Introduction to Seismology

Name: Introduction to Seismology
Price: 8800 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Peter M. Shearer
ISBN: 9781316886809

Höfundur: Peter M. Shearer (Útgáfa: 3)

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This third edition provides a concise yet approachable introduction to seismic theory, designed as a first course for graduate students or advanced undergraduate students. It clearly explains the fundamental concepts, emphasizing intuitive understanding over lengthy derivations, and outlines the different types of seismic waves and how they can be used to resolve Earth structure and understand earthquakes.

New material and updates have been added throughout, including ambient noise methods, shear-wave splitting, back-projection, migration and velocity analysis in reflection seismology, earthquake rupture directivity, and fault weakening mechanisms. A wealth of both reworked and new examples, review questions and computer-based exercises in MATLABĀ®/Python give students the opportunity to apply the techniques they have learned to compute results of interest and to illustrate Earth's seismic properties.

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Útgefandi: Cambridge University Press

ISBN: 9781316886809

Print ISBN: 9781107184473

Format: Page Fidelity (PDF)

Útgáfa: 3

Höfundar: Peter M. Shearer

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2019-05-30

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 10

Flokkar: Náttúruvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Vísindi › Jarðeðlisfræði

Kaflar

Half-title page
Endorsement page
Title page
Copyright page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
1.1 A Brief History of Seismology
1.1.1 Recent Advances
1.2 Exercises
2 Stress and Strain
2.1 The Stress Tensor
2.1.1 Example: Computing the Traction Vector
2.1.2 Principal Axes of Stress
2.1.3 Example: Computing the Principal Axes
2.1.4 Deviatoric Stress
2.1.5 Values for Stress
2.2 The Strain Tensor
2.2.1 Values for Strain
2.2.2 Example: Computing Strain for a Seismic Wave
2.3 The Linear Stress–Strain Relationship
2.3.1 Units for Elastic Moduli
2.4 Exercises
3 The Seismic Wave Equation
3.1 Introduction: The Wave Equation
3.2 The Momentum Equation
3.3 The Seismic Wave Equation
3.3.1 Potentials
3.4 Plane Waves
3.4.1 Example: Harmonic Plane Wave Equation
3.5 Polarizations of P- and S-Waves
3.6 Spherical Waves
3.7 Methods for Computing Synthetic Seismograms[sup(†)]
3.7.1 Discrete Modeling Methods[sup(†)]
3.7.2 Equations for 2-D Isotropic Finite Differences[sup(†)]
3.8 Exercises
4 Ray Theory: Travel Times
4.1 Snell's Law
4.2 Ray Paths for Laterally Homogeneous Models
4.2.1 Example: Computing X(p) and T(p)
4.2.2 Ray Tracing through Velocity Gradients
4.3 Travel Time Curves and Delay Times
4.3.1 Reduced Velocity
4.3.2 The τ(p) Function
4.3.3 Example: Computing τ(p)
4.3.4 Low-Velocity Zones
4.4 Summary of 1-D Ray Tracing Equations
4.5 Spherical Earth Ray Tracing
4.5.1 The Earth-Flattening Transformation
4.6 Three-Dimensional Ray Tracing[sup(†)]
4.7 Ray Nomenclature
4.7.1 Crustal Phases
4.7.2 Whole Earth Phases
4.7.3 PKJKP: The Holy Grail of Body Wave Seismology
4.8 Global Body Wave Observations
4.8.1 Uses of Global Body-Wave Phases
4.9 Exercises
5 Inversion of Travel Time Data
5.1 One-Dimensional Velocity Inversion Theory
5.2 Straight-Line Fitting
5.2.1 Example: Solving for a Layer Cake Model
5.2.2 Other Ways to Fit the T(X) Curve
5.3 τ(p) Inversion
5.3.1 Example: The Layer Cake Model Revisited
5.3.2 Resolving τ(p) and the Slant-Stack Method
5.3.3 Linear Programming and Regularization Methods
5.4 Summary: One-Dimensional Velocity Inversion
5.5 Three-Dimensional Velocity Inversion
5.5.1 Setting Up the Tomography Problem
5.5.2 Example: Toy Tomography Problem
5.5.3 Solving the Tomography Problem
5.5.4 Tomography Complications
5.5.5 Finite Frequency Tomography and Full Waveform Inversion
5.6 Earthquake Location
5.6.1 Iterative Location Methods
5.6.2 Relative Event Location Methods
5.7 Exercises
6 Ray Theory: Amplitude and Phase
6.1 Energy in Seismic Waves
6.2 Geometrical Spreading in 1-D Velocity Models
6.3 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
6.3.1 SH-Wave Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
6.3.2 Example: Computing SH Coefficients
6.3.3 Vertical Incidence Coefficients
6.3.4 Energy-Normalized Coefficients
6.3.5 Dependence on Ray Angle
6.4 Turning Points and Hilbert Transforms
6.5 Propagator Matrix Methods for Modeling Plane Waves[sup(†)]
6.6 Attenuation
6.6.1 Example: Computing Intrinsic Attenuation
6.6.2 t* and Velocity Dispersion
6.6.3 The Absorption Band Model[sup(†)]
6.6.4 The Standard Linear Solid[sup(†)]
6.6.5 Earth's Attenuation
6.6.6 Observing Q
6.6.7 Nonlinear Attenuation
6.6.8 Seismic Attenuation and Global Politics
6.7 Exercises
7 Reflection Seismology and Related Topics
7.1 Background
7.2 Zero-Offset Sections
7.3 Common Midpoint Stacking
7.3.1 Example: Computing Normal Moveout
7.4 Sources and Deconvolution
7.5 Migration
7.5.1 Huygens's Principle
7.5.2 Diffraction Hyperbolas
7.5.3 Example: Computing Diffraction Hyperbolas
7.5.4 Migration Methods
7.6 Velocity Analysis
7.6.1 Example: Estimating Layer Velocity and Thickness
7.6.2 Statics Corrections
7.7 Back-projection
7.7.1 The Adjoint Operator as an Inversion Method[sup(†)]
7.8 Receiver Functions
7.9 The Language of Reflection Seismology
7.10 Exercises
8 Surface Waves and Normal Modes
8.1 Love Waves
8.1.1 Solution for a Single Layer
8.1.2 Example: Computing Love Wave Dispersion
8.2 Rayleigh Waves
8.3 Dispersion
8.4 Global Surface Waves
8.5 Observing Surface Waves
8.5.1 Example: Measuring Group and Phase Velocity
8.6 Normal Modes
8.7 Exercises
9 Earthquakes and Source Theory
9.1 Green's Functions and the Moment Tensor
9.2 Earthquake Faults
9.2.1 Non-Double-Couple Sources
9.3 Radiation Patterns and Beach Balls
9.3.1 Example: Plotting a Focal Mechanism
9.4 Far-Field Pulse Shapes
9.4.1 Directivity
9.4.2 Example: 2004 Sumatra Earthquake Directivity
9.4.3 Source Spectra
9.4.4 Empirical Green's Functions
9.5 Stress Drop
9.5.1 Example: Estimating Stress Drop
9.5.2 Self-Similar Earthquake Scaling
9.6 Radiated Seismic Energy
9.6.1 Earthquake Energy Partitioning[sup(†)]
9.7 Earthquake Magnitude
9.7.1 The b-Value
9.7.2 Example: Use of b-Value
9.7.3 The Intensity Scale
9.8 Finite Slip Modeling
9.9 The Heat Flow Paradox
9.9.1 Why Are Faults Weak?
9.10 Exercises
10 Earthquake Prediction
10.1 The Earthquake Cycle
10.2 Earthquake Triggering
10.3 Searching for Precursors
10.4 Are Earthquakes Unpredictable?
10.5 Exercises
11 Seismometers and Seismographs
11.1 Seismometer as Damped Harmonic Oscillator
11.2 Short-Period and Long-Period Seismograms
11.3 Modern Seismographs
11.4 Exercises
12 Earth Noise
12.1 Earth's Background Noise
12.2 Cross-Correlation Analysis of Ambient Noise
12.3 Exercises
13 Anisotropy
13.1 Rays and Wavefronts for Anisotropy
13.2 Eigenvalue Equation for Anisotropic Media
13.2.1 Slowness Surfaces
13.2.2 Snell's Law at an Interface
13.3 Weak Anisotropy
13.4 Hexagonal Anisotropy
13.5 Shear-Wave Splitting
13.5.1 Linear Polarization Analysis
13.5.2 Estimating Shear-Wave Splitting Parameters
13.5.3 Example: Shear-Wave Splitting Observed at RSON
13.5.4 SKS Splitting
13.5.5 Example: SKS Splitting Analysis for RSON
13.5.6 Shear-Wave Splitting Observations
13.6 Mechanisms for Anisotropy
13.7 Earth's Anisotropy
13.8 Exercises
Appendix A The PREM Model
Appendix B Math Review
B.1 Vector Calculus
B.2 Complex Numbers
Appendix C The Eikonal Equation
Appendix D Python Functions
Appendix E Time Series and Fourier Transforms
E.1 Convolution
E.2 Fourier Transform
E.3 Hilbert Transform
Appendix F Kirchhoff Theory
F.1 Kirchhoff Applications
F.2 How to Write a Kirchhoff Program
F.3 Kirchhoff Migration
Bibliography
Index