Handbook of Social Psychology, Volume One

Höfundar: Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey (Útgáfa: 5)
Handbook of Social Psychology, Volume One

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First published in 1935, The Handbook of Social Psychology was the first major reference work to cover the field of social psychology. The field has since evolved and expanded tremendously, and in each subsequent edition, The Handbook of Social Psychology is still the foremost reference that academics, researchers, and graduate students in psychology turn to for the most current, well-researched, and thorough information covering the field of social psychology.

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Útgefandi
Wiley Professional Development (P&T)
ISBN
9781118294482
Print ISBN
9780470137482
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
5
Höfundar
Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2/1/10
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100

Kaflar

  • Front Matter
  • Dedication
  • Fifth Edition Preface
  • Contributors to Volume I
  • PART I The Science of Social Psychology
  • Chapter 1 History of Social Psychology: Insights, Challenges, and Contributions to Theory and Application
  • Continuing Themes in Content and Methodology
  • Three Basic Content Areas
  • Three Central Themes
  • Group Influence
  • Subjectivism
  • Non-Obviousness and Contrasting Methodological Approaches
  • Table 1.1 Contrasting Models in Social Psychology
  • Social History, New Challenges, and Dialectics of Social Research
  • Influences from Society at Large
  • Table 1.2 Historical Influences on Social Psychology
  • Influences from Psychology in General
  • Influences Within Social Psychology
  • Table 1.3 Prominent Research Traditions in Social Psychology
  • The Problem of Obviousness
  • The Appearance of Frivolity
  • A Seeming Lack of Social Relevance
  • The Question of Parochialism
  • The Issue of Negativity
  • Four Insights Underlying Research and Application
  • Naïve Realism and Its Consequences
  • Lay Dispositionism and Its Consequences
  • The Need to See the Self as Consistent, Rational, and Moral
  • Confirmation Biases: Impact of Expectations, Beliefs, and Social Representations
  • Social Psychology Today
  • Stereotyping and Prejudice
  • The Role of Culture
  • Critique of Homo Economicus
  • Promising New Directions
  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Implicit Influences
  • Terror Management Theory
  • Positive Psychology
  • Self-Regulation
  • Hedonic Adaptation
  • Close Relationships
  • Virtual Interaction
  • Social Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Successful Applications and The Challenge of “Scaling Up”
  • References
  • Chapter 2 The Art of Laboratory Experimentation
  • Why do Laboratory Experiments?
  • Correlational Versus Experimental Studies
  • Validity and Realism in Experiments
  • Types of Validity
  • Internal Validity
  • External Validity
  • Construct Validity
  • Mundane Realism Versus Experimental Realism Versus Psychological Realism
  • External Validity: Is it Always a Goal?
  • Problem-Oriented Versus Process-Oriented Research: Studying the Phenomenon Versus Studying the Process
  • The Basic Dilemma of the Social Psychologist
  • Programmatic Research
  • Multiple Instantiations of the Independent Variable
  • Multiple Instantiations of the Dependent Variable
  • Systematic Replications
  • Non-Systematic Replications
  • Planning and Conducting a Laboratory Experiment
  • Choosing the Type of Experiment to Perform
  • Experimentation and the Internet
  • The Four Stages of Laboratory Experimentation
  • Setting the Stage
  • Constructing the Independent Variable
  • The Issue of Standardization
  • Between- Versus Within-Subject Designs
  • Avoiding Participant Awareness Biases
  • Optimizing the Impact of the Independent Variable
  • Choosing the Number of Independent Variables
  • Measuring the Dependent Variable
  • Disguising the Measure
  • Dependent Measures that are Uncontrollable
  • The Postexperimental Follow-up
  • Ethical Concerns in Experimentation
  • Concluding Comments
  • References
  • Chapter 3 Social Psychological Methods Outside the Laboratory
  • What is Meant by Non-Laboratory Research?
  • Figure 3.1 Designs and Settings Are Orthogonal.
  • Why Study Social Psychological Processes Outside the Laboratory?
  • Field Experiments
  • Sampling and Random Assignment
  • Choice of Outcome Measures
  • A Special Ethical Consideration in Field Experiments
  • Internet Research
  • Domains of Web Research
  • Overcoming Skepticism
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet-Based Methods
  • The Basics of Internet Research
  • Diary Methods
  • A Brief History of Diary Methods
  • The Rationale for Diary Research
  • Types of Questions for which Diary Methods are Well Suited
  • Design and Methodological Issues in Diary Research
  • Designs
  • Delivery Systems
  • Fidelity
  • Reactivity
  • Data Analytic Considerations
  • Figure 3.2 Two Kinds of Temporal Comparisons in Diary Designs.
  • Diary Research with Couples and Families
  • Ambulatory Assessment
  • Ambulatory Cardiovascular Monitoring
  • Electronic Recording of the Acoustic Environment
  • Activity Monitoring
  • Location Mapping
  • Trace Measures
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 4 Data Analysis in Social Psychology: Recent and Recurring Issues
  • Introduction
  • Assumptions About Invariance
  • Assumptions About Errors
  • Chapter Overview
  • Mediation
  • Figure 4.1 Mediation Models Where X Is the Causal Variable, M the Mediator, and Y the Outcome (Top Model without the Mediator and Lower Model with the Mediator).
  • Figure 4.2 Mediation Model with Specification Error: Reverse Causal Effects, Omitted Variables, and Measurement Error in X and M.
  • Critical Assumptions of the Mediation Model
  • Figure 4.3 Mediation Model with a Manipulated X Variable and Specification Error.
  • Moderation
  • Continuing Problems
  • Examining Moderation when the Direction of Causation is Unknown
  • Table 4.1 Hypothetical Effects of Moderator Variable Illustrating How the Direction of Causation Can Affect the Degree of Moderation (F Moderating the A:B Relationship)
  • Mediated Moderation
  • Figure 4.4 Mediated Moderation Models.
  • Extending the Analysis of Repeated Measures
  • Conventional RANOVA
  • RANOVA Through the Analysis of Sums and Differences
  • Table 4.2 A 2 × 2 Repeated Measures ANOVA Source Table (Factor A Between-subjects, Factor R Within-subjects)
  • Continuous Predictors in Repeated Measures Data
  • Table 4.3 A 2 × 9 Repeated Measures ANOVA Source Table (Factor A Between-subjects, Factor T Within-subjects)
  • Multilevel Modeling
  • Mediation in Repeated Measures and Multilevel Data
  • Missing Data
  • Typology of Missing Data
  • Strategies for Handling Missing Data
  • Case Deletion
  • Imputation
  • Multiple Imputation
  • Handling Missing Data Without Imputation
  • Missing Data Viewed More Generally
  • Invariance of Effects
  • Failing to Examine Invariance
  • Meta-Analysis
  • Invariance Assumptions in Logistic Regression
  • Cross-Cultural Modeling
  • Summary
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • PART II The Social Being
  • Chapter 5 Social Cognitive Neuroscience
  • I. History
  • Table 5.1 Acronyms and Jargon in Social Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Figure 5.1 Growth of social cognitive neuroscience. The top panel displays the number of hits returned from a Google search of “social cognitive neuroscience” on January 1 of each year from 2001–2009. The bottom panel displays the number of social cognitive neuroscience empirical articles published each year from 2000–2009. Note that the 196 articles indicated for 2008 were from January through August.
  • II. Methods and Analysis
  • Social Cognitive Neuroscience Methods
  • Positron Emission Tomography
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Event-Related Potentials
  • Lesions
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Neuroimaging Analyses
  • Preprocessing
  • Whole-Brain Analyses
  • Region of Interest Analyses
  • Connectivity Analyses
  • Regression Analyses
  • Reverse Inference
  • Eye Movement Confounds
  • III. Functional Neuroanatomy
  • Social Perception
  • Face and Body Perception
  • Figure 5.2 The brain regions involved in social perception (face and body perception [2–4], biological motion perception [1], action observation [6, 7], and emotion recognition [5, 8]). Numbers in brackets correspond to the regions in the figure reliably associated with a particular aspect of social perception.
  • Biological Motion
  • Action Observation
  • Emotion Recognition
  • Social Inference
  • Mentalizing
  • Table 5.2 Activations from 45 Mentalizing Studies
  • Figure 5.3 The brain regions involved in social inference. The top row of images displays the regions commonly activated in mentalizing and theory of mind tasks. The bottom left image displays the mirror system. The bottom right image displays brain regions identified in studies of empathy.
  • Mentalizing About Similar Others
  • Imitation and the Mirror Neuron System
  • Is Mirroring Automatic?
  • Mentalizing Versus Mirroring
  • Empathy
  • Attributions of Morality and Trustworthiness
  • Self-Processes
  • Figure 5.4 The brain regions involved in self-processes (agency processing [1, 3, 5, 7], self-recognition [6, 7], self-reflection [1–3], and self-control [4, 5, 6]). Numbers in brackets correspond to the regions in the figure reliably associated with a particular self process.
  • Agency
  • Self-Recognition
  • Self-Reflection and Self-Knowledge
  • Self-Control
  • Social Interaction
  • Trust, Cooperation, and Fairness
  • Figure 5.5 The brain regions involved in social interactions. The top left image displays brain regions activated in studies of fairness, trust, and helping. The top right and bottom right images display brain regions activated in studies of unfairness and social rejection.
  • Social Rewards and Helping
  • Social Rejection
  • Attachment and Close Relationships
  • Attitudes and Attitude Change
  • Attitudinal Evaluation
  • Attitude Change
  • Stereotyping and Intergroup Processes
  • Perceiving Race
  • Implicit Attitudes
  • Controlling Bias
  • Being the Target of Prejudice
  • IV. How Social Cognitive Neuroscience Contributes to Social Psychology
  • Brain Mapping
  • Convergences
  • Social Metaphors are not so Metaphorical
  • Using the Self to Understand Similar Others
  • Empathy
  • Direct and Reflected Self-appraisals
  • Dissociations
  • Social Cognition is Special
  • Social by Default
  • Automaticity and Control
  • Internal and External Self-Focus
  • Future Questions
  • V. Conclusions and the Next Decade
  • References
  • Chapter 6 Social Psychophysiology and Embodiment
  • Roots of Social Psychophysiology and Embodiment
  • Monism and Dualism
  • Body and Mind
  • Values of Psychophysiology and Embodiment in Social Psychology
  • Theoretical
  • Methodological
  • Figure 6.1 Four examples of hypothetical activation of a neurophysiological response over time.
  • Applied
  • Neurophysiological Systems
  • Figure 6.2 Cybernetic feedback system of human physiology.
  • Relative Advantages of Peripheral and Central Neurophysiological Indexes for Social Psychology
  • Peripheral Neurophysiological Indexes
  • Propositions for Validating Neurophysiological Indexes of Social Psychological Constructs
  • Figure 6.3 Cacioppo and colleagues' taxonomy of psychophysiological inference.
  • Summary
  • Evolution of Social Psychophysiological Theories
  • Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome
  • Psychophysiological Models of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal and Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary Responses
  • Dienstbier's Theory of Physiological Toughness
  • Figure 6.4 Hypothesized activation of sympathetic adrenal medullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical (HPA) responses from Dienstbier's model of physiological toughness.
  • Obrist's Somatic Coupling/Uncoupling
  • Blascovich and Colleagues' Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and Threat
  • Porges' Polyvagal Theory
  • Table 6.1 Emotional, Motivational, and Behavioral Responses Associated with Psychological States of Challenge and Threat
  • Cacioppo and Colleagues' Doctrine of Autonomic Space
  • Dickerson & Kemeny's Neuroendocrine Model of Social Evaluative Threat
  • Summary
  • Table 6.2 Mental States Associated with Activation of the Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical Axes
  • Uses of Peripheral Neurophysiological Indexes in Social Psychology
  • Affect
  • Attitudes
  • Facial Electromyography
  • Cardiovascular Patterns
  • Emotion
  • Consciousness
  • Misattribution of Arousal
  • “Unconscious” Stimuli
  • Self-Control and Self-Regulatory Processes
  • Interpersonal Processes
  • Social Facilitation
  • Social Support
  • Intergroup Interaction
  • Stigma
  • Stereotype Threat
  • Discrimination
  • Section Summary
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 7 Automaticity and The Unconscious
  • Four Traditional Lines of Thought
  • Incubation or Unconscious Thought
  • Lack of Introspection
  • Skill Acquisition and Routine Behavior
  • Preconscious Processing
  • The Unconscious, Goals, and Consciousness: A Taxonomy
  • Unconscious Versus Conscious
  • Table 7.1 A 2 × 2 Taxonomy to Categorize Social Psychological Processes
  • Goal-Dependency
  • A 2 × 2 Taxonomy
  • Unconscious and Automatic Processes in Social Psychology
  • Attitudes
  • Attitude Formation
  • Attitude Activation
  • Which Attitude?
  • Person Perception
  • Automatic Evaluation
  • Inference and Attribution
  • Priming and Accessibility Effects on Judgment
  • Categorization and Stereotyping
  • Categorization
  • The Relation Between Categorization and Stereotype Activation
  • Downstream Consequences of Categorization and Stereotyping
  • Imitation and Behavior Priming
  • Imitation
  • Behavioral Priming
  • Goal Pursuit
  • Goal Adoption
  • Goal Activation
  • Choosing Means
  • Goal Striving and Monitoring
  • Judgment and Decision Making
  • Are we Rational?
  • Heuristics and Biases
  • The Fallibility of Conscious Thought
  • The Current State of Affairs: Two Systems
  • Unconscious Thought
  • Control
  • Preconscious Goal-Independent Processes
  • Preconscious Goal-Dependent Processes
  • Conscious Goal-Independent Processes
  • Conscious Goal-Dependent Processes
  • Control Versus Automaticity in a Single Paradigm
  • The Illusion of Conscious Control
  • What Is Consciousness Good For?
  • References
  • Chapter 8 Motivation
  • The Goal Concept in the Psychology of Motivation
  • Conscious Goal Pursuit
  • Goal Setting
  • Goal Content
  • Goal Structure
  • Self-Regulation of Goal Setting
  • Goal Striving
  • Goal Content
  • Goal Structure
  • Context Variables
  • Affective State
  • Competing Action Tendencies
  • Power Position
  • Self-Regulation of Goal Striving
  • Planning Goal Implementation
  • Persistent Striving for the Goal
  • Unconscious Goal Pursuit
  • The Primacy of the Unconscious
  • The Natural Unconscious of Evolutionary Biology
  • Unconscious Behavioral Guidance Systems
  • Preferences
  • Social Perception
  • Goals and Motivations
  • Similarity of Conscious and Unconscious Goal Pursuits
  • Autonomy of Active Goals
  • An Important Difference: Awareness of the Goal Pursuit
  • The Selfish Goal
  • The Selfish Goal, in Control
  • Attention
  • Evaluation
  • Perception
  • Overriding Chronic, Automatic Processes
  • Temporary Creation of Automatic Processes
  • Completed Goals Turn Off Regardless of the Individual's Best Interests
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 9 Emotion
  • What is an Emotion?
  • Components of Emotion
  • Table 9.1 Definitions of Emotion
  • Table 9.2 Darwin's Descriptions of Four Emotions
  • Emotion-Eliciting Appraisals: Discrete Versus Dimensional Approaches and the Automaticity of Emotion
  • Table 9.3 Dimensions of Emotion-Related Appraisal
  • Signaling Behavior: New Emotions, New Signaling Systems, and the Grammar of Social Interaction
  • Facial, Postural, and Gestural Displays of Emotion
  • Vocal Displays of Emotion
  • Tactile Displays of Emotion
  • Autonomic Physiology: The Controversial Search for Emotion Specificity
  • Table 9.4 Effects of the Activation of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System
  • Moving Facial Muscles Generates Autonomic Responses that Differentiate Negative Emotions
  • Blush
  • Parasympathetic Response and Positive Emotion
  • Emotion and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activation, Oxytocin, and Immune System Response
  • Proinflammatory Cytokines
  • Language, Concepts, and Discourse: The Construction of Emotion
  • Table 9.5 A Prototype of Sadness
  • Experience of Emotion: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes
  • Summary of the Components of Emotion
  • Taxonomy of Emotions and Emotion Functions
  • Table 9.6 A Synthesis of Theoretical Accounts of Negative Emotion
  • Table 9.7 A Synthesis of Theoretical Accounts of Positive Emotion
  • Table 9.8 Functions of Emotion at Four Levels of Analysis
  • Universals and Cultural Variations in Emotion
  • Table 9.9 A Comparison of Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches
  • Potential Versus Practice
  • Prototypes and Variations
  • Focal Emotions Within Cultures
  • Idealization
  • Emotion and Reason
  • Emotion and Selective Attention
  • Emotions and Evaluative Judgments
  • Emotions, Judgment, and Decision Making
  • Positive Emotions Broaden and Build
  • Emotions as Moral Intuitions
  • Table 9.10 Emotions and their Associated Moral Concerns
  • Emotional Components of Prejudice
  • Moderators of the Influences on Emotion and Cognition
  • Social Construction of Emotion
  • Social Contextual Shaping of Emotion
  • Status, Power, and Emotion
  • Affiliation, Warmth, and Emotion
  • Emotions Create Patterns of Social Relationships
  • Emotion and the Establishment of Status Relations
  • Emotion and the Establishment of Intimate Bonds
  • Emotion and Happiness
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 10 Attitudes
  • Landmarks
  • Definitions of Attitude
  • Attitudes are Basic
  • Overview of Remaining Sections
  • Measuring Attitudes: Conceptual Issues and Specific Techniques
  • Advances in Survey-type Measures of Attitudes
  • Measures of Automatic Attitudes
  • Measures of Implicit Memory as a Model for Measures of Implicit Attitudes
  • Evaluative Priming
  • Implicit Association Test
  • Other Response Latency Measures of Implicit Attitudes
  • Criticisms of Response Latency Measures
  • Other Indirect Measures of Attitudes
  • Measures of the Autonomic Nervous System
  • Measures of Neural Activity
  • Origins of Attitudes
  • Primates
  • Infants and Young Children
  • Social Learning
  • Classical Conditioning
  • The Attitude Toward Oneself
  • Attitude Dissociations
  • Automatic Attitude Malleability
  • Ideology
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 11 Attitudes and Persuasion: From Biology to Social Responses to Persuasive Intent
  • Defining Attitudes
  • Figure 11.1 Sources of attitudes.
  • Biological Sources of Attitudes: How Biology and Genes Influence Affective Valence and Arousal
  • Figure 11.2 Dimensions of valence and arousal.
  • Figure 11.3 Hypothetical distribution of valence and arousal.
  • Personality as the Biological Core of Stable Valence and Arousal Patterns
  • Genetics and Neurotransmitters
  • Table 11.1 Summary of Trait Heritability and Associated Genes
  • Summary
  • Inadverted Environmental Influences: Attitudes in Response to a Seemingly Passive Environment
  • Subliminal Persuasion and Priming
  • Mere Exposure
  • Evaluative Conditioning
  • Implicit Attitudes
  • Direct Experiences
  • Summary
  • Attitudes in Reaction to a Seemingly Active Environment
  • Selective Exposure
  • Source Credibility
  • Belief and Evaluations of the Content of Persuasive Messages
  • Power, Authority, and Social Influence
  • Psychological Reactance
  • Forewarning of Influence Intent
  • Resistance to Persuasion
  • Reflecting on Resistance and Cognitive Dissonance
  • Communication Pragmatics
  • Summary
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 12 Perceiving People
  • Decoding Person Cues
  • Types of Person Cues: Faces and Bodies in Motion
  • Extracting Variant Person Knowledge
  • Social Attention
  • Emotional Status
  • Personality Traits
  • Physical Attractiveness
  • Extracting Invariant Person Knowledge
  • Categorical Knowledge
  • Person Identity
  • In the Eye of the Beholder
  • Person Perception in the Brain
  • Table 12.1 Neuroscientific Methods at a Glance
  • The Neuroanatomy of Person Perception
  • Figure 12.1 The human brain.
  • Figure 12.2 Visual pathways in the human brain.
  • The Neural Correlates of Face Perception
  • Figure 12.3 Brain regions implementing face perception. AMY = amygdala; aTL = anterior temporal lobe; FFA = fusiform face area; IPS = intraparietal sulcus; OFA = occipital face area; OFC = orbitofrontal cortex; pSTS = posterior superior temporal sulcus.
  • Figure 12.4 Brain regions implementing body perception. AMY = amygdala; EBA = extrastriate body area; FBA = fusiform body area; PMC = premotor cortex; pSTS = posterior superior temporal sulcus.
  • The Neural Correlates of Body Perception
  • The Temporal Character of Person Perception
  • The Time Course of Face Perception
  • The Time Course of Body Perception
  • Implications for Social-Psychological Treatments of Person Perception
  • Person Perception: One Process or Several?
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 13 Nonverbal Behavior
  • Nonverbal Behavior
  • Nonverbal Production
  • Theories on the Production of Nonverbal Behavior
  • Theories of Nonverbal Leakage
  • Theories of Nonverbal Influence
  • Nonverbal Cues in Humans and Other Species
  • Social Status and Dominance
  • Affiliation
  • Issues in Examining Nonverbal Cues Across Species
  • Automaticity and Control in Nonverbal Behavior
  • Types of Automatic Nonverbal Behavior
  • Unintentional and Uncontrollable Nonverbal Behaviors
  • Efficiency in Nonverbal Behavior
  • Awareness of Nonverbal Behavior
  • Summary: Automaticity and Control in Nonverbal Behavior
  • Context and Culture in the Production of Nonverbal Behavior
  • Contextual Control of Nonverbal Behavior
  • Culture and the Production of Nonverbal Behavior
  • Summary: Nonverbal Behavior in Context (and Culture)
  • Nonverbal Behavior in Infancy
  • Nonverbal Development: Findings
  • Nonverbal Development: Theory and Implications
  • Individual Differences in the Production of Nonverbal Behavior
  • Expressiveness
  • Gender
  • Summary: Nonverbal Behavior and Individual Differences
  • Thinking Nonverbally
  • Grounding Social Experience in Nonverbal Behavior
  • Grounded Cognition and Nonverbal Behavior: Redux
  • Summary: Nonverbal Production
  • Nonverbal Foundations of Social Perception
  • Nonverbal Perception Processes
  • Automatic Processing of Nonverbal Behavior
  • Automaticity in Nonverbal Perception: Nonconscious Processing
  • Automaticity in Nonverbal Mimicry: Goal-Dependent Automaticity
  • Moderated Effects of Nonverbal Mimicry
  • Configural and Featural Processes in Nonverbal Perception and Judgment
  • Feature-Based Perception of the Whole Person
  • Configural Processes in Nonverbal Perception: Ecological Theory
  • Multichannel Facilitation and Interference in Nonverbal Perception
  • Configural and Dynamic Processing of Nonverbal Channels
  • Configuring Multiple Dimensions of Social Perception
  • Summary: Implications for Social Perception and Social Judgment
  • Judgments of Nonverbal Behavior: Surprising Social Insight
  • Social Intelligence: Early Development
  • Social Intelligence: How Low Can You Go?
  • Temporally Limited Nonverbal Judgment
  • Spatially Limited Nonverbal Judgment
  • Social Intelligence: Specific Domains
  • Deception and Deception Detection
  • Emotion Recognition
  • Emotion Recognition Across Cultures
  • Emotion Recognition with More Subtle Stimuli
  • Intelligence in Nonverbal Judgment: Individual Differences
  • Superior Social Intelligence
  • Impaired Social Intelligence
  • Intelligence in Social Judgment: Social Impact
  • Summary: Judgments of Nonverbal Behavior
  • Nonverbal Social Influence
  • Indirect Nonverbal Influence
  • Nonhuman Animals
  • Childhood
  • Adults
  • Direct Nonverbal Influence in Adults
  • Compliance in Nonverbal Social Influence: Behavioral Confirmation
  • Compliance in Nonverbal Social Influence: Dominance Displays
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 14 Mind Perception
  • Mind Perception Versus Person Perception
  • Why Mind?
  • Comprehension
  • Communication
  • Coordination
  • Summary: Why Mind?
  • Activating Mind Perception
  • Acquiring Mind Perception
  • A Theory of Mind
  • Developing a Theory of Mind
  • Cross-Age Development
  • Cross-Species Development
  • Methods of Acquisition
  • Summary: Acquiring Mind Perception
  • Using Mind Perception
  • Mechanisms of Mind Perception
  • Simulation Theories
  • Theory Theories
  • Integrative Accounts: Mind Perception as Inductive Inference
  • Summary: Using Mind Perception
  • Targets of Mind Perception
  • Own Versus Other Minds
  • Close Versus Distant Other Minds
  • Human Versus Nonhuman Minds
  • Biological Agents
  • Technological Agents
  • Supernatural Agents
  • Summary: Targets of Mind Perception
  • Consequences of Mind Perception
  • Responsibility
  • Moral Agency and Ethical Action
  • Social Surveillance
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 15 Judgment and Decision Making
  • Prologue: Three Founding Stories
  • The First Behavioral Economist
  • The First Behavioral Decision Theorist
  • The Third Path to the Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making
  • Social Psychology's Debt to Judgment and Decision Making
  • Confirmation Bias
  • Content and Domain Influences on Hypothesis Testing
  • Hypothesis Testing in Social Life
  • Heuristics
  • Availability
  • Availability's Close Cousin: Fluency
  • Representativeness
  • Anchoring
  • Other Heuristics
  • Normative Theories
  • Judgment and Decision Making's Debt to Social Psychology
  • Channel Factors
  • Figure 15.1 Organ donation rates in countries with explicit consent (opt-in) and presumed consent (opt-out) donation policies.
  • Affective Influences on Judgment and Decisions
  • Beyond Positive and Negative
  • Noninferential Effects of Emotion
  • Table 15.1 Composition of the Card Decks Used by Bechara, Damasio, & Damasio (2000)
  • Emotional Influences on Probability Assessment
  • Visceral Influence on Behavior
  • Norms and Identity
  • Concepts that have Arisen Independently in Social Psychology and Judgment and Decision Making
  • Table 15.2 Attributes Generally Attributed to the Two Systems of Human Thought
  • Dual-Process and Two-Systems Theories
  • Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology
  • Dual-Process Theories in Judgment and Decision Making
  • Similarities, Differences, and Extensions
  • The Two-Systems Frontier
  • The Primacy of Representation: There's No “There” in There
  • The “Givenness” of Experience and the Transparency and Persistence of Representations
  • Figure 15.2 A guiding model of naïve realism and construal in social psychology.
  • Forecasting and Planning
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 16 Self and Identity
  • Emergence of the “Neo-Jamesian” Self
  • Self as a Mental Representation
  • Types of Self-Representations
  • Active Versus Stored Self-Knowledge
  • Semantic Versus Episodic Self-Knowledge
  • Implicit Versus Explicit Self-Knowledge
  • Actual Versus Possible Self-Views
  • Global Versus Specific Self-Knowledge
  • Personal Versus Social Self-Knowledge
  • Metacognitive Aspects of Self-Knowledge
  • Valence of Self-Knowledge
  • Importance of Self-Knowledge
  • Certainty and Clarity of Self-Knowledge
  • Stability of Self-Knowledge
  • Organization of Self-Knowledge
  • Contingency of Self-Esteem
  • Narcissism: A Special Case of Fragile Self-Esteem
  • Origins of Self-Representations
  • Biological Origins of the Self and Identity
  • Brain
  • Genes and Heredity
  • Interpersonal Origins of the Self and Identity
  • Attachment Relationships
  • Appraisals
  • Social Comparisons
  • Incorporating Others' Qualities
  • Influences of Culture and Gender
  • Intrapsychic Origins of the Self and Identity
  • Self-Perception
  • Introspection
  • Experiencing the Subjective Self
  • Accuracy of Self-Knowledge
  • Motivational Properties of the Self
  • Self-Enhancement Motive
  • Tripartite Motivational Approach
  • Communion
  • Agency
  • Coherence
  • Hybrid Theories
  • Self in Relationship to Others
  • Constructing the Self
  • Social Identity Approach
  • Interplay of Personal and Social Selves
  • Evaluating and Maintaining the Self
  • Including Others in the Self
  • Identity Negotiation and Change
  • Identity Negotiation in the East and West
  • Antecedents of Identity Change
  • Sociocultural and Environmental Changes
  • Developmental Growth and Role Changes
  • Acquisition and Loss of Abilities
  • Self-Initiated Changes
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 17 Gender
  • Biosocial Causes of Men's and Women's Behavior
  • Distal and Proximal Causes of Sex Differences and Similarities
  • Gender Roles
  • Content of Gender Roles
  • Roots of Gender Roles in the Division of Labor
  • Accuracy of Gender Stereotypes
  • Controlling Detrimental Effects of Gender Roles on Judgments of Individuals
  • Potency of Gender Roles
  • Roles Guide Behavior
  • Proximal Influences
  • Hormonal Influences
  • Hormones and Masculine Social Roles
  • Hormones and Feminine Social Roles
  • Organizing Influences of Hormones
  • Influence of Gender Identities
  • Types of Gender Identity
  • Predicting Behavior From Gender Identity
  • Influence of Social Expectations
  • Social Expectations Promote Behavioral Confirmation
  • Stereotype Threat
  • Empirical Evidence for Sex Differences and Similarities
  • Sex Differences in Psychological Research
  • Aggressive Behavior
  • Prosocial Behavior
  • Conclusions About Sex Differences and Similarities
  • Sex Differences in Organizational Settings
  • Male and Female Social Roles are Rooted in a Biosocial Reality
  • Women's Reproductive Activities and Men's Size, Strength, and Speed
  • Evolutionary Origins of Human Cultural Variation
  • Socialization in Humans
  • Evolutionary Accounts of Sex Differences in Human Behavior
  • Mate Preferences
  • Patriarchy
  • Temporal and Cultural Change in Sex Differences
  • Variation in the United States Over Time
  • Variation Across Cultures
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 18 Personality in Social Psychology
  • Personality Psychology
  • Basic Approaches to Studying Personality
  • Biological Approach
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Behavioral Genetics
  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Psychoanalytic Approach
  • Humanistic Approach
  • Learning-Based Approaches
  • Cognitive Approach
  • Trait-Based Approach
  • Behavioral Assessment of Personality
  • Single Traits
  • Multiple Traits
  • Essential Traits
  • Beyond Self-Report
  • Person Perception and Accuracy
  • Person Perception Research
  • Figure 18.1 The Ponzo illusion.
  • Accuracy Research
  • Methods of Accuracy Research
  • History of Accuracy Research
  • Moderators of Accuracy
  • Realistic Accuracy Model
  • Figure 18.2 The realistic accuracy model.
  • Competition
  • Two Converging Critiques
  • Evaluating the Power of Personality
  • Table 18.1 The BESD for a Study in which a Drug had no Effect
  • Table 18.2 The BESD for a Drug Study with an Effect Size of r = .30
  • Table 18.3 The BESD for a Study of Job Performance with an Effect Size of r = .30
  • Fundamental Attribution Error Reconsidered
  • Empirical Considerations
  • Conceptual Considerations
  • Toward a Cooperative Social–Personality Psychology
  • References
  • Chapter 19 Health
  • Health Behaviors
  • Attitude Change
  • Fear Appeals
  • Message Framing
  • Health Belief Model
  • Theory of Planned Behavior
  • Attitude–Behavior Relationship
  • Mass Media Messages
  • Stress and its Management
  • Figure 19.1 The body's stress systems. ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH = corticotrophin-releasing hormone; EP = epinephrine; NE = norepinephrine.
  • Perceptions of Stress
  • Coping With Stress
  • Coping Resources
  • Approach and Avoidance Coping
  • Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping
  • Resilience
  • Emotional Disclosure
  • Coping With Chronic Illness
  • Beliefs About the Cause of an Illness
  • Beliefs About the Controllability of the Illness
  • Positive Changes in Response to Chronic Illness
  • Social Support
  • Benefits of Social Support
  • Qualifications
  • Origins of Social Support
  • Gender and Social Support
  • Culture and Social Support
  • Providing Social Support
  • Interventions to Enhance Social Support
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 20 Experimental Existential Psychology: Coping With the Facts of Life
  • Costs of Evolutionary Adaptation: Problems Created by Intelligence
  • No One here Gets Out Alive
  • Terror Management Theory
  • Evidence for the Basic Propositions
  • Cognitive and Motivational Processes Underlying Terror Management
  • Fleeing the Body and Nature
  • What does it all Mean?
  • Meaninglessness and Uncertainty
  • Meaning Maintenance
  • The Threat of Uncertainty
  • Epistemic and Existential Roots of the Search for Meaning
  • Relating to Other People and Groups
  • Attachment, Fear, Anxiety, and Death
  • Attachment as Terror Management
  • Social Construction of Reality
  • Shared Reality
  • Existential Isolation and I-Sharing
  • Including the Other in the Self
  • Groups and Social Identity
  • Social Exclusion and Ostracism
  • Groups Provide Identity and Self-Esteem
  • Groups Manage Existential Terror
  • Intergroup Conflict and Violence
  • Appeal of Charismatic Leaders
  • Existential Dilemmas Created by Group Membership
  • Self and Identity
  • Objective Self-Awareness
  • Existential Nature of Self-Awareness
  • Escaping the Self
  • Importance of Being Worthy
  • Death and Self-Esteem
  • Identity Coherence
  • Self-Verification
  • Self-Narratives
  • Importance of Being Authentic
  • Alienation
  • Freedom and Will
  • Automaticity and Unconscious Determinants of Behavior
  • Perceptions of Freedom and Will
  • In Defense of the Will
  • Self-Determination Theory
  • Benefits of Autonomy
  • Benefits of Believing in Free Will
  • Self-Regulatory Processes: Beyond the Homunculus
  • Depletion of Self-Regulatory Resources
  • Mindfulness
  • Costs of Freedom
  • Does More Regulation Always Mean More Freedom? Dual Modes of Volition
  • Experimental Existential Psychology Today and into the Future
  • Summary
  • References
  • Back Matter
  • Author Index
  • Subject Index