Sports
- Taxes and Firm Location Choices
- Tax Incentive Programs
- Geographically Targeted Subsidies: Empowerment and Enterprise Zones
- Sport Stadiums and Mega-Events
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 9: The First Cities
- Jericho
- Catalhoyuk
- Babylonia
- The Ecological Setting
- Religious Beliefs
- Religious Offerings and Temple Enterprises
- Transactions and Writing
- References and Reading
- Part III: Urban Land Use and Housing
- Chapter 10: Land Rent and Manufacturing Land
- Fertility and the Leftover Principle
- Land Rent, Market Value, and the Price of Land
- Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Land
- Competition and the Leftover Principle
- Manufacturing: Land Price and Location
- Freight Cost versus Labor Cost
- The Intracity Truck
- Intercity Truck and Highways in a Beltway City
- Manufacturing Rent and the Spatial Distribution of Manufacturing
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 11: Office Space and Tall Buildings
- The Price of Office Space
- Interaction Travel Cost for Office Firms
- Willingness to Pay for Office Space
- Labor Accessibility, Wages, and the Willingness to Pay for Office Space
- Office Subcenters
- Building Height and Land Prices
- The Price of Office Space and Building Height
- Profit-Maximizing Building Height
- The Willingness to Pay for Land
- Input Substitution
- Skyscraper Games
- A Model of Competition to Be the Tallest
- Nash Equilibrium versus Pareto Efficiency
- The Spatial Distribution of Office Activity
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 12: Housing Prices and Residential Land Use
- Job Accessibility
- Utility Maximization with Commuting Cost and Housing
- Commuting Distance and the Price of Housing
- The Convex Housing-Price Curve
- The Algebra of the Convex Housing-Price Curve
- Job Accessibility within a Metropolitan Area
- Crime, Environmental Quality, Schools
- Crime and Housing Prices
- Air Quality and Housing Prices
- School Productivity and Housing Prices
- Housing Production and the Price of Residential Land
- Profit-Maximizing Quantity of Housing
- The Price of Residential Land
- Population Density
- Sources of Variation in Population Density
- Population Density within Cities
- Population Density across Cities
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 13: Spatial Distribution of Employment and Residence
- The Spatial Distribution of Employment and Residence
- Commuting Patterns
- Five-Kilometer Shares and Median Locations
- Employment Density
- Employment Subcenters
- Suburbanization and Sprawl
- Decentralization of Population
- Sprawl and Density Facts
- The Consequences of Low Density
- Policy Responses to Sprawl?
- Review and Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 14: The Monocentric City and Urban General Equilibrium
- The Monocentric Model
- The Industrial Revolution and the Monocentric City
- Land Use in the Monocentric City
- Centralized Employment
- General-Equilibrium Model
- Interactions between the Land and Labor Markets
- The General Equilibrium Effects of the Streetcar
- The Streetcar and Land Rent
- Changes in Employment and Residential Density
- The General Equilibrium Effects of Rising Sea Level
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 15: Neighborhoods
- Segregation: Income, Education, Race
- Income Segregation
- Education Segregation
- Racial Segregation
- Sorting for Local Public Goods
- Diversity in Demand for Local Public Goods
- Diversity in the Demand for the Taxed Good
- Bidding for Favorable Neighbors
- A Model of Bidding for Favorable Neighbors
- Mixing and Perfect Integration
- Land Prices and Locational Equilibrium
- Lot Size and Public Policy
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 16: Land Use Policy
- Zoning: History & Legal Basis
- A Brief History of Zoning in the United States
- The Legal Basis for Zoning
- The Role of Zoning
- Zoning to Mitigate Environmental Externalities
- Zoning to Prevent Fiscal Deficits
- Zoning to Mitigate Density Externalities
- The Market Effects of Low-Density Zoning
- Limits on Residential Development
- Limits on Building Permits
- Development Taxes
- Growth Boundary
- The Market Effects of Land-Use Regulations
- Growth Control and Labor Markets
- Residential Limits and the Urban Economy
- An Urban Growth Boundary and the Regional Economy
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 17: Urban Housing and Public Policy
- Filtering: Durability and Submarkets
- The Filtering Model of Housing
- Supply of High-Quality Housing
- Supply of Low-Quality Housing
- Applying the Filtering Model: Limit on Building Permits
- Filtering and Gentrification
- Supply-Side Public Policy
- Public Housing
- Subsidies for Private Housing
- Filtering and Crowding Out
- Demand-Side Public Policy
- Housing Vouchers and Efficiency
- The Market Effects of Vouchers
- Subsidies for Mortgage Interest
- Homelessness and Public Policy
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Part IV: Urban Transportation
- Chapter 18: Cars and Roads
- Congestion Externalities
- The Cost of Travel: External, Private, and Social
- Market Equilibrium vs. Efficient Outcome
- The Congestion Tax
- Implementing a Congestion Tax
- Implementing a Congestion Tax
- Value Pricing and HOT Lanes
- Environmental Externalities
- Externality Tax versus Gasoline Tax
- The Market Effects of a Gasoline Tax
- Externalities from Traffic Accidents
- Social Cost of Traffic Accidents
- Inefficiency from Underpricing Accident Costs
- Safety Equipment and Risk Compensation
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 19: Urban Public Transit
- Modal Choice: Individual Traveler
- Trip Cost for Alternative Modes
- A Numerical Example of Modal Choice
- Elasticities of Demand for Public Transit
- The Cost and Pricing of Public Transit
- Cost Curves for Transit Systems
- Efficient Ridership and Pricing
- Transit Subsidies
- Choosing a Transit System
- Ridership and Average Cost
- Light Rail versus Buses
- Privatization
- Transit Systems and Land-Use Patterns
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Part V: Local Government, Education, and Crime
- Chapter 20: The Role of Local Government
- Role of Local Government
- Three Roles for Government
- Local Government in a Federal System
- Local Public Goods: Efficiency and Mechanisms
- The Efficient Level of a Local Public Good
- Majority Rule and the Decisive Median Voter
- Benefit Taxation
- The Tiebout Model: Voting with Feet
- A Closer Look at the Median-Voter Result
- The Median Voter in a Representative Democracy
- Implications of the Median-Voter Result
- Limitations of the Median-Voter Result
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 21: Local Government Revenue
- The Property Tax
- A Simple Model of the Residential Property
- The Land Portion of the Property Tax
- Structure Portion: Partial-Equilibrium
- Structure Portion: A General-Equilibrium Approach
- Changing the Assumptions
- From Models to Reality
- Rental Property Owners and Homeowners
- Practical Guide for Policy Makers
- The Tiebout Model and the Property Tax
- Property Tax Limitations
- Intergovernmental Grants
- Lump-Sum Categorical Grants
- Matching Grants
- The Flypaper Effect
- Welfare Reform: Matching Grants to Lump-Sum Grants
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 22: Education
- Spending and Achievement
- The Education Production Function
- Peer Effects
- School Inputs: The Value-Added of Teachers
- School Inputs: Teachers and Class Size
- Teacher Compensation and Productivity
- Innovations in Charter Schools
- Overall Effects of Educational Spending
- Spending Inequalities and Public Policy
- Intergovernmental Grants: Foundation Plans
- Response to a Foundation Grant
- Matching Grants: Guaranteed Tax Base
- Effects of Equalization Plans on Spending and Achievement Inequalities
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 23: Crime and Public Policy
- Crime Facts
- A Model of the Rational Criminal
- Expected Utility from Crime
- Certainty Equivalent and the Crime Decision
- Income and Criminal Behavior
- Anguish Costs and Internal Penalties
- Insights from Neuroscience
- Public Policy and Crime
- Investment in Human Capital
- The Certainty of Punishment
- The Severity of Punishment
- The Role of Prisons
- The Efficient Level and Mix of Crime
- The Efficient Amount of Crime
- Occupational Choice and Marginal Deterrence
- Review the Concepts
- Apply the Concepts
- References and Reading
- Chapter 24: Models of Microeconomics
- Input Choice: Cost Minimization
- Production Function and Isoquants
- Production Cost and Cost Minimization
- Input Substitution
- Consumer Choice
- Utility Maximization
- Individual and Market Demand Curves
- Perfect Competition: Supply and Demand
- Long-Run Supply Curve for Constant-Cost Industry
- Long-Run Equilibrium for a Constant-Cost Industry
- The Long-Run Equilibrium for an Increasing-Cost Industry
- Uncertainty
- Expected Monetary Value and Expected Utility
- Certainty Equivalent
- Loss Aversion and Certainty Equivalent
- Index