Implantable Medical Electronics

Name: Implantable Medical Electronics
Price: 6030 ISK
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Author: Vinod Kumar Khanna
ISBN: 9783031998683

Höfundur: Vinod Kumar Khanna (Útgáfa: 2)

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The extensively updated and expanded new edition of this book delves into the latest advancements in the field, presenting a comprehensive exploration of implantable medical devices. The first section on basic concepts and principles provides a thorough perspective on the electronics background necessary for this work. The second section on applications deals with pacing techniques used for the heart, brain, spinal cord, and the network of nerves that interlink the brain and spinal cord with the major organs, including ear and eye prostheses.

The four main offshoots of implantable electronics, which this book discusses, are: The insertion of an implantable neural amplifier for accurate recording of neural signals for neuroengineering studies; The use of implantable pulse generators for pacing the activities of diseased organs; The use of implantable sensors for observing the influence of therapy and monitoring a patient's biological parameters; The use of drug delivery systems to supervise the supply of accurate doses of medicine to affected parts.

This edition includes new chapters on smart contact lenses, eye implants, and wireless capsule endoscopy. Readers will also find chapters on clocking and timing circuits, pulse generator circuits, neural amplifiers, batteries, biomaterials, biocompatibility, and more. A unique highlight of this book is a dedicated chapter addressing the critical concerns of cybersecurity and confidentiality in implantable devices.

End-of-chapter questions and exercises help readers apply the content to practical use, making this an ideal book for anyone wishing to learn more about implantable devices. Implantable Medical Electronics: Prosthetics, Drug Delivery, and Health Monitoring is a comprehensive interdisciplinary resource for graduate students studying electrical engineering, electronic instrumentation, and biomedical engineering.

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Útgefandi: Springer Nature

ISBN: 9783031998683

Print ISBN: 9783031998676

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 2

Höfundar: Vinod Kumar Khanna

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2026-01-01

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Verkfræði

Efnisflokkar: Tækni og verkfræði › Efnisfræði Tækni og verkfræði › Lífeindafræði Tækni og verkfræði › Nanótækni og MEMS

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Implantable Medical Electronics
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
About This Book
Why This Book Was Written?
For Whom This Book Was Written?
Layout of the Book
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
1. Introduction, Scope, and Overview
1.1 Electronics
1.2 Medical Electronics
1.3 Implantable Medical Electronics
1.4 Organization of the Book
1.5 Discussion and Conclusions
Part I: Basic Concepts and Principles
2. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Roles of Implantable Devices in the Human Electrical Machine: A Quick Primer
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Medical Devices and Medicinal Products
2.3 Medical Device Classification
2.4 Noninvasive and Invasive Medical Procedures and Devices
2.5 Implantable Medical Devices
2.6 Passive and Active Implantable Devices
2.7 Active Implantable Devices
2.7.1 Implantable Neural Amplifiers
2.7.2 Implantable Electronic Systems for Electrical Stimulation
2.7.3 Implantable Electronic Systems for Continuous Health Status Monitoring
2.7.4 Implantable Drug Delivery Systems
2.8 Brief Historical Background
2.9 Electrical System of the Human Body
2.10 Bioelectricity
2.10.1 Generation of Bioelectricity by Cells
2.10.2 Membrane Potential
2.10.3 Action Potential
2.11 Discussion and Conclusions
3. Generic Implant Architecture and Organization
3.1 Introduction
3.2 External Part of the Implantable Device
3.2.1 Induction Charger
3.2.2 Nonresonant and Resonant Coupling
3.2.3 Antenna
3.2.4 Transceiver
3.2.5 USB Port
3.3 The Inner Structural Layout of the Implant
3.3.1 The Secondary Coil
3.3.2 Rectifier, Filter, and Chargeable Battery
3.3.3 Voltage Regulator
3.3.3.1 Linear Regulator
3.3.3.2 Switch-Mode Power Supply
3.3.3.3 Bandgap Voltage Reference Circuit
3.3.4 Power Saving and Economization Unit
3.3.5 Battery-Less Implant
3.4 Data Telemetry Unit
3.5 Central Processing Unit
3.6 Memory Storage
3.7 Analog Front End
3.8 Electronic Block or Feature Grouping
3.9 Discussion and Conclusions
4. Dilemmas and Enigmas of Implantable IC Design
4.1 Introduction
4.2 CMOSFET: The Digital Workhorse
4.2.1 CMOS Processes
4.2.2 CMOS Combinational Logic
4.2.3 CMOS Advantages
4.3 Single-Chip Versus Multiple-Chip Design
4.4 Speed and Threshold Voltage Trade-Off
4.5 Matching the Threshold Voltages of N- and P-Channel Devices
4.6 Rise of Leakage Currents in Deep Submicron Transistors
4.6.1 Gate-Induced Drain Leakage
4.6.2 Leakage Current Flow Through the Gate Oxide
4.7 Reliability Degradation of Deep Submicron Transistors
4.7.1 Stress-Induced Leakage Current and Soft Breakdown
4.7.2 Negative-Bias Temperature Instability
4.7.3 CMOSFET Noise Sources
4.7.3.1 Thermal Noise
4.7.3.2 Flicker Noise
4.7.3.3 Shot Noise
4.7.3.4 Generation–Recombination Noise
4.7.3.5 Popcorn Noise
4.8 Input DC Offset
4.9 Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering
4.10 Channel Lengthening
4.11 Revision of Transistor Models for Implantable Electronics
4.12 Analog Signal Processing
4.13 Electrostatic Discharge Failure Limit and Protection
4.14 Digital Signal Processing
4.15 Memory Design Artifices
4.15.1 Sense Amplifiers
4.15.1.1 Voltage-Mode Sense Amplifier
4.15.1.2 Current-Mode Sense Amplifier
4.15.1.3 Charge Transfer Sense Amplifier
4.15.2 Soft Errors
4.16 IC Testing and Evaluation
4.17 Discussion and Conclusions
5. Neural Stimulation and Charge Balancing Approaches
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Monopolar and Bipolar Electrodes
5.3 Monophasic and Biphasic Waveforms
5.4 Functional Circuit Blocks
5.4.1 CMOS Switch
5.4.2 Digital-to-Analog Converter
5.4.3 Analog-to-Digital Converter
5.4.4 Voltage and Current Sources
5.4.5 Current Source Versus Current Sink
5.4.6 Current Mirror
5.4.7 Voltage-to-Current Converter
5.4.8 Voltage Multiplier
5.4.9 Boost Converter
5.4.10 Timer Circuit
5.4.11 Driver Circuit
5.5 Current-, Voltage-, and Charge-Mode Stimulation
5.5.1 Current-Mode Stimulation
5.5.2 Voltage-Mode Stimulation
5.5.3 Charge-Mode Stimulation
5.6 Charge Balancing
5.6.1 Passive Charge Balancing
5.6.1.1 Blocking Capacitor
5.6.1.2 Short-Circuiting of Electrodes
5.6.2 Active Charge Balancing
5.6.2.1 Charge Surveillance
5.6.2.2 Pulse Insertion
5.7 Discussion and Conclusions
6. Implant Clocking and Timing Circuits
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Clock Generators
6.3 Oscillator Circuits
6.3.1 Crystal Oscillator (XO)
6.3.2 Resistance–Capacitance Oscillator
6.3.3 Crystal-Based CMOS Square Wave Oscillators
6.3.4 Multivibrator Circuits Using Logic Gates
6.3.4.1 Monostable Multivibrator
6.3.4.2 Astable Multivibrator
6.3.4.3 Bistable Multivibrator
6.4 Timer ICs and Timing Circuits
6.4.1 Block Diagram
6.4.2 Pin Diagram
6.4.3 Monostable Mode for Timer or Time Delay Function
6.4.4 Monostable Mode for Frequency Division
6.4.5 Monostable Mode for Missing Pulse Detection
6.4.6 Pulse-Width Modulation
6.4.7 Astable Mode for Pulse Generation
6.4.8 Pulse Amplitude Modulation
6.4.9 Pulse Position Modulation
6.5 Discussion and Conclusions
7. Electrostimulation Pulse Generators
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electrical Pulse and Pulse Parameters
7.3 Pulse Generator
7.4 Power Supply
7.5 Pulse Timing Control Unit
7.6 Timer IC-Based Pulse Generator
7.7 Microcontroller-Based Pulse Generator
7.7.1 Why Microcontroller-Based Pulse Generators?
7.7.2 User Interfaces
7.7.3 Main Tasks of Microcontroller
7.7.4 Frequency Division by Counters
7.7.5 Changing Other Parameters of the Pulses
7.7.6 FET-Based Methods of Amplitude Control
7.8 Discussion and Conclusions
8. Biomaterials for Implants
8.1 Aims and Scope of Biomaterials
8.2 Defining Biocompatibility
8.3 Responses of Tissues to Materials
8.4 Metallic Biomaterials
8.4.1 Commonly Used Materials
8.4.2 Corrosion
8.4.3 Processing of Metals
8.4.4 Surface Treatment
8.4.5 Surface Coating
8.4.6 Cleaning and Sterilization
8.4.7 Biodegradable Metals
8.5 Bioceramics
8.5.1 Types of Ceramics
8.5.2 Dental Ceramics
8.5.3 Corrosion of Ceramics
8.5.4 Toxic Effects
8.6 Biocompatible Polymeric Materials
8.6.1 Need of Polymeric Materials
8.6.2 Special Properties of Polymers
8.6.3 Polymer Integration
8.7 Discussion and Conclusions
9. Batteries for Implants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Lithium/Iodine–Polyvinylpyridine Battery
9.3 Lithium–Manganese Dioxide Battery
9.4 Lithium/Carbon Monofluoride Battery
9.5 Lithium/Carbon Monofluoride–Silver Vanadium Oxide Hybrid Battery
9.6 High-Rate Lithium/Silver Vanadium Oxide Battery
9.7 High-Rate Lithium–Manganese Dioxide Battery
9.8 High-Rate Lithium/Carbon Monofluoride–Silver Vanadium Oxide Hybrid Battery
9.9 Secondary Lithium-Ion Battery
9.10 Discussion and Conclusions
10. Wireless Communications and Powering of Implants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Powering the Implant
10.2.1 Through Percutaneous Leads
10.2.2 Wireless Charging
10.3 Inductive Charging
10.3.1 Frequencies Used
10.3.2 Coupling and Loading Variations
10.3.3 Design Considerations
10.3.4 Applications
10.4 Resonance Charging
10.5 Radio Charging
10.5.1 Similarity to Radio Transmission and Reception
10.5.2 Safety Limits
10.6 Biotelemetry
10.6.1 Active Telemetry
10.6.2 Passive Telemetry
10.7 Data Telemetry Uplink: From the Implanted Medical Device to Its External Part
10.7.1 Digital Modulation Techniques: A Quick Relook
10.7.2 Load-Shift Keying and Multilevel Load-Shift Keying
10.7.3 Auxiliary-Carrier Load-Shift Keying
10.7.4 Adaptive Control Load-Shift Keying
10.7.5 Passive Phase-Shift Keying
10.7.6 Pulse Harmonic Modulation
10.8 Data Telemetry Downlink: From the External Part to the Implanted Medical Device
10.8.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying
10.8.2 Frequency-Shift Keying
10.8.3 Phase-Shift Keying
10.9 Discussion and Conclusions
11. Cyber Security and Confidentiality Concerns with Implants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Apprehensions of Patients Receiving Implants
11.3 Security Requirements
11.4 Causes of Security Breaches
11.4.1 Deliberate Breaches
11.4.2 Unintentional Breaches
11.5 Types of Adversaries
11.6 Design Principles for Implant Security
11.7 Expository Examples of Security Breach Possibilities
11.7.1 Hijacking an Open-Loop Procedure: The Insulin Infusion Pump
11.7.2 Security Analysis of a Closed-Loop System: The Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
11.7.3 Security and Privacy of Implantable Biosensors Used for Data Acquisition
11.8 Conflict of Security with Safety, Efficiency, and Usability
11.9 Negative Aspects of Security Scheme
11.10 Protection Without Device Modification
11.11 Discussion and Conclusions
Part II: Applications
12. Neural Amplifier Circuits in Implants
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Clock-Based Amplifiers
12.2.1 Switched-Biasing Amplifier
12.2.2 Chopper-Stabilized Amplifier
12.2.2.1 Chopper Amplification Concept
12.2.2.2 Conventional Chopper-Stabilized Amplifier
12.2.2.3 Wide-Bandwidth Chopper-Stabilized Amplifier
12.2.3 Auto-zeroing Amplifier
12.3 Zero-Drift Amplifiers
12.4 Continuous-Time Amplifier Circuits
12.4.1 Operational Transconductance Amplifier
12.4.2 Comparison of OTA with Bipolar Transistor
12.4.3 OTA Versus Operational Amplifier
12.4.4 OTA Operation
12.4.5 Single OTA-Stage CMOS Amplifier
12.4.6 Low Input Capacitance Amplifier
12.5 Discussion and Conclusions
13. Implantable Sensors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Implantable Blood Pressure Sensor
13.2.1 Capacitive Pressure Sensors
13.2.2 Accelerometers
13.2.3 SAW Sensors
13.3 Predicaments of Implantable Biosensors
13.3.1 Foreign Body Response
13.3.2 Oxygen Shortfall
13.3.3 Enzyme Stability
13.4 Implantable Blood Gas Sensors
13.5 Artificial Pancreas Concept
13.5.1 Metabolite Sensors
13.5.2 Treatment Options for Diabetes
13.5.3 Subcutaneously Implanted Glucose Biosensor
13.6 NO Detection-Based Implantable Inflammation Sensor
13.7 Discussion and Conclusions
14. Cardiac Pacemakers
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Natural and Artificial Pacemakers of the Heart
14.3 Unipolar and Bipolar Stimulation
14.4 The Electrocardiogram Waveform
14.5 Arrhythmias and Pacemaker Indications
14.6 Types of Artificial Pacemakers
14.7 Pacemaker Codes
14.8 Fitting the Pacemaker
14.8.1 Surgery for Pacemaker
14.8.2 Post-operation Follow-Ups
14.9 First Pacemaker Implantation
14.10 Evolution of Pacemaker Electronics
14.10.1 Pulse Generators
14.10.2 Pacemaker Miniaturization
14.11 Software-Based Pacemaker Architecture
14.12 Programmability and Telemetry
14.13 Rate-Responsiveness
14.14 Automatic Safety/Backup Features
14.15 Pacing Leads and Connectors
14.15.1 Lead Construction and Design
14.15.2 Lead Fixation Mechanisms
14.15.3 Lead Materials
14.16 Pacemaker Myths and Misconceptions
14.17 Discussion and Conclusions
15. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Explanation of VT and VF
15.1.2 Cardioversion
15.2 Difference Between ICD and Pacemaker
15.3 Necessity of ICD
15.4 Historical Background
15.5 ICD Construction
15.6 Epicardial Versus Endocardial (Transvenous) Lead Systems
15.7 Arrhythmia Detection
15.8 Detection Zones
15.9 Algorithms for Detection of Arrhythmias
15.9.1 Algorithms for Single-Chamber ICDs
15.9.2 Algorithms for Dual-Chamber ICDs
15.10 Therapies Administered
15.11 Postimplantation Patient Follow-Up and Monitoring
15.12 Discussion and Conclusions
16. Deep Brain Stimulation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Movement Disorders
16.2.1 Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
16.2.2 Tremor
16.2.3 Dystonia
16.3 Lesioning Procedures and the Need of DBS
16.3.1 Pallidotomy, Thalamotomy, and Subthalamotomy
16.3.2 Advent of DBS
16.3.3 DBS Versus Lesioning
16.4 Patient Selection/Exclusion Criteria for DBS
16.5 DBS Surgical Methodology
16.6 The DBS System
16.7 Mechanisms of DBS Action
16.8 Risks of DBS Surgery
16.9 DBS for Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders
16.9.1 Major Depression
16.9.2 Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
16.9.3 Alzheimer’s Disease
16.10 Discussion and Conclusions
17. Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation
17.1 Introduction and Historical Glimpses
17.2 Epidural Space and Epidural Anesthesia
17.3 SCS Equipment
17.3.1 The Hardware and the Electrodes
17.3.2 Implantable Power Sources
17.3.2.1 The Conventional Non-rechargeable Unit
17.3.2.2 Rechargeable Unit
17.3.2.3 Radio-Frequency Unit
17.4 Mechanisms of Action
17.5 SCS Indications
17.6 Discussion and Conclusions
18. Vagus Nerve Stimulation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Epileptic Seizures
18.3 Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Medically Refractory Epilepsy
18.4 Promising Areas of VNS Therapy
18.5 Anatomical Basis of VNS
18.6 The VNS System
18.7 Implantation of VNS System
18.8 VNS in Depression
18.9 Reasons for Antidepressive Action of VNS
18.10 Drawbacks of VNS for Depression Treatment
18.11 VNS for Obesity Treatment
18.12 VNS for Rheumatoid Arthritis
18.13 Discussion and Conclusions
19. Diaphragmatic/Phrenic Nerve Stimulation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Respiration, Phrenic Nerves, and Diaphragm
19.3 Diaphragm Pacing Versus Mechanical Ventilation
19.4 Indications for D/P Nerve Stimulator
19.5 The Pacing System
19.6 Surgical Procedure
19.7 Training, Rehabilitation, and Precautions
19.8 Discussion and Conclusions
20. Sacral Nerve Stimulation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Urinary System and Bladder Control Problems
20.3 Indications for SNS
20.4 Diagnosis and Suitability
20.5 The SNS System and Implantation Procedure
20.5.1 The SNS System
20.5.2 Stages of the Implantation Procedure
20.5.2.1 Stage I: Minimally Invasive Screening Test
20.5.2.2 Stage II: Permanent Implantation
20.5.3 Stimulation Parameters
20.6 Discussion and Conclusions
21. Cochlear Implants
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Causes of Hearing Loss
21.2.1 Conductive Hearing Loss
21.2.2 Sensorineural Hearing Loss
21.2.3 Mixed Hearing Loss
21.3 CI Versus Hearing Aid
21.4 Acoustic Versus Electrical Hearing
21.5 Components of the Device
21.5.1 External Functionality
21.5.2 Internal Functionality
21.6 Candidacy for Cochlear Implantation
21.6.1 Presurgery
21.6.2 Surgical Procedure
21.6.3 Postsurgery
21.7 Discussion and Conclusions
22. Retinal Prostheses
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Role of Retina in Vision
22.3 Vision Impairment and Its Remedial Schemes
22.3.1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration
22.3.2 Retinitis Pigmentosa
22.3.3 Evolution of the Concept of Electrical Stimulation of the Retina
22.4 Two Kinds of Retinal Implant
22.4.1 Subretinal Implant
22.4.2 Epiretinal Implant
22.5 Argus II Retinal System
22.6 Alpha IMS Retinal Implant
22.7 Optimal Candidates for Retinal Implants
22.8 Discussion and Conclusions
23. Smart Contact Lenses and Eye Implants
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Types of Wearable and Implantable Lenses for the Eye
23.3 Monitoring of Glucose, Lactate, and Cholesterol Levels in Tear Fluid Using Eye Lenses
23.3.1 Contact Lens with Integrated Glucose Sensor
23.3.2 Contact Lens with Glucose Sensor, Circuit, and Wireless Display
23.3.3 Contact Lens for Glucose Monitoring and Drug Delivery in Diabetic Retinopathy
23.3.4 Fluorescent Contact Lens for Monitoring Glucose via a Smartphone
23.3.5 Contact Lens with Integrated Lactate Sensor
23.3.6 Contact Lens with Cholesterol Sensor
23.4 Contact Lens-Based Lysozyme Detection in Tear Fluid
23.5 Implantable IOL for Aqueous Humor Biomarkers for Central Nervous System Disorders
23.6 Implantable IOL Fluorescence Sensor for Alzheimer’s Disease
23.7 Theranostic Contact Lens for Glaucoma Treatment
23.7.1 Contact Lens with Gold Hollow Nanowire-Based Pressure Sensor
23.7.2 Contact Lens with a Capacitive Pressure Sensor
23.8 Contact Lens for Human–Machine Interaction
23.9 Discussion and Conclusions
24. Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
24.1 Preliminary Background
24.2 Core Components of the Capsule Used in Endoscopy
24.3 Procedure of Capsule Endoscopy
24.4 Applications of Capsule Endoscopy
24.5 Advantages of Capsule Endoscopy
24.6 Shortcomings of Capsule Endoscopy
24.7 Magnetically Guided Capsule Endoscopy
24.7.1 Working of Magnetically Guided Capsule Endoscopy
24.7.2 Types of Magnetic Actuation Systems
24.7.3 Applications, Benefits, and Limitations of MGCE
24.8 Comparison of Capsule Endoscopy with Related Techniques
24.8.1 Capsule Endoscopy Versus Conventional Endoscopy
24.8.2 Capsule Endoscopy Versus Radiographic Techniques
24.8.3 Capsule Endoscopy Versus CT Enteroclysis/MRI
24.8.4 Capsule Endoscopy Versus Push Enteroscopy
24.9 Future Directions and Prospects of Capsule Endoscopy
25. Drug Delivery Implants
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems
25.2.1 Oral Method
25.2.2 Nasal Method
25.2.3 Pulmonary Method
25.2.4 Transdermal Method
25.2.4.1 Advantages of Transdermal Method
25.2.4.2 Limitations of Transdermal Method
25.2.5 Intravenous Method
25.2.5.1 Intravenous Method for Fast Drug Delivery
25.2.5.2 Intravenous Method for Slow Drug Delivery
25.2.5.3 IV Push and IV Infusion
25.2.5.4 Risks of Intravenous Medication
25.2.5.5 Limitations of Intravenous Medication
25.2.6 Intramuscular Method
25.3 Advantages of IDDSs Over Existing Methods
25.4 Disadvantages of IDDSs Over Existing Methods
25.5 Desirable Properties of Effective Subcutaneous IDDSs
25.6 Biodegradation-Based IDDS Classification
25.6.1 Biodegradable IDDSs
25.6.2 Nonbiodegradable IDDSs
25.7 Passive and Active IDDSs
25.8 Micro- and Nanoscale IDDSs
25.8.1 Microreservoir-Based IDDSs
25.8.1.1 Passive Devices
25.8.1.2 Actively Driven Devices
25.9 Infusion Micropumps for Drug Delivery
25.9.1 Principles of Passive Micropumps
25.9.1.1 Osmotic Principle
25.9.1.2 Spring-Powering Principle
25.9.2 Principles of Active Micropumps
25.9.2.1 Electrostatic Principle
25.9.2.2 Piezoelectric Principle
25.9.2.3 Electrochemical Principle
25.9.2.4 Thermal Principle
25.10 Robotic Capsules for Drug Delivery to the Gastrointestinal Tract
25.11 Advantages and Disadvantages of Capsule Robots
25.12 Discussion and Conclusions
Index