Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Physical and Numerical Aspects

Höfundar: Benoit Cushman-Roisin; Jean-Marie Beckers (Útgáfa: 2)
Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Physical and Numerical Aspects

Kaup valmöguleikar

Bókin veitir grunninngang að aflfræði jarðeðlisfræðilegra straumefna (GFD), þ.e. lögmálunum sem stýra loft- og vatnsflæði á stórum kvarða á jörðinni. Eðlisfræðileg lögmál eru skýrð með einföldustu líkönum sem völ er á og tölulegar aðferðir settar fram samhliða jöfnunum sem þær eiga við. Fjallað er um samtímaefni á sviði loftslagsfræði og aflfræði miðbaugssvæða, meðal annars gróðurhúsaáhrif, hnattræna hlýnun og El Niño–suðursveifluna.

  • Sameinar eðlisfræðilega og tölulega þætti aflfræði jarðeðlisfræðilegra straumefna í einu aðgengilegu riti.
  • Fjallar um samtímaefni á borð við gróðurhúsaáhrif, hnattræna hlýnun og El Niño–suðursveifluna.
  • Ævi- og sögulegar athugasemdir í lok kaflanna rekja fræðilega þróun sviðsins.
  • Hlaut Wernaers-verðlaunin árið 2010, sem National Fund for Scientific Research of Belgium (FNR-FNRS) veitir árlega.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Elsevier S & T
ISBN
9780080916781
Print ISBN
9780120887590
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
2
Höfundar
Benoit Cushman-Roisin; Jean-Marie Beckers
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
20110826
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Edited by
  • Copyright page
  • Table of Contents
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Preface of the First Edition
  • Chapter 1: Introduction
  • 1.1 Objective
  • 1.2 Importance of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
  • 1.3 Distinguishing Attributes of Geophysical Flows
  • 1.4 Scales of Motions
  • 1.5 Importance of Rotation
  • 1.6 Importance of Stratification
  • 1.7 Distinction Between the Atmosphere and Oceans
  • 1.8 Data Acquisition
  • 1.9 The Emergence of Numerical Simulations
  • 1.10 Scales Analysis and Finite Differences
  • 1.11 Higher-Order Methods
  • 1.12 Aliasing
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Walsh Cottage, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 1962–present
  • UK Meteorological Office, Exeter, England 1854–present
  • Chapter 2: The Coriolis Force
  • 2.1 Rotating Framework of Reference
  • 2.2 Unimportance of the Centrifugal Force
  • 2.3 Free Motion on a Rotating Plane
  • 2.4 Analogy and Physical Interpretation
  • 2.5 Acceleration on a Three-Dimensional Rotating Planet
  • 2.6 Numerical Approach to Oscillatory Motions
  • 2.7 Numerical Convergence and Stability
  • 2.8 Predictor-Corrector Methods
  • 2.9 Higher-Order Schemes
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace 1749–1827
  • Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis 1792–1843
  • Chapter 3: Equations of Fluid Motion
  • 3.1 Mass Budget
  • 3.2 Momentum Budget
  • 3.3 Equation of State
  • 3.4 Energy Budget
  • 3.5 Salt and Moisture Budgets
  • 3.6 Summary of Governing Equations
  • 3.7 Boussinesq Approximation
  • 3.8 Flux Formulation and Conservative Form
  • 3.9 Finite-Volume Discretization
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Joseph Valentin Boussinesq 1842–1929
  • Vilhelm Frimann Koren Bjerknes 1862–1951
  • Chapter 4: Equations Governing Geophysical Flows
  • 4.1 Reynolds-Averaged Equations
  • 4.2 Eddy Coefficients
  • 4.3 Scales of Motion
  • 4.4 Recapitulation of Equations Governing Geophysical Flows
  • 4.5 Important Dimensionless Numbers
  • 4.6 Boundary Conditions
  • 4.7 Numerical Implementation of Boundary Conditions
  • 4.8 Accuracy and Errors
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Osborne Reynolds 1842–1912
  • Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby 1898–1957
  • Chapter 5: Diffusive Processes
  • 5.1 Isotropic, Homogeneous Turbulence
  • 5.2 Turbulent Diffusion
  • 5.3 One-Dimensional Numerical Scheme
  • 5.4 Numerical Stability Analysis
  • 5.5 Other One-Dimensional Schemes
  • 5.6 Multi-Dimensional Numerical Schemes
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov 1903–1987
  • John Louis von Neumann 1903–1957
  • Chapter 6: Transport and Fate
  • 6.1 Combination of Advection and Diffusion
  • 6.2 Relative Importance of Advection: The Peclet Number
  • 6.3 Highly Advective Situations
  • 6.4 Centered and Upwind Advection Schemes
  • 6.5 Advection–Diffusion with Sources and Sinks
  • 6.6 Multidimensional Approach
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Richard Courant 1888–1972
  • Peter David Lax 1926–
  • Chapter 7: Geostrophic Flows and Vorticity Dynamics
  • 7.1 Geostrophy Homogeneous Geostrophic Flows
  • 7.2 Homogeneous Geostrophic Flows Over an Irregular Bottom
  • 7.3 Generalization to Nongeostrophic Flows
  • 7.4 Vorticity Dynamics
  • 7.5 Rigid-Lid Approximation
  • 7.6 Numerical Solution of the Rigid-Lid Pressure Equation
  • 7.7 Numerical Solution of the Streamfunction Equation
  • 7.8 Laplacian Inversion
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Geoffrey Ingram Taylor 1886–1975
  • James Cyrus McWilliams 1946–
  • Chapter 8: The Ekman Layer
  • 8.1 Shear Turbulence
  • 8.2 Friction and Rotation
  • 8.3 The Bottom Ekman Layer
  • 8.4 Generalization to Nonuniform Currents
  • 8.5 The Ekman Layer over Uneven Terrain
  • 8.6 The Surface Ekman Layer
  • 8.7 The Ekman Layer in Real Geophysical Flows
  • 8.8 Numerical Simulation of Shallow Flows
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Vagn Walfrid Ekman 1874–1954
  • Ludwig Prandtl 1875–1953
  • Chapter 9: Barotropic Waves
  • 9.1 Linear Wave Dynamics
  • 9.2 The Kelvin Wave
  • 9.3 Inertia-Gravity Waves (Poincaré Waves)
  • 9.4 Planetary Waves (Rossby Waves)
  • 9.5 Topographic Waves
  • 9.6 Analogy Between Planetary and Topographic Waves
  • 9.7 Arakawa’s Grids
  • 9.8 Numerical Simulation of Tides and Storm Surges
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • William Thomson, Lord Kelvin 1824–1907
  • Akio Arakawa 1927–2010
  • Chapter 10: Barotropic Instability
  • 10.1 What Makes a Wave Grow Unstable?
  • 10.2 Waves on a Shear Flow
  • 10.3 Bounds on Wave Speeds and Growth Rates
  • 10.4 A Simple Example
  • 10.5 Nonlinearities
  • 10.6 Filtering
  • 10.7 Contour Dynamics
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Louis Norberg Howard 1929–
  • Norman Julius Zabusky 1929–
  • Chapter 11: Stratification
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Static Stability
  • 11.3 A Note on Atmospheric Stratification
  • 11.4 Convective Adjustment
  • 11.5 The Importance of Stratification: The froude Number
  • 11.6 Combination of Rotation and Stratification
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • David Brunt 1886–1965
  • Vilho Väisälä 1889–1969
  • Chapter 12: Layered Models
  • 12.1 From Depth to Density
  • 12.2 Layered Models
  • 12.3 Potential Vorticity
  • 12.4 Two-Layer Models
  • 12.5 Wind-Induced Seiches in Lakes
  • 12.6 Energy Conservation
  • 12.7 Numerical Layered Models
  • 12.8 Lagrangian Approach
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Raymond Braislin Montgomery 1910–1988
  • James Joseph O’Brien 1935–
  • Chapter 13: Internal Waves
  • 13.1 From Surface to Internal Waves
  • 13.2 Internal-Wave Theory
  • 13.3 Structure of an Internal Wave
  • 13.4 Vertical Modes and Eigenvalue Problems
  • 13.5 Lee Waves
  • 13.6 Nonlinear Effects
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Walter Heinrich Munk 1917–
  • Adrian Edmund Gill 1937–1986
  • Chapter 14: Turbulence in Stratified Fluids
  • 14.1 Mixing of Stratified Fluids
  • 14.2 Instability of a Stratified Shear Flow: The Richardson Number
  • 14.3 Turbulence Closure: k-Models
  • 14.4 Other Closures: k – ϵ and k – klm
  • 14.5 Mixed-Layer Modeling
  • 14.6 Patankar-Type Discretizations
  • 14.7 Wind Mixing and Penetrative Convection
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Lewis Fry Richardson 1881–1953
  • George Lincoln Mellor 1929–
  • Chapter 15: Dynamics of Stratified Rotating Flows
  • 15.1 Thermal Wind
  • 15.2 Geostrophic Adjustment
  • 15.3 Energetics of Geostrophic Adjustment
  • 15.4 Coastal Upwelling
  • 15.5 Atmospheric Frontogenesis
  • 15.6 Numerical Handling of Large Gradients
  • 15.7 Nonlinear Advection Schemes
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • George Veronis 1926–
  • Kozo Yoshida 1922–1978
  • Chapter 16: Quasi-Geostrophic Dynamics
  • 16.1 Simplifying Assumption
  • 16.2 Governing Equation
  • 16.3 Length and Timescale
  • 16.4 Energetics
  • 16.5 Planetary Waves in a Stratified Fluid
  • 16.6 Some Nonlinear Effects
  • 16.7 Quasi-Geostrophic Ocean Modeling
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Jule Gregory Charney 1917–1981
  • Allan Richard Robinson 1932–2009
  • Chapter 17: Instabilities of Rotating Stratified Flows
  • 17.1 Two Types of Instability
  • 17.2 Inertial Instability
  • 17.3 Baroclinic Instability—The Mechanism
  • 17.4 Linear Theory of Baroclinic Instability
  • 17.5 Heat Transport
  • 17.6 Bulk Criteria
  • 17.7 Finite-Amplitude Development
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Joseph Pedlosky 1938–
  • Peter Broomell Rhines 1942–
  • Chapter 18: Fronts, Jets and Vortices
  • 18.1 Fronts and Jets
  • 18.2 Vortices
  • 18.3 Geostrophic Turbulence
  • 18.4 Simulations of Geostrophic Turbulence
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Melvin Ernest Stern 1929–2010
  • Peter Douglas Killworth 1946–2008
  • Chapter 19: Atmospheric General Circulation
  • 19.1 Climate Versus Weather
  • 19.2 Planetary Heat Budget
  • 19.3 Direct and Indirect Convective Cells
  • 19.4 Atmospheric Circulation Models
  • 19.5 Brief Remarks on Weather Forecasting
  • 19.6 Cloud Parameterizations
  • 19.7 Spectral Methods
  • 19.8 Semi-Lagrangian Methods
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Edward Norton Lorenz 1917–2008
  • Joseph Smagorinsky 1924–2005
  • Chapter 20: Oceanic General Circulation
  • 20.1 What Drives the Oceanic Circulation
  • 20.2 Large-Scale Ocean Dynamics (Sverdrup Dynamics)
  • 20.3 Western Boundary Currents
  • 20.4 Thermohaline Circulation
  • 20.5 Abyssal Circulation
  • 20.6 Oceanic Circulation Models
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Henry Melson Stommel 1920–1992
  • Kirk Bryan 1929–
  • Chapter 21: Equatorial Dynamics
  • 21.1 Equatorial Beta Plane
  • 21.2 Linear Waves Theory
  • 21.3 El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
  • 21.4 ENSO Forecasting
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • S. George H. Philander 1942–
  • Paola Malanotte Rizzoli
  • Chapter 22: Data Assimilation
  • 22.1 Need for Data Assimilation
  • 22.2 Nudging
  • 22.3 Optimal Interpolation
  • 22.4 Kalman Filtering
  • 22.5 Inverse Methods
  • 22.6 Operational Models
  • Analytical Problems
  • Numerical Exercises
  • Michael Ghil 1944–
  • Eugenia Kalnay 1942–
  • Introduction
  • Appendix A: Elements of Fluid Mechanics
  • Appendix B: Wave Kinematics
  • Appendix C: Recapitulation of Numerical Schemes
  • References
  • Index
  • Instructions for online access