Introduction to Mineralogy
Höfundur:
William Nesse (Útgáfa: 4)
Kaup valmöguleikar
The fourth edition of Introduction to Mineralogy combines material now covered in both traditional and optical mineralogy courses and focuses on describing minerals within their geologic context. Introduction to Mineralogy is suitable as a primary or supporting text for mineralogy, optical mineralogy, petrology, earth materials, and/or economic geology courses. It presents the important content of mineralogy including crystallography, chemical bonding, controls on mineral structure, mineral stability, and crystal growth to provide a foundation that enables students to understand the nature and occurrence of minerals.
Nánar um bókina
- Oxford University Press Academic US
- 9780197614624
- 9780197614600
- ePub
- 4
- William Nesse
- English
- 2023-11-20
- 100
Kaflar
- Cover Page
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface to the Fourth Edition
- Acknowledgements
- Part One Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Minerals
- Mineraloids
- Mineralogy
- Mineral Nomenclature
- Minerals and Society
- Gems
- Natural Resources
- Critical Mineral Resources
- Conflict Minerals
- Minerals and Health
- Medical Uses of Minerals
- Getting Started
- General References on Mineralogy
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 2 Crystallography
- Introduction
- Translational Symmetry: Two Dimensions
- Translational Symmetry: Three Dimensions
- Space Lattices and Unit Cells
- Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems
- Point Symmetry
- Reflection
- Rotation
- Inversion
- Compound Symmetry Operations
- Symmetry Notation
- The 32 Point Groups
- Steno’s Law
- Measurement of Crystal Angles
- Determining Crystal System and Point Group
- Space Groups
- Crystal Faces
- Laws of Haüy and Bravais
- Miller Indices
- Indices and Crystal Axes in the Hexagonal Crystal System
- Determining Miller Index
- Crystallographic Planes
- Assigning Miller Indices by Inspection
- Crystallographic Directions
- Zones
- Crystal Forms
- Isometric Forms
- Nonisometric Forms
- Combining Crystal Forms
- Enantiomorphous Forms and Crystals
- Positive and Negative Forms
- Forms in the Six Crystal Systems
- Triclinic Crystal System
- Monoclinic Crystal System
- Orthorhombic Crystal System
- Tetragonal Crystal System
- Hexagonal Crystal System
- Isometric Crystal System
- Crystal Habit
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 3 Crystal Chemistry
- Introduction
- The Nature of Chemical Elements
- Nucleus
- Electrons
- Element Groupings
- Formation of Ions
- Electronegativity
- Abundance of the Elements
- Chemical Bonding
- Valence-Related Bonding
- Ionic Bonding
- Covalent Bonding
- Metallic Bonding
- Relation among Valence-Dependent Bonding
- Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
- Bonds Involving Asymmetric Charge Distribution
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Van der Waals Bonding
- Size of Atoms and Ions
- Oxidation State
- Coordination
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 4 Crystal Structure
- Introduction
- Illustrating Mineral Structures
- Controls of Crystal Structure
- Metallic Bonding Structure Controls
- Covalent Bonding Structure Controls
- Ionic Bonding Structure Controls
- Rule 1. The Coordination Principle
- Rule 2. Electrostatic Valency Principle
- Rule 3. Sharing of Polyhedral Elements I
- Rule 4. Sharing of Polyhedral Elements II
- Rule 5. Principle of Parsimony
- Application of Pauling’s Rules
- Uniform Bonding Example
- Nonuniform (Anisodesmic) Bonding Example
- Structure Controls with Molecular Crystals
- Isostructural Minerals
- Polymorphism
- Reconstructive Polymorphism
- Displacive Polymorphism
- Order–Disorder Polymorphism
- Polytypism
- Mineral Classification
- Compositional Variation in Minerals
- Substitution Solid Solution
- Size
- Charge
- Simple Substitution
- Coupled Substitution
- Omission Substitution
- Interstitial Substitution
- Mineral Formulas
- Graphic Representation
- Binary Diagrams
- Ternary Diagrams
- Mineral Formulas and the Unit Cell
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 5 Mineral Growth
- Introduction
- Mineral Stability
- Stability
- Gibbs Free Energy
- Mineral Reactions
- Phase Diagrams
- Single-Component Systems
- Binary Systems
- Mineral Nucleation
- Homogeneous Nucleation
- Heterogeneous Nucleation
- Crystal Growth
- Rate of Growth
- Zoned Crystals
- Inclusions
- Structural Defects
- Point Defects
- Schottky Defects
- Frenkel Defects
- Impurity Defects
- Line Defects
- Edge Dislocation
- Screw Dislocation
- Planar Defects
- Grain Boundaries
- Stacking Faults
- Antiphase Boundaries
- Twinning
- Growth Twinning
- Transformation Twinning
- Deformation Twinning
- Postcrystallization Processes
- Ordering
- Twinning
- Recrystallization
- Exsolution
- Pseudomorphism
- Radioactivity and Minerals
- Decay Processes
- Radioactive Decay and Mineral Structure
- Mineral Evolution
- Biomineralization
- Biologically Induced Mineralization
- Biologically Controlled Mineralization
- Applications
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Part Two Mineral Properties, Study, and Identification
- Chapter 6 Physical Properties of Minerals
- Introduction
- Mass-Dependent Properties
- Density
- Specific Gravity
- Controls on Density and Specific Gravity
- Measurement of Specific Gravity
- Properties Related to Mechanical Cohesion
- Hardness
- Tenacity
- Cleavage
- Fracture
- Parting
- Color and Luster
- Light
- Perception of Color
- Mineral Luster
- Mineral Color
- Crystal Field Theory
- Charge Transfer Transitions
- Band Theory
- Color Centers
- Color from Mechanical Causes
- Consistency of Mineral Color
- Streak
- Luminescence
- Triboluminescence
- Thermoluminescence
- Photoluminescence
- Magnetism
- Diamagnetism
- Paramagnetism
- Ferromagnetism
- Ferrimagnetism
- Electrical Properties
- Electrical Conductivity
- Piezoelectricity
- Pyroelectricity
- Miscellaneous Properties
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 7 Optical Mineralogy
- Introduction
- Light
- Light Waves
- Polarized Light
- Transparent and Opaque Minerals
- Interaction of Light and Matter
- Optically Isotropic versus Anisotropic Materials
- Reflection and Refraction
- Dispersion
- Petrographic Microscope
- Direction Conventions
- Illuminator
- Substage Assembly
- Microscope Stage
- Objective Lenses
- Upper Polarizer
- Bertrand Lens
- Oculars
- Focusing Mechanism
- Accessories
- Isotropic Materials
- Anisotropic Minerals
- Interference Phenomena
- Monochromatic Illumination
- Polychromatic Illumination
- Use of the Interference Color Chart
- Determining Thickness
- Determining Birefringence
- Extinction
- Function of Accessory Plates
- Fast and Slow Vibration Directions
- Determining Order of Interference Color
- Optical Indicatrix
- Isotropic Indicatrix
- Uniaxial Indicatrix
- Ordinary and Extraordinary Rays
- Optic Sign
- Use of the Indicatrix
- Biaxial Indicatrix
- Optic Sign
- Crystallographic Orientation of Indicatrix Axes
- Use of the Indicatrix
- Mineral Color and Pleochroism
- Isotropic Minerals
- Uniaxial Minerals
- Biaxial Minerals
- Extinction Angle and Sign of Elongation
- Extinction Angle
- Sign of Elongation
- Categories of Extinction
- Extinction in Uniaxial Minerals
- Extinction in Biaxial Minerals
- Interference Figures
- Uniaxial Interference Figures
- Optic Axis Interference Figure
- Off-Center Figure
- Optic Normal (Flash) Figure
- Determining Optic Sign
- Biaxial Interference Figures
- Acute Bisectrix Figure
- Optic Axis Figure
- Obtuse Bisectrix Figure
- Optic Normal (Flash) Figure
- Off-Center Figure
- Determining Optic Sign
- Determining 2V
- Dispersion Effects
- Refractometry: Measurement of Index of Refraction
- Immersion Method
- Relief
- Becke Line Method
- Dispersion Effects
- Practical Considerations
- Refractometry in Thin Section
- Isotropic Minerals
- Uniaxial Minerals
- Biaxial Minerals
- Reflected-Light Optics
- Observation in Plane-Polarized Light
- Color and Reflection Pleochroism
- Reflectance and Bireflectance
- Observation with Crossed Polarizers
- Isotropism versus Anisotropism
- Polarization Colors
- Internal Reflections
- Tactics for Mineral Identification
- Grain Mount Identification with Transmitted Light and Petrographic Microscope
- Polished Sample Identification with Reflected Light and Petrographic Microscope
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 8 Analytical Instrumentation and Techniques I: Crystallography
- Introduction
- X-Rays
- X-Ray Generation
- Continuous X-Ray Spectrum (background)
- Characteristic X-Ray Spectrum
- Monochromatic X-Rays
- X-Ray Detection
- X-Ray Diffraction
- Powder X-Ray Diffraction
- Sample Preparation
- Instrumental Output
- Data Reduction
- Powder Diffraction File
- Bragg Reflection Indices
- Mineral Identification
- Sources of Error
- Mixed Samples
- Estimation of Relative Mineral Abundance
- Estimation of Composition
- Determining Unit Cell Parameters
- Other Crystallography Instruments
- Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction
- Transmission Electron Microscopy
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 9 Analytical Instrumentation and Techniques II: Chemical Analysis of Minerals
- Introduction
- Analytical Methods
- Wet Chemical
- Electron Beam Instruments
- Radiation Types
- Secondary Electrons
- Backscattered Electrons
- Cathodoluminescence
- Characteristic X-Rays
- Chemical Analysis
- X-Ray Chemical Maps
- X-Ray Fluorescence
- Handheld XRF
- Mass Spectrometry
- Conventions in Reporting Chemical Analyses
- Major Elements
- Trace Elements
- Conversion of Chemical Analyses to Structural Formulas
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 10 Strategies for Study
- Introduction
- Presentation of Mineral Data
- Mineral Identification Tactics
- Hand-Sample Identification
- Thin Section Identification
- Grain Mount Identification
- Sample Polishing and Identification Using Reflected Light
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Microprobe (EPMA)
- X-Ray Diffraction
- Mineral Separation
- Rock/Mineral Crushing
- Sieving
- Grain Washing
- Density Separation
- Magnetic Separation
- Mineral Association
- Problems in Paradise
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Part Three Mineral Descriptions
- Chapter 11 Silicates
- Introduction
- Silicate Structure and Classification
- Silicate Chemical Formulas
- Mafic Versus Felsic
- Igneous Rocks
- Magmatic Processes
- Melting
- Magmatic Differentiation
- Fractional Crystallization
- Magma Mixing
- Assimilation
- Igneous Environments
- Mid-ocean Ridges
- Oceanic Hot Spots
- Subduction Zones
- Continental Collision
- Intracontinental Rifting and Hot Spots
- Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
- Sedimentary Processes
- Sedimentary Environments
- Metamorphic Rocks
- Metamorphic Variables
- Metamorphic Processes
- Connecting Metamorphic Assemblage to Temperature–Pressure Conditions
- Mafic Rocks
- Pelites (and Psammites)
- Calc-silicate Rocks
- Metamorphic Environments
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 12 Framework Silicates
- Introduction
- Silica Group
- Quartz
- Tridymite
- Cristobalite
- Opal
- Feldspar Group
- Composition
- Structure
- Al/Si Order–Disorder
- K-Feldspar
- Plagioclase
- Exsolution in the Feldspars
- Alkali Feldspar
- Plagioclase
- Other Feldspar Intergrowths
- Twinning
- Plagioclase
- Alkali Feldspar
- Microcline
- Orthoclase
- Sanidine
- Adularia
- Anorthoclase
- Feldspathoids
- Nepheline
- Leucite
- Sodalite
- Zeolite Group
- Other Framework Silicates
- Scapolite
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 13 Sheet Silicates
- Introduction
- Structure and Classification
- 1:1 Layer Silicates
- 2:1 Layer Silicates
- TOT Structure
- TOT + c Structure
- TOT + O Structures
- Polytypism
- TO Structures (1:1)
- Serpentine
- Kaolinite
- TOT Structures (2:1)
- Talc
- Pyrophyllite
- TOT + c Structures: Mica Minerals (2:1)
- Muscovite
- Biotite
- Lepidolite
- Glauconite
- TOT + c Structures: Brittle Micas (2:1)
- Margarite
- Clintonite
- TOT + O Structure
- Chlorite
- Clay Minerals
- Structure and Classification
- 1:1 Clay Minerals
- 2:1 Clay Minerals
- Mixed-Layer Clay Minerals
- Additional Clay Minerals
- Geology of Clay
- Identification
- Uses
- Clay in the Environment
- Other Sheet Silicates
- Stilpnomelane
- Prehnite
- Apophyllite
- Chrysocolla
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 14 Chain Silicates
- Introduction
- Pyroxene Group
- Structure and Classification
- Geology of Pyroxenes
- Igneous
- Metamorphic
- Sedimentary
- Orthopyroxene
- Pigeonite
- Calcic Clinopyroxene
- Aegirine, Aegirine–Augite
- Jadeite
- Omphacite
- Spodumene
- Pyroxenoids
- Introduction
- Wollastonite
- Rhodonite
- Pectolite
- Amphibole Group
- Structure and Classification
- Geology of Amphiboles
- Orthoamphibole
- Cummingtonite–Grunerite
- Tremolite–Ferro-Actinolite
- Hornblende
- Glaucophane–Riebeckite
- Other Amphiboles
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 15 Disilicates and Ring Silicates
- Disilicates
- Structure and Classification
- Zoisite
- Clinozoisite–Epidote
- Allanite
- Lawsonite
- Pumpellyite
- Ring Silicates
- Structure and Classification
- Beryl
- Cordierite
- Tourmaline
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- Chapter 16 Orthosilicates
- Introduction
- Olivine
- Garnet
- Zircon
- Aluminum Silicates
- Andalusite
- Sillimanite
- Kyanite
- Staurolite
- Chloritoid
- Titanite (sphene)
- Topaz
- Additional Orthosilicates
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 17 Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Tungstates, Molybdates, and Borates
- Structure and Classification
- Carbonates
- Rhombohedral Carbonates (Calcite and Dolomite Groups)
- Calcite
- Magnesite
- Siderite
- Rhodochrosite
- Dolomite–Ankerite
- Aragonite Group
- Aragonite
- Witherite
- Strontianite
- OH-Bearing Carbonates
- Malachite
- Azurite
- Sulfates
- Gypsum
- Anhydrite
- Barite
- Phosphates
- Apatite
- Monazite
- Xenotime
- Turquoise
- Tungstates and Molybdates
- Borates
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 18 Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides
- Introduction
- Oxides
- X2O Group
- Cuprite
- Ice
- XO Group
- XY2O4 Minerals
- Spinel Group
- Magnetite
- Chromite
- Spinel Series
- Chrysoberyl
- X2O3 Group
- Hematite
- Corundum
- Ilmenite
- XO2 Group
- Rutile
- Cassiterite
- Uraninite
- Hydroxides
- Brucite
- Iron Hydroxide Minerals
- Aluminum Hydroxide Minerals
- Manganese Oxide and Hydroxide Minerals
- Halides
- Halite
- Sylvite
- Fluorite
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 19 Sulfides and Related Minerals
- Introduction
- Crystal Chemistry and Classification
- Sulfide Deposits
- Hydrothermal Deposits
- Supergene Processes
- Sulfide Minerals
- Sphalerite
- Galena
- Pyrrhotite
- Chalcopyrite
- Cinnabar
- Pyrite
- Marcasite
- Molybdenite
- Bornite
- Chalcocite
- Covellite
- Sulfarsenides
- Arsenopyrite
- Arsenides
- Tellurides
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Chapter 20 Native Elements
- Introduction
- Metals
- Gold
- Silver
- Copper
- Metalloids
- Nonmetals
- Sulfur
- Graphite
- Diamond
- References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
- List of Key Terms
- Appendix A Effective Ionic Radii of the Elements
- Appendix B Determinative Tables
- Appendix C Mineral Associations
- Glossary
- Mineral and Mineraloid Index
- Subject Index
- List of Illustrations
- List of Tables
- Images
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Chapter 2 Crystallography
- Chapter 3 Crystal Chemistry
- Chapter 4 Crystal Structure
- Chapter 5 Mineral Growth
- Chapter 6 Physical Properties of Minerals
- Chapter 7 Optical Mineralogy
- Chapter 8 Analytical Instrumentation and Techniques I: Crystallography
- Chapter 9 Analytical Instrumentation and Techniques II: Chemical Analysis of Minerals
- Chapter 10 Strategies for Study
- Chapter 11 Silicates
- Chapter 12 Framework Silicates
- Chapter 13 Sheet Silicates
- Chapter 14 Chain Silicates
- Chapter 15 Disilicates and Ring Silicates
- Chapter 16 Orthosilicates
- Chapter 17 Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Tungstates, Molybdates, and Borates
- Chapter 18 Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides
- Chapter 19 Sulfides and Related Minerals
- Chapter 20 Native Elements