International Human Rights Law

Name: International Human Rights Law
Price: 4530 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Rhona K. M. Smith
ISBN: 9780198941187

Höfundur: Rhona K. M. Smith (Útgáfa: 11)

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Eina aðgengilega inngangsnámsbókin um alþjóðleg mannréttindalög, með víðtæka umfjöllun og hnitmiðaða framsetningu. International Human Rights Law leiðir nemendur af öryggi í gegnum flókið viðfangsefnið og býr þá undir frekara nám og rannsóknir. Fjallað er sérstaklega um mikilvæg dómsmál og helstu álitamál, auk þess sem í lok hvers kafla eru ítarlegar tilvísanir í dómsmál og viðbótarlesefni.

Hnitmiðuð og skýr framsetning bókarinnar er sniðin að byrjendum og gerir nemendum án bakgrunns í lögfræði kleift að öðlast góðan skilning á viðfangsefninu.
Veitir skýra og víðtæka umfjöllun um helstu kerfi mannréttindaverndar og grundvallarmannréttindi.

Nýtt í þessari útgáfu:

Nýjum umræðuefnum hefur verið bætt við víða í bókinni, þar á meðal „asískum gildum“ og Bangkok Declaration on Human Rights frá 1993 í 5. kafla, femínískum nálgunum í alþjóðalögum í 11. kafla og nýlenduarfleifð og þróun í 22. kafla.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi: Oxford University Press Academic UK

ISBN: 9780198941187

Print ISBN: 9780198941163

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 11

Höfundar: Rhona K. M. Smith

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2025-12-23

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Lögfræði

Efnisflokkar: Lögfræði › Almennt

Kaflar

Cover Page
Title page
Copyright page
Table of Contents
Preface
Table of Cases/Communications
Table of Instruments
1 Introduction
1.1 Public international law
1.2 Public international law—relevant aspects
1.2.1 Sources of international human rights: treaties
1.2.1.1 How States become bound by treaties
1.2.1.2 Why States ratify human rights treaties
1.2.1.3 How States can avoid responsibility for some elements of human rights treaties.
1.2.2 Sources of international human rights: customary international law
1.3 Overview and structure of book
Reading
2 Historical background
2.1 Origins of international human rights
2.2 The eighteenth century: revolutions and rights
2.3 The role of international law
2.4 The law of aliens
2.4.1 Reparations and reprisals
2.4.2 The two schools of thought
2.4.2.1 The national or equality standard of treatment
2.4.2.2 The International Minimum Standard of Treatment
2.4.2.3 Recognition of the International Minimum Standard
2.4.3 Contemporary law on aliens
2.5 Diplomatic laws
2.5.1 The development of diplomatic law
2.5.2 Modern diplomatic law
2.6 The laws of war—international humanitarian law
2.6.1 The laws of war
2.6.2 Humanitarian law
2.6.3 Modern humanitarian law and laws of war
2.7 Slavery
2.7.1 The development of the law
2.7.2 The modern law of slavery
2.8 Minority rights
2.8.1 The treaty approach to minorities
2.8.2 The link to nationalism
2.8.3 After the First World War
2.8.4 The Peace Conference
2.8.4.1 Plebiscites
2.8.4.2 Forced transfers
2.8.4.3 Transfers of populations
2.8.4.4 Problems associated with these approaches to minorities
2.8.5 The League of Nations and minorities
2.8.5.1 Minority guarantee clauses
2.8.5.2 Enforcing the guarantee clauses
2.8.5.3 The Permanent Court of International Justice
2.8.5.4 The success of the League
2.8.6 The modern law on minorities
2.9 The International Labour Organization
2.10 After the Second World War
2.10.1 The Potsdam Conference
2.10.2 Towards international protection of human rights
2.10.3 On the brink of the United Nations
Cases
Reading
Websites
3 The United Nations
3.1 The United Nations Charter
3.2 The Security Council
3.2.1 Self-determination
3.2.2 United Nations interventions
3.2.3 Other situations
3.2.4 Sanctions
3.3 The General Assembly
3.3.1 Debates and declarations on human rights issues
3.3.2 Receiving reports
3.4 The International Court of Justice
3.5 The Economic and Social Council
3.5.1 The Commission on the Status of Women
3.5.1.1 UN Women
3.6 The Human Rights Council
3.6.1 The former Commission on Human Rights
3.6.2 The Human Rights Council
3.6.3 The functions of the Council
3.6.4 Individual complaints
3.6.5 Special procedures
3.6.6 The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee
3.7 The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
3.7.1 High Commissioner for Human Rights
3.8 International criminal law—an independent system
3.8.1 The influence of the Nuremberg Criminal Tribunal
3.8.2 The International Criminal Court
3.9 Developing international human rights law
3.9.1 Treaty-monitoring bodies
3.9.1.1 The treaty bodies and their members
3.9.1.2 State reports
3.9.1.3 Individual communications
3.9.1.4 Inter-State complaints
3.9.1.5 Investigations, inquiries, and field visits
3.9.1.6 General comments and recommendations and discussion days
3.10 Building international human rights law
3.10.1 Protection of vulnerable groups
3.10.1.1 Refugees
3.10.1.2 Migrant workers
3.10.1.3 Women
3.10.1.4 Children
3.11 Other human rights instruments
3.11.1 Slavery, torture, forced labour, and trafficking
3.12 The impact of the United Nations on international human rights
Cases
Reading
Websites
4 The International Bill of Human Rights
4.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4.1.1 Is the Universal Declaration binding?
4.1.2 The importance of the Universal Declaration
4.1.3 The content of the Universal Declaration
4.1.4 Minority protection and the Universal Declaration
4.1.5 The relevance of the Universal Declaration
4.2 The United Nations International Covenants of 1966
4.2.1 A family of universal rights?
4.2.2 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
4.2.2.1 Overview
4.2.2.2 The rights
4.2.2.3 Implementation
4.2.2.4 Concluding observations
4.2.3 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
4.2.3.1 Overview
4.2.3.2 The rights
4.2.3.3 Implementation
4.2.3.4 Concluding observations
4.3 Building on the Bill of Rights—extending international human rights law
4.4 Conclusions on the Bill of Human Rights
Cases
Reading
Websites
5 Regional protection of human rights
5.1 The advantages of regional systems
5.1.1 Drafting and adopting texts
5.1.2 Accessibility
5.1.3 Enforceability
5.2 The principal regional systems
5.3 Other regional initiatives
5.3.1 The Arab League
5.3.2 The Commonwealth of Independent States
5.3.3 Asia and the Pacific
5.3.3.1 Association of South East Asian Nations
5.4 Conclusions on regional systems
Cases
Reading
Websites
6 Europe
6.1 Council of Europe
6.1.1 The development of European human rights protection
6.1.2 The Convention and associated instruments
6.1.2.1 The European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the European Convention)
6.1.2.2 The Protocols
6.1.2.3 Other conventions
6.1.2.3.1 European Social Charter 1961
6.1.2.3.2 The European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages 1992
6.1.2.3.3 Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 1995
6.1.2.3.4 European Convention on the Exercise of Children’s Rights 1996
6.1.2.3.5 Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine 1997
6.1.2.3.6 Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence 2011
6.1.2.3.7 Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law 2024
6.1.3 The institutional framework
6.1.3.1 The Secretary-General
6.1.3.2 The Committee of Ministers
6.1.3.3 The Parliamentary Assembly
6.1.3.4 The European Commissioner on Human Rights
6.1.3.5 European Commission for Democracy through Law (The Venice Commission)
6.1.4 Implementing human rights—the institutional machinery
6.1.4.1 The former European Commission on Human Rights
6.1.4.2 The European Court of Human Rights
6.1.4.3 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance
6.1.5 Monitoring the European Convention on Human Rights
6.1.5.1 Inter-State complaints
6.1.5.2 Individual complaints
6.1.5.3 The four stages
6.1.5.3.1 Admissibility: single judges, committees, chambers, and the Grand Chamber
6.1.5.3.2 Merits: committees, chambers, and the Grand Chamber
6.1.5.3.3 Appeal: Grand Chamber
6.1.5.3.4 Enforcement: Committee of Ministers
6.1.5.4 Advisory opinions
6.2 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
6.2.1 The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
6.2.2 The High Commissioner on National Minorities
6.2.3 The Representative on Freedom of the Media
6.3 European Union
6.3.1 The European Court of Justice/Court of Justice of the European Union and human rights
6.3.1.1 The overlap between the two courts
6.3.2 Constitutional recognition of human rights in the European Union
6.3.3 The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
6.3.4 The Fundamental Rights Agency
6.3.5 Social policy
6.3.5.1 Non-discrimination
6.4 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
7 The Americas
7.1 The development of American human rights
7.2 The Declaration and the Conventions
7.2.1 The American Declaration
7.2.2 The American Convention
7.2.3 Additional Protocols
7.2.3.1 Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador) 1988
7.2.3.2 Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty 1990
7.2.4 Other conventions and instruments
7.2.4.1 Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture 1985
7.2.4.2 Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons 1994
7.2.4.3 Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women (Convention of Belém do Pará) 1994
7.2.4.4 Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities 1999
7.2.4.5 Inter-American Convention on Protecting the Human Rights of Older Persons 2015
7.3 The institutional framework
7.3.1 The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
7.3.1.1 Historical development of the Commission
7.3.1.2 Structure of the Commission
7.3.1.3 Function of the Commission
7.3.2 The Inter-American Court of Human Rights
7.3.2.1 Composition of the Court
7.3.2.2 Functions of the Court
7.3.3 The Inter-American Council for Integral Development
7.3.4 The General Assembly
7.3.5 The Inter-American Commission of Women
7.4 Implementing human rights
7.4.1 Monitoring human rights outwith the Convention
7.4.2 Convention—reports
7.4.3 Convention—inter-State complaints
7.4.4 Convention—individual complaints
7.5 Concluding comments on the OAS
7.6 Sub-regional organizations
7.6.1 MERCOSUR
7.6.2 Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
7.6.2.1 Caribbean Court of Justice
Cases
Reading
Websites
8 Africa
8.1 Development of human rights protection
8.2 The African Charter and other instruments
8.2.1 The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
8.2.1.1 The approach of the Charter
8.2.1.2 Duties in the Charter
8.2.2 The OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa 1969
8.2.3 African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa 2009
8.2.4 The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 1990
8.2.5 Protocol on Women’s Rights
8.3 Institutional framework
8.3.1 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
8.3.1.1 Composition and functions
8.3.1.2 Meetings of the Commission
8.3.2 The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
8.3.2.1 Jurisdiction of the Court
8.3.2.2 Composition of the Court
8.3.2.3 Locus standi
8.3.3 Proposed African Court of Justice and Human Rights
8.3.3.1 An African Criminal Court?
8.3.3.2 Towards the future
8.3.4 The Assembly of Heads of State and Government
8.3.5 The role of non-governmental organizations
8.4 Enforcing human rights
8.4.1 Reports
8.4.2 Inter-State complaints
8.4.3 Individual complaints
8.5 African (sub)regional mechanisms
8.5.1 ECOWAS
8.5.1.1 Community Court of Justice
8.5.2 East African Community
8.5.2.1 The East African Court of Justice
8.6 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
9 Monitoring, implementing, and enforcing human rights
9.1 The reports system
9.2 Inter-State complaints
9.3 Individual complaints
9.4 Special procedures: rapporteurs, independent experts, and working groups
9.5 Site/country visits
9.5.1 Torture prevention and visits to places of detention
9.6 Fact-finding missions and commissions of inquiry
9.7 The role of ancillary bodies
9.7.1 United Nations bodies
9.7.1.1 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
9.7.1.2 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
9.7.1.3 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
9.7.2 International Committee of the Red Cross
9.8 Non-governmental organizations
9.9 Individuals
9.10 National human rights institutions
9.11 Overview of problems with the present system
9.11.1 Ratifications, declarations, and reservations
9.11.1.1 The influence of global opinion
9.11.1.2 Reservations and declarations
9.11.2 State reports—quantity and quality
9.11.2.1 Addressing the issues
9.11.2.2 Changing the reporting conditions
9.11.2.3 Overlapping obligations
9.11.2.4 Work of the Committees
9.11.2.5 Backlog
9.11.3 Resources
9.11.3.1 Redeploying resources?
9.11.3.2 Individual communications: challenges
9.11.4 Implementation and sanctions
9.11.4.1 Denouncing treaties
9.11.4.2 Political enforcement
9.11.4.3 The success of the United Nations
9.12 Pluralism and homogeneity
9.13 Reform? Some observations
Cases
Reading
Websites
10 Substantive rights—general comments
10.1 Content of rights
10.2 State discretion and other limitations
10.2.1 State discretion
10.2.2 Clash of rights
10.2.3 Derogations
10.2.3.1 What is a derogation?
10.2.3.2 Non-derogable rights
10.2.3.3 Procedural requirements
10.2.4 Reservations
10.2.4.1 Definition and scope of reservations
10.2.4.2 Other reservations
10.2.4.3 Can States object to reservations?
10.2.4.4 Removing and reviewing reservations
10.2.4.5 Conclusions
10.2.5 Declarations
10.2.6 Denunciations
10.3 Interpretation and application
10.4 Remedies and reparations; compensation and damages
10.5 Examining human rights
Cases
Reading
Reading—Specific Rights
Websites
11 Equality and non-discrimination
11.1 The concept of equality
11.2 The prohibition on discrimination
11.3 Sex discrimination
11.3.1 The Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
11.3.2 Developing the law
11.3.3 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
11.3.4 Strengthening women’s rights
11.4 Race discrimination
11.4.1 Development of international law
11.4.2 The Declaration and the Convention
11.4.3 Definition of ‘racial discrimination’
11.4.4 Conclusions
11.5 Religious discrimination
11.5.1 Developing the international prohibition
11.5.2 Developing the Declaration
11.5.3 Content of the Declaration
11.5.4 Developing the concept
11.5.5 Special thematic rapporteurs on religious intolerance and discrimination
11.5.6 Discrimination at work
11.5.7 Conclusions
11.6 Other grounds of discrimination
11.6.1 Language
11.6.2 Ability/disability
11.6.3 Others
11.7 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
12 Rights for specific vulnerable persons
12.1 Vulnerable people
12.2 Refugees
12.2.1 Historical issues
12.2.2 Refugees’ rights and the 1951 Convention
12.2.3 The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
12.2.4 Regional developments
12.2.4.1 Africa
12.2.4.2 The Americas
12.2.4.3 Europe
12.2.5 Developments
12.3 Internally displaced persons
12.3.1 International developments
12.3.2 Regional developments
12.3.2.1 Africa
12.4 Stateless persons
12.4.1 International developments
12.4.2 Rights of stateless persons
12.5 Women
12.5.1 Historical issues
12.5.2 Rights of women
12.5.2.1 Family rights
12.5.2.2 Violence and other abuse
12.5.3 International developments
12.5.4 Regional developments
12.5.4.1 Americas
12.5.4.2 Africa
12.5.4.3 Europe
12.6 Children
12.6.1 Historical issues
12.6.2 Children’s rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
12.6.2.1 Protection of children from harm
12.6.2.2 Providing children with basic needs
12.6.2.3 Participation of the child
12.6.3 International developments
12.6.4 Regional developments
12.6.4.1 Africa
12.6.4.2 Europe
12.6.4.3 Americas
12.7 Older persons
12.7.1 Key issues
12.7.2 International developments
12.7.3 Regional developments
12.7.3.1 The Americas
12.7.3.2 Africa
12.7.3.3 Europe
12.8 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
13 The right to life
13.1 Right to life
13.1.1 A positive obligation to protect life
13.1.1.1 Obligations to legally protect life
13.1.1.2 Obligation to investigate deaths
13.1.1.3 Link to healthcare
13.1.2 Parameters of life
13.1.2.1 The start of life
13.2 Permissible deprivation of life
13.2.1 Death penalty
13.2.1.1 Abolishing the death penalty
13.2.1.2 Regional developments
13.2.2 Death by actions of State security forces
13.2.2.1 Application by the Human Rights Committee
13.2.2.2 Application to actions of security forces
13.2.2.3 Application to ‘forced disappearances’
13.2.3 Death during armed conflict
13.2.3.1 Civil unrest
13.2.3.2 International conflicts
13.3 Genocide
13.3.1 Definition of genocide
13.3.2 The Genocide Convention
13.3.3 Genocide as an international crime
13.3.4 The work of the International Criminal Tribunals
13.3.4.1 Rwanda
13.3.4.2 Former Yugoslavia
13.3.4.3 UN Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals
13.3.5 Conclusions on the prohibition on genocide
13.4 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
14 The right to liberty of person
14.1 Slavery and servitude
14.1.1 Slavery
14.1.2 Slave trade and trafficking
14.1.3 Analogous practices
14.1.4 Forced or compulsory labour
14.2 Liberty and security of person
14.2.1 Deprivation of liberty
14.2.2 Grounds of detention
14.2.2.1 Detention following conviction by a competent court
14.2.2.2 Extradition, expulsion, or deportation
14.2.2.3 Minors
14.2.2.4 Compulsory residence orders
14.2.2.5 Detention for medical reasons
14.2.2.6 Detention on suspicion of a criminal offence
14.2.3 Procedural guarantees
14.2.3.1 Prompt determination of legitimacy of detention
14.2.3.2 Release pending trial
14.2.3.3 Review of legitimacy of detention
14.2.3.4 Compensation for non-justified detention
14.2.3.5 Link to conditions for treatment of prisoners
14.2.3.6 Link to enforced disappearances
14.2.4 Derogations from the provisions
14.3 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
15 Equality before the law—the right to a fair trial
15.1 Recognition, equality, and access issues
15.1.1 Recognition as a person before the law
15.1.2 Lack of capacity to enter legal obligations
15.1.3 Problems with defining ‘persons’
15.1.4 Equality of persons before the law
15.1.5 A right of access to a court?
15.2 Prohibition on retroactive penal legislation
15.2.1 National and international crimes
15.2.2 Defining crimes
15.2.3 Examples of violations
15.3 What are ‘courts and tribunals’?
15.3.1 The treaty-monitoring bodies?
15.4 An independent and impartial court
15.4.1 Jurisprudence
15.5 Presumption of innocence
15.6 Minimum guarantees for criminal trials
15.6.1 The language of the trial and charges
15.6.2 Adequate time and facilities to prepare and conduct a defence
15.6.3 Trial in absentia
15.6.4 Legal aid
15.6.5 Trial within a reasonable time
15.6.6 Public hearing
15.6.7 Double jeopardy
15.6.8 Appeal hearing
15.7 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
16 The right to an adequate standard of living
16.1 The right to an adequate standard of living
16.1.1 The duty incumbent on States
16.1.2 Components of the right to an adequate standard of living
16.2 Food
16.2.1 Scope of right
16.2.2 Food distribution and supply
16.3 Housing
16.3.1 Scope of right
16.3.2 Forced evictions
16.3.3 Homelessness
16.3.4 Environmental concerns
16.4 Right to water
16.4.1 Scope of right
16.5 Social security and protection
16.5.1 Scope of right
16.6 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
17 Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment or punishment
17.1 A hierarchy of treatment?
17.1.1 The inclusion of mental suffering
17.2 Torture
17.2.1 The international position
17.2.2 The Inter-American system
17.2.3 The European system
17.2.4 Threat of torture
17.2.5 Reprisals
17.2.6 Scientific and medical experimentation
17.2.7 Compensation for victims
17.3 Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
17.3.1 Corporal punishment
17.3.1.1 Judicial corporal punishment
17.3.1.2 Corporal punishment of children
17.3.2 Death-row phenomenon
17.4 Prevention of torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
17.4.1 The international position
17.4.2 The regional position
17.4.2.1 The Americas
17.4.2.2 Europe
17.4.2.3 Africa
17.5 Emergency situations
17.6 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
18 The right to self-determination
18.1 The right to self-determination
18.2 The origins of the right to self-determination
18.2.1 After the First World War
18.2.2 The era of the League of Nations
18.3 The United Nations, decolonization, and self-determination
18.4 Self-determination today
18.4.1 Examples of non-colonial self-determination
18.4.2 Secession
18.4.3 Different covenants, different rights?
18.4.3.1 Political self-determination
18.4.3.2 Economic self-determination
18.4.4 Autonomy for minority and Indigenous groups
18.4.5 Free, prior, and informed consent
18.4.6 Self-determination and the African Charter
18.5 Claiming self-determination
18.6 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
19 Indigenous Peoples’ and minority rights
19.1 Minority rights
19.1.1 Background to minority rights
19.1.2 The need for minority protection
19.1.2.1 Rationalizing minority protection
19.1.2.2 The Universal Declaration and minority rights
19.1.3 Defining ‘minorities’
19.1.3.1 Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
19.1.3.2 Tests employed to determine minority status
19.1.4 The scope of Art 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
19.1.4.1 The right to enjoy one’s culture
19.1.4.1.1 ‘Culture’ through the case law
19.1.4.2 The right to profess and practise religion
19.1.4.3 The right to use one’s own language
19.1.4.4 Using the International Covenant
19.1.4.5 The Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 1992
19.1.5 Other UN initiatives
19.1.6 Regional developments
19.1.6.1 European developments
19.1.6.1.1 Council of Europe
19.1.6.1.2 European Union
19.1.6.1.3 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
19.2 Indigenous Peoples
19.2.1 Historical issues
19.2.2 Claims of Indigenous Peoples
19.2.2.1 Right to an existence
19.2.2.2 Autonomy
19.2.2.3 Land rights
19.2.2.4 Cultural rights
19.2.3 International developments
19.2.4 Regional developments
19.2.4.1 Americas
19.2.4.2 Africa
19.2.4.3 Europe
19.3 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
20 Freedom of expression
20.1 Freedom of expression
20.2 Freedom of the press and media
20.2.1 State-owned media
20.2.2 Regional developments
20.2.3 Link to human rights education
20.3 Overlap with other rights (correspondence, privacy, association)
20.4 Exceptions
20.4.1 Propaganda for war or national, racial, or religious hatred
20.4.2 War/public emergency
20.4.3 National security/public order
20.4.3.1 The gathering of intelligence
20.4.3.2 Publication of ‘memoirs’ of former intelligence/security/military personnel
20.4.3.3 Military information
20.4.4 Public health and morals
20.4.5 The rights and reputations of others
20.5 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
21 The right to education and human rights education
21.1 The right to education
21.1.1 Access to education
21.1.1.1 Provision of free education
21.1.1.2 Non-discrimination in the provision of education
21.1.2 Nature of education
21.1.2.1 Scope of education offered
21.1.2.2 Influence of parents and guardians
21.1.3 Academic freedom
21.1.4 The United Nations’ Special Rapporteur on the right to education
21.2 The right to human rights education
21.2.1 Links to other human rights
21.2.2 Achieving universal education on human rights
21.2.3 Teaching non-discrimination
21.2.4 The United Nations Decade of Human Rights Education
21.3 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
22 Sustainable development and human rights
22.1 The right to development
22.2 The Millennium Development Goals
22.3 Towards Agenda 2030
22.4 Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development
22.4.1 People: social development
22.4.2 Planet: environmental rights
22.4.3 Prosperity: economic development
22.4.4 Peace
22.5 UN Sustainable Development Goals
22.5.1 Monitoring progress towards the SDGs
22.5.1.1 High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
22.5.2 Cross-cutting human rights themes
22.5.2.1 Leave no one behind
22.5.3 Accountability
22.5.4 Participation
22.6 Related frameworks, goals, and targets
22.7 Conclusions
Reading
Websites
23 Human rights in practice: the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study
23.1 COVID-19
23.2 Duties on States
23.2.1 Derogations
23.2.2 Limiting or restricting enjoyment of rights
23.2.3 Non-retrogression of enjoyment of rights
23.2.4 Relationship with other international duties and obligations
23.3 Interrelated, interdependent, and indivisible universal rights
23.3.1 Right to respect for life
23.3.1.1 Actions to protect life
23.3.2 Right to highest attainable standard of health
23.3.2.1 Mental health
23.3.2.2 Social determinants of health
23.3.2.3 Equitable access to effective vaccines
23.3.3 Freedoms of information and expression and the right to privacy (information and expression)
23.3.3.1 Freedoms of information and expression
23.3.3.2 Right to privacy
23.3.4 Family rights (including marriage) and cultural celebrations and commemorations, including religious observances
23.3.4.1 Family rights
23.3.4.2 Religious observances
23.3.5 Work
23.3.5.1 Prohibitions on work
23.3.5.2 Safe working conditions
23.3.6 Freedom of Movement
23.4 Duties on States moving forward
Cases
Reading
Websites
24 Current issues: non-State actors
24.1 Positive obligations to protect, respect, promote, and fulfil treaty obligations
24.2 Non-State armed groups
24.2.1 Private armed security firms
24.3 Business and human rights
24.3.1 ILO fundamental conventions
24.3.2 UN Global Compact
24.3.3 UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
24.4 International, regional, and non-governmental organizations
24.4.1 The United Nations
24.4.2 Non-governmental organizations
24.5 Conclusions
Cases
Reading
Websites
List of Illustrations
Images
3 The United Nations
6 Europe
7 The Americas
8 Africa