Handbook of Social Psychology, Volume Two

Name: Handbook of Social Psychology, Volume Two
Price: 13280 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey
ISBN: 9781118553640

Höfundar: Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey (Útgáfa: 5)

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The classic Handbook of Social Psychology has been the standard professional reference for the field of social psychology for many years. Now available in a new edition, Volume 2 of this internationally acclaimed work brings readers up to date with new chapters on social neuroscience, mind perception, morality, and social stratification. The editors have structured Volume 2 in a way that highlights the many levels of analysis used by contemporary psychologists.

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Útgefandi: Wiley Professional Development (P&T)

ISBN: 9781118553640

Print ISBN: 9780470137499

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 5

Höfundar: Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2/1/10

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Kaflar

Front Matter
Dedication
Fifth Edition Preface
Contributors to Volume 2
PART III The Social World
Chapter 21 Evolutionary Social Psychology
What is Evolutionary Social Psychology?
Important Assumptions and Conceptual Tools
Reproductive Fitness is the Coin of the Realm
Adaptations Solved Problems
Adaptations are Functionally Specialized and Domain-Specific
Adaptations are Imperfect in Evolutionarily Sensible Ways
The Affordance Management System
Cues Connote Affordances
Figure 21.1 Affordance Management System.
Thinking (and Feeling) is for Doing
The Focus is on Function
Content Matters
Context Matters, Too
This Applies to all of Social Psychology
Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychological Phenomena
Ultrasociality, Belongingness, and Self-Esteem
Table 21.1 Representative Illustrations of Functional Linkages Between Specific Fundamental Social Motives, Social Affordances (Opportunities and Threats) Germane to Them, Cues that Reveal These Affordances, Functional Psychological and Behavioral Responses to Them, and the Types of Contextual Variables that Moderate the Extent to Which These Adaptive Mechanisms are Engaged
Social Attention, Perception, and Person Memory
Social Inference and Impression Formation
Prosocial Behavior
Kinship
Reciprocal Exchange
Stigmatization
Aggression
Sexual Attraction and Mate Selection
Long-Term Romantic Relationships
Offspring Care
Social Influence
Group Dynamics
Intergroup Prejudices and Intergroup Conflicts
The Affordance Management System Revisited
Linkages to Development, Learning, and Culture
Development
Learning
Cross-Cultural Variability
Thinking Straight about Theory and Research in Evolutionary Social Psychology
The Epistemic Status of Evolutionary Psychological Hypotheses
The Logical Implications of Evolved Psychological Mechanisms
Future Directions
Underlying Mechanisms
Broader Applications
Final Comments
Envoi
References
Chapter 22 Morality
What is Morality About?
The Great Narrowing
Redefining Morality: Beyond Harm and Fairness
The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology
Intuitive Primacy (But Not Dictatorship)
People Make Rapid Evaluative Judgments of Others
Moral Judgments Involve Brain Areas Related to Emotion
Morally Charged Economic Behaviors Involve Brain Areas Related to Emotion
Psychopaths Have Emotional Deficits
Moral-Perceptual Abilities Emerge in Infancy
Manipulating Emotions Changes Judgments
People Sometimes Can't Explain Their Moral Judgments
Reasoning is Often Guided by Desires
Research in Political Psychology Points to Intuitions, Not Reasoning
Research on Prosocial Behavior Points to Intuitions, Not Reasoning
Counter-Evidence: When Deliberation Matters
Moral Thinking is for Social Doing
The Puzzle of Cooperation
Reputation, Rules, and the Origin of Conscience
The Intuitive Politician
The Intuitive Prosecutor
All Cognition is for Doing
Morality Binds and Builds
Multilevel Selection
Group Selection in Action
Seeing and Being Groups
Prosociality Within Groups
Maintaining Groups
Religion and Morality
The Many Foundations of a Broader Morality
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 23 Aggression
What is Aggression?
Aggression and Violence Defined
Forms and Functions of Aggression
Different Forms of Aggression
Different Functions of Aggression
Frequency of Violent and Aggressive Behavior
Is the World Less Violent Now Than in the Past?
Cross-National Comparisons of Murder Rates
Recent Murder Trends in the United States
Figure 23.1 USA murder rates (per 100,000 population) from 1900–2006 (US Department of Justice, 2008).
Developmental Trends and Gender Differences in Aggression
Emergence of Aggression in Early Childhood
Age Trends in Aggression and Violence
Continuity of Aggression From Childhood to Adulthood
Emergence of Gender Differences
Theoretical Orientations for the Study of Aggression
Instinctive and Psychoanalytic Theories of Aggression
Frustration-Aggression Theory
Learning Theory Formulations
Aversive Stimulation Theory
Social-Cognitive, Information-Processing Models of Aggression
Recent Advances in Observational Learning Theory
Ego Depletion Theory
Causes of Aggression
Situational Factors That Precipitate Aggression
Unpleasant Events
Presence of Weapons
Situational Stimuli That Arouse
Some Situational Factors That Interfere with Aggression Inhibition
Alcohol
Anonymity
Predisposing Personal Factors
Personality
Psychopathy
Narcissism
Poor Self-Control
Predisposing Biological Factors
Low Arousal
Low Serotonin
High Testosterone
Executive Functioning Deficits and IQ
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Genetic Predispositions to Aggress
Evolutionary Underpinnings for Aggression
Predisposing Environmental Factors
Family Environment
Coercive Family Interactions
Peer Environment
Bullying
Cultural and Community Environment
Mass Media Environment
Experiments on Short-Term Effects of Media-Violence
Longitudinal Studies of Long-Term Effects of Media Violence
Sexually Explicit Violent Media
Reducing Aggression
Catharsis
Punishment
Developing Nonaggressive Ways of Behaving
Approaches to Reducing Proactive Aggression
Approaches to Reducing Reactive Aggression
Summary
References
Chapter 24 Affiliation, Acceptance, and Belonging: The Pursuit of Interpersonal Connection
Affiliation
Situational Determinants of Affiliation
Affiliation Under Conditions of Anxiety and Stress
Opportunities for Relationship Formation
Behaviors that Promote Affiliation in Others
Seeking Acceptance and Belonging
Relational Value as the Basis of Acceptance and Rejection
Promoting Relational Value
Seeking Approval and Liking
Achievement and Competence
Being a Good Relational Partner or Group Member
Physical Appearance
Self-Presentation and Relational Value
Monitoring Relational Value and Social Connections
The Sociometer
Social Monitoring System
Varieties of Rejection-Related Events
Explicit Rejection and Ostracism
Stigmatization
Prejudice and Discrimination
Implicit Devaluation and Rejection
Criticism
Bullying
Betrayal
Interpersonal Favoritism
The Common Link
Reactions to Rejection
Emotional Responses
Hurt Feelings
Loneliness and Homesickness
Emotional Numbing
State Self-Esteem
Ancillary Effects of Rejection
Dealing With Threats to Affiliation, Acceptance, and Belonging
Restoring Social Connections
Social Withdrawal
Antisocial Responses
Long-Term Consequences of Rejection
Summary
References
Chapter 25 Close Relationships
What is Closeness?
The Many Forms of Responsiveness
Focusing on Process
A Broad, Integrative Process Model of Responsiveness Dynamics
Responsiveness as A Relationship-Specific Construct
Do People Want Responsiveness?
Model of Responsiveness Given and Received
Figure 25.1 An Integrative Model of Responsiveness.
Path A: Precipitating Factors that Motivate Desire for a Close, Responsive Relationship
Nepotism
Pre-existing Bonds with Others
Qualities of the Target
Similarity/Dissimilarity
Activated Thoughts Relevant to Other Relationships
Attachment Dimensions
Proximity
Path B: Precipitating Factors Especially Likely to Predict Interpersonal Confidence
Self-Views and Self-Esteem
Match Between Self and Partner
Attachment-Related Anxiety
Path C: Interpersonal Confidence Breeds Desire
Paths D and E: Relationship-Specific Predictors of Felt Confidence
Paths F, G, H, and I: Enactment of Responsivene Acts
Paths J, K, L: Seeking Responsive Acts
Path M: Responsiveness and Well-being
Summary
References
Chapter 26 Interpersonal Stratification: Status, Power, and Subordination
Definitions
Overview
Group-Based Status: Opening Doors
Immediate Effects
Primates Attend Up and Make Way
People Defer Nonverbally to Status
People Heed and Respect Status
Groups Immediately Bestow Leadership
Organizations Grant Instant Advantage by Status
Between Societal Groups, Status Awards Apparent Competence
Elites Control Political Discourse
Summary of Short-Term Status Effects
Lifelong Effects: What's So Special About Certain Categories?
Gender
Age
Race
Social Class
Summary of Lifelong Status Effects
Power: Views From The Top
Power Liberates
Power Corrupts
Power Focuses
Summary
Subordination: Looking Up from the Bottom
Short-Term Consequences of Being Subordinate
Vigilance
Accommodation
Hassles, Harassment, Aggression
Envy
Protection
Accuracy
Conclusions Regarding Short-Term Effects of Subordination
Long-Term Consequences of Being Subordinate
Reputational Threat
Coping with Self-Esteem Threats
Health Risks
Benefits?
Summary
References
Chapter 27 Social Conflict: The Emergence and Consequences of Struggle and Negotiation
Figure 27.1 Flowchart of conflict process.
Emergence of Social Conflict
Interdependence Theory
Figure 27.2 The prisoner's dilemma as an example of mixed-motive interdependence.
Greed, Fear, and Fairness
Noncooperation Within and Between Groups
Traits Influencing Greed, Fear, and Fairness
Transient States Influencing Greed, Fear, and Fairness
Group Size, Self-Efficacy, Anonymity, and Identification
Individual–Group Discontinuity and Intergroup Conflict
Institutional Solutions to Noncooperation
Privatization, Leadership, and Sanctioning Systems
Communication and Cooperative Norms
Altruistic Punishment
Summary and Synthesis
Strategic Choice in Social Conflict
Taxonomies of Conflict Management Procedures
Motivational Approaches to Strategic Choice
Theory of Cooperation and Competition
Dual Concern Theory
Figure 27.3 Dual concern theory.
Summary and Synthesis
Struggle and Conflict Escalation
Struggle Begets Struggle Begets More Struggle
Table 27.1 Eight Types of Escalatory Responses in Conflict
Psychological Processes in Conflict Escalation
Entrapment and Escalated Commitment
Hostile Attributions
Naïve Realism and Egocentric Misperceptions
Conditions Promoting Conflict Escalation
Individual Differences
Group-Level Factors and Escalation of Intergroup Conflict
Self-Sustaining Nature of Escalated Conflicts
Summary and Synthesis
Negotiation and Joint Problem Solving
Single-Issue and Multi-Issue Negotiation
Behavioral Strategies in Single-Issue Negotiations
Structure of Multi-Issue Negotiations
Behavioral Strategies in Multi-Issue Negotiation
Table 27.2 Buyer and Seller Profit Sheets in the Pruitt and Lewis (1975) Study of Integrative Negotiation
Motivational and Cognitive Processes in Integrative Negotiation
Negotiation and Problem Solving in Small Groups
Between-Group Negotiation and Problem Solving
Negotiation Teams: Are Two Heads Better Than One?
Representative Negotiation
Cross-Cultural Differences
Mediation
Summary and Synthesis
Functions of Social Conflict
Individual-Level Consequences
Health and Well-Being
Learning and Creativity
Consequences to Groups and Intergroup Relations
Group Decision Making and Team Performance
Group Formation and Social Change
Summary and Synthesis
Summary
References
Chapter 28 Intergroup Relations
Theories of Group Attachment
Group Attachment: From Individual and Collective Needs to Group Formation
Motivational Determinants of Attachment
Cognitive Determinants of Attachment
Summary
Group Attachment: From Group Categorization to Individual Identification
Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorization Theory
Elaborations and Criticisms of Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorization Theory
Summary
Appraisals of Intergroup Relations
Group Perception
Categorization, Stereotype Activation, and Stereotype Application
Content of Stereotypes
Homogeneity, Entitativity, and Essentialism
Summary
Intergroup Representations
Appraisals of the Intergroup Structure
Appraisals of Intergroup Threat
Summary
From Prejudice to Emotions
Prejudice
From Personality Factors to Ideologies
Types of Prejudice
Summary
Group-Based Emotions
Specific Emotions
Emotional Reactions of Dominant Groups
Emotional Reactions of Dominated Groups
Summary
Intergroup Behaviors
Group Membership as a Determinant of Intergroup Behavior
Summary
Actions of Dominant Groups
Individual Discriminatory Behaviors
Organizational, Institutional, and Cultural Discriminatory Behaviors
Summary
Reactions of Dominated Groups
Reactions Toward Behaviors of Dominant Group Members
Reactions About Their Disadvantaged Position
Summary
Intergroup Interactions
Summary
Challenges and Promises
References
Chapter 29 Intergroup Bias
Distinctions and Definitions
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Explicit and Implicit Bias
Outgroup Derogation and Ingroup Favoritism
Social Categorization, Identity, and Bias
Functions and Consequences of Social Categorization
Functional Relations Between Groups
Collective Identity
Social Categorization, Functional Relations, and Collective Identity: An Integration
Reducing Intergroup Bias: Intergroup Contact and Category-Based Models
Decategorization/Personalization
Figure 29.1 Miller's 2002 models of intergroup contact: (A) category based, (B) differentiated, and (C) personalized models.
Mutual Intergroup Differentiation
Figure 29.2 Depiction of Brown and Hewstone's 2005 mutual intergroup differentiation/intergroup contact theory framework.
Common Ingroup Identity
Table 29.1 Recategorization and Decategorization Reduce Bias, But in Different Ways
Figure 29.3 The common ingroup identity model.
Integration of Category-Based Models for Reducing Bias
Additional Directions
Moderation: Relationships Among Group Identities and Group Status
Relations Among Subgroup Identity, Superordinate Identity, and Functional Relations
Group Status
Cognitive and Affective Mediators
Cognitive Mediators
Affective Mediators
Relationships Among Different Types of Bias
Implicit and Explicit Bias
Intergroup Attitude, Interaction, and Social Change
Summary
References
Chapter 30 Social Justice: History, Theory, and Research
Lewinian Tradition in Social Psychology
Social Justice as a Central Theoretical and Practical Concern of Social Psychology
The Justice Motive in Human Behavior
Rational Choice Theory and Its Discontents
The Altruism Debate
A Typology of Social Justice Concerns
Distributive Justice
Aristotle and the History of the Concept
Marxian Tradition
Liberal-Progressive Tradition
Utilitarianism
Deontological Approaches
Conservative Critique of the Liberal–Socialist Tradition
Social Psychological Theories and Evidence
Equity Theory
Criticisms and Limitations
Principles of Equality and Need
Cooperative Versus Competitive Social Systems
Do Liberals and Conservatives Prefer Different Justice Principles?
Relative Deprivation and Social Comparison
Origins of Relative Deprivation Theory
The Distinction Between Individual and Group Deprivation
Criticisms and Limitations
Belief in a Just World
Deservingness and Entitlement
Social Dilemmas
Individual Differences
Structural Factors
Procedural Justice
“Voice” and Other Procedural Justice Criteria
Why Do People Care About Procedures?
Instrumental Models
Relational Models
Epistemic Models
Interactional (or Informal) Justice
Fairness of Interpersonal Treatment
Relationship Between Procedural and Interactional Justice
Retributive Justice
Is Vengeance Ours?
Restorative Justice
Obstacles to Attaining Social Justice
Authoritarianism and Social Dominance
System Justification: The Palliative Function of Ideology
Motivation to Justify the Societal Status Quo
Stereotyping as System Justification
System-Justifying Aspects of Conservative Ideology
Costs and Benefits of System Justification
From Theory to Practice: What Can Social Psychology Contribute to Social Justice?
References
Chapter 31 Influence and Leadership
Influence, Leadership, and Social Psychology
Leadership
Influence
Milestones in the Social Psychology of Influence and Leadership
Compliance Versus Conformity
Compliance and Obedience
Compliance and Persuasion
Strategic Self-Presentation
Multiple Requests: Foot-in-the-Door, Door-in-the-Face, and Low-Balling
Obedience to Authority
Stanley Milgram
Factors Influencing Obedience
Group Norms
Nature and Structure of Norms
Stereotypes and Roles
Variation of Norms
Emergence and Persistence of Norms
Detecting and Changing Norms
How People Determine Norms
Normative Disagreement and Normative Criticism
Majority Influence and Conformity
Yielding to the Majority
Individual and Group Differences in Conformity
Cultural Norms
Situational Influences on Conformity
Privacy, Interdependence, and Attraction
Group Size and Group Unanimity
Processes of Conformity
Informational and Normative Influence
Referent Informational Influence
Minority Influence and Social Change
Dissenters, Deviants, and Marginal Groups
Minority Influence
Conformity Bias and the Genetic Model
Conversion Theory
Convergent-Divergent Theory
Social Identity and Self-Categorization
Vested Interest and the Leniency Contract
Social Change
Social Movements and Collective Mobilization
Leadership
Defining Leadership
Individual Differences and Leadership Personalities
Situational Perspectives
The Behavior of Leaders
Contingency Theories
Fiedler's Contingency Theory
Normative Decision Theory
Path-Goal Theory
Situational Leadership Theory
Transactional Leadership
Idiosyncrasy Credit
Vertical Dyad Linkage and Leader–Member Exchange Theories
Transformational Leadership
Charisma and Charismatic Leadership
Leader Perceptions and Leadership Schemas
Leader Categorization Theory
Expectation States, Status Characteristics, and Role Congruity
Social Identity and Leadership
Social Identity Theory of Leadership
Trust and the Group Value Model
Intergroup Leadership
Summary
References
Chapter 32 Group Behavior and Performance
Groups Are Changing
Chapter Plan
Groups and their Attributes
Group Purposes and Performance
Accomplishing Work
Strengthening Group Capabilities
Fostering Individual Well-Being
Group Effectiveness
How Well Do Groups Perform?
When Groups, When Not
Group Versus Individual Performance
Achieving Groups’ Full Potential
Attributes of Purposive Groups
Responsibility and Synchrony
Table 32.1 Four Types of Groups
Level of Authority
Type of Work
Approaches to the Study of Groups
The Psychodynamic Approach
The Network Approach
The Action Approach
The Process-Focused Approach
The Decision-Analytic Approach
The Complex Systems Approach
Current Frontiers of Group Research
Assembly of Member Attributes
Contemporary Models of Collective Cognition
Interpretive Cautions
Use of Member Information and Expertise
Vulnerabilities
Overcoming the Vulnerabilities
Group Learning
Group Stability
Mechanisms
Overcoming the Liabilities of Newness
Compositional Diversity
What Is Compositional Diversity?
What Are the Effects of Compositional Diversity?
Beyond Mechanisms and Moderators
The Context of Group Behavior and Performance
Cues and Contingencies
Purposes, Places, and Resources
Authorities, Clients, and Other Groups
Collective Values
Temporal Issues
Beginnings
Entrainment, Pacing, and Rhythm
Constructions of Time
Team Leadership
Alternatives to Traits
Emergent Leadership
Leadership Functions
Timing
Shared Leadership
Collaboration in Dispersed Groups
What Is Known
Research Frontiers
Conclusion
References
Chapter 33 Organizational Preferences and Their Consequences
What is An Organization?
Organizational Homogeneity
Definition of Homogeneity
The Preference for and Prevalence of Social Homogeneity
Reasons for Social Homogeneity
Homogeneity in Organizational Demography
Homogeneity in Social Networks
Summary
Homogenizing Processes
Selection
Social Networks and Job Referrals
Organization Culture and Socialization
Segregation
Faultlines
Job Titles and Roles
Turnover
Negative Performance Evaluations and Involuntary Turnover
Job Satisfaction and Voluntary Turnover
Summary
Organizational Hierarchy
Definition of Hierarchy
The Preference for and Prevalence of Hierarchy
Existential Bases
Summary
Stratifying Processes
Creating Hierarchy
Imposing Hierarchy
Role Proliferation
Seeking and Rewarding Competence
Stabilizing Hierarchy
Role Internalization
Culture
Summary
Homogeneity and Hierarchy are Mutually Reinforcing
Hierarchy in Service of Homogeneity
Homogeneity in Service of Hierarchy
Performance Implications of Organizing Preferences
Management Challenges Related to Organizational Preferences
Diversity
Teams
Innovation and Change
Leadership and Empowerment
Summary
References
Chapter 34 The Psychological Underpinnings of Political Behavior
Overview of Political Psychology
Requirements of Democracy
Reconsidering Americans’ Competence
Causes of Behavior
Why do People Vote?
Registration
Barriers to Registration
Demographics
Education
Income
Occupation
Age
Gender
Mobility
Residency
Race
Social and Psychological Factors
Neighborhood Characteristics
Marriage
Participation in Civic Organizations
Group Solidarity
Trust
Contagion
Strength of Party Identification
Political Efficacy
Knowledge
Personal Importance of Policy Issues
Civic Duty
Habit
Patience
Altruism
Religiosity
Personality
Genetics
Characteristics of a Particular Election
Strength of Candidate Preference
Candidate Similarity in Policy Preferences
Closeness of the Race
Negative Advertising
Other Campaigns
Effects of Canvassing, Polling, and Election Outcome Projects
Canvassing
Preelection Polls
Predictions of Election Outcomes on Election Day
Being Interviewed for a Political Survey
Conclusions
Why do Some People Decide to Pressure Government?
Who Acts?
The Coordination of Collective Action
Real-World Conditions
Why do Some People Participate in Political Opinion Surveys?
Causes of Political Attitudes and Beliefs
How do People Decide which Candidate to Vote For?
Policy Preferences
Perceptions of Candidates’ Attitudes Toward Government Policies
Personal Importance of Policy Issues
The Projection Hypothesis
Candidate Ambiguity
Bandwagon Effects: The Influence of Social Norms
The Voter's Personality
Design of the Ballot
Ballot Layout
Candidate Name Order
Through what Cognitive Processes do People Form Candidate Preference?
Memory-Based Evaluations
Online Evaluations
“Thin Slice” Judgments
Other Determinants of Candidate Choices
How do People Decide which Government Policies to Favor and Oppose?
Ideology
Self-Interest
Groups, Group Identification, and Intergroup Competition
Values
News Media Influence
Presidential Rhetoric
Personality
How do People Decide with Which Political Party to Affiliate?
Childhood Socialization
Policy Preference Correspondence
Reconciling these Divergent Perspectives
Genetics?
Causes of Other Political Judgments
National Issue Priorities
News Media Agenda-Setting
Hypothesis
Evidence
The Real-World Cues Hypothesis
The Issue-Attention Cycle
Presidential Approval
Honeymoon Period
Impact of Events and Beliefs
Macroeconomic Indicators
Perceptions of the Economy
International Conflict
Policy Successes
Scandals
Personal Trauma
Presidential Travel Abroad
Presidential Speeches
Political Party Conventions
Tone of News Coverage
Perceptions of the President's Personality
Emotions Evoked by the President
Divided Government
Sharing the President's Party Identification and Ideology
Agreement on Policy Issues
Citizen Personality
News Media Priming
Impact of Presidential Rhetoric
Personal Importance Attached to Policy Issues
Causes of Political Knowledge
Determinants of Political Knowledge
Incidental Media Exposure
Nonselective Media Exposure
Issue-Specific Selective Attention
Summary
References
Chapter 35 Social Psychology and Law
Role of Social and Behavioral Science in the Law
(UN)Reliability of Eyewitness Identifications
Estimator Variables
Own-Race Bias
Disguises
Unconscious Transference
Stress
Weapon Focus
Exposure Duration and Retention Interval
System Variables
Lineup Composition
Lineup Instructions
Lineup Administration
Lineup Presentation
Showups Versus Lineups
Postdictors of Witness Accuracy
Witness Confidence
Witness Description Accuracy
Witness Consistency
Identification Speed
Interrogations and Confessions
Innocence and Waiver of Legal Rights
Deception Detection
Presumption of Guilt
Police Interrogation Tactics
Confessions and the Jury
Jury Selection
Effectiveness of Traditional Jury Selection
Scientific Jury Selection
Demographic Predictors of Verdict
Personality Predictors of Verdict
Attitudinal Predictors of Verdict
Effectiveness of Scientific Jury Selection
Bias in and From Jury Selection
Race and Peremptory Challenges
Conviction-Proneness and Voir Dire in Capital Cases
Behavioral Confirmation and the Voir Dire Process
Pretrial Publicity
Methods Used in Pretrial Publicity Studies
Remedies for Pretrial Publicity Effects
Deliberation
Voir Dire
Judicial Instruction
Continuances
Change of Venue
Expert Evidence
Judges’ Evaluations of Scientific Evidence
Attorneys’ Evaluations of Expert Evidence
Juror Decisions About Expert Evidence
Instruction on the Standard of Proof
Cross-Examination
Opposing Experts
Summary
References
Chapter 36 Social Psychology and Language: Words, Utterances, and Conversations
Words
Implicit Causality
Table 36.1 Categories and Examples From the Linguistic Category (Semin & Fiedler, 1988) and Implicit Causality (Brown & Fish, 1983) Models
Linguistic Abstractness
Language, Gender, and Syntax
Language and Social Thought: Between-Language Effects
Within-Language Effects: Language Use
Words, Identity, and Impressions of Others
Paralinguistic Variation
Content Variables
Utterances
Utterances and Meaning
Meaning as Action
Speech Act Theory
Embodied Cognition
Meaning as Inference
Grice's Model
Relevance Theory
Table 36.2 Examples of Generalized Implicatures
Evidence for Inferential Processing
Conversational Inferencing and Self-Report Measures
Interpersonal Underpinnings of Utterance Production and Comprehension
Face Management and Politeness Theory
Interpersonal Underpinnings
Imposition
Power
Distance
Politeness Theory Summary
Face-Work and Language Comprehension
Language, Culture, and Meaning
Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings
Culture and Linguistic Contextualization
Conversations
Conversational Structure
Adjacency Pairs
Turn-Taking and Repair
Perspective Taking
Table 36.3 Examples of Adjacency Pair Functions
Grounding and Collaboration
Interactive Alignment and Synchrony
Speech Accommodation
Conversational Activities and Their Cognitive Implications
Summary
Language, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Language Use and Social Cognition
Pragmatics and Social Psychology
Language and Culture
Language, Person Perception, and Impression Management
Emerging Communication Technologies
References
Chapter 37 Cultural Psychology
Humans as a Cultural Species
Cross-Cultural Generalizability of Psychological Findings
Considerations for Conducting Research Across Cultures
Humans are Enculturated as they Develop
Self-Concept
Independent Versus Interdependent Self-Concepts
Self-Consistency Versus Flexibility
Insider Versus Outsider Phenomenologies
Incremental Versus Entity Theories of Self
Multicultural Selves
Personality
Apparent Universality of Personality Structure
Cross-Cultural Variability in Levels of Personality Traits
Relationships
Motivation
Motivations for Self-Enhancement and Self-Esteem
Approach and Avoidance Motivations
Agency and Control
Motivations to Fit In or to Stick Out
Religion and Achievement Motivation
Motivations for Honor
Cognition and Perception
Analytic Versus Holistic Thinking
Attention to Objects and Fields
Reasoning Styles
Explaining the Behavior of Others
Language
Relationship Between Thinking and Talking
Implicit Versus Explicit Communication
Language Priming
Linguistic Relativity
Emotion
Emotions and Facial Expressions
Intensity of Emotional Experience
Emotion and Language
Kinds of Emotional Experiences
Cultural Variation in Subjective Well-Being and Happiness
Morality
Summary
References
Back Matter
Author Index
Subject Index