Grob's Basic Electronics ISE

Höfundur: Mitchel Schultz (Útgáfa: 14)
Grob's Basic Electronics ISE

Kaup valmöguleikar

Grob’s Basic Electronics fjallar ítarlega um öll helstu grundvallaratriði jafnstraums- og riðstraumsrása. Einnig er fjallað um algengustu rafeindaíhlutina og notkun þeirra. Í bókinni er fjöldi reiknidæma með nákvæmum lausnum, skref fyrir skref. Í lok hvers kafla eru jafnframt fjölvalsspurningar til sjálfsprófunar og fjölmörg verkefni.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
McGraw-Hill Higher Education (International)
ISBN
9781264582341
Print ISBN
9781265468002
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
14
Höfundar
Mitchel Schultz
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2024-06-03
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Sharpen
  • Meet Sharpen
  • Table of Contents and Preface
  • Cover Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Brief Contents
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Connect
  • Before you read . . .
  • While you read . . .
  • After you’ve read . . .
  • About the Author
  • Electric Shock—Dangers, Precautions, and First Aid
  • Intro I: Introduction to Powers of 10
  • I Introduction
  • I–1 Scientific Notation
  • Expressing a Number in Scientific Notation
  • Decimal Notation
  • I–2 Engineering Notation and Metric Prefixes
  • Metric Prefixes
  • I–3 Converting between Metric Prefixes
  • I–3 Self-Review
  • I–4 Addition and Subtraction Involving Powers of 10 Notation
  • I–4 Self-Review
  • I–5 Multiplication and Division Involving Powers of 10 Notation
  • I–5 Self-Review
  • I–6 Reciprocals with Powers of 10
  • Negative Powers of 10
  • I–7 Squaring Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation
  • I–7 Self-Review
  • I–8 Square Roots of Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation
  • I–8 Self-Review
  • I–9 The Scientific Calculator
  • Entering and Displaying Values
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section I-1 Scientific Notation
  • Section I-2 Engineering Notation and Metric Prefixes
  • Section I-3 Converting Between Metric Prefixes
  • Section I-4 Addition and Subtraction Involving Powers of 10 Notation
  • Section I-5 Multiplication and Division Involving Powers of 10 Notation
  • Section I-6 Reciprocals With Powers of 10
  • Section I-7 Squaring Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation
  • Section I-8 Square Roots of Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation
  • Section I-9 The Scientific Calculator
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Chapter 1: Electricity
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1–1 Negative and Positive Polarities
  • 1–1 Self-Review
  • 1–2 Electrons and Protons in the Atom
  • Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
  • Elements
  • Molecules and Compounds
  • 1–3 Structure of the Atom
  • Atomic Number
  • Orbital Rings
  • Electron Valence
  • Subshells
  • Particles in the Nucleus
  • 1–4 The Coulomb Unit of Electric Charge
  • Negative and Positive Polarities
  • Charges of Opposite Polarity Attract
  • Charges of the Same Polarity Repel
  • Polarity of a Charge
  • Charge of an Electron
  • The Electric Field of a Static Charge
  • 1–5 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference
  • Potential between Different Charges
  • The Volt Unit
  • 1–6 Charge in Motion Is Current
  • Potential Difference Is Necessary to Produce Current
  • The Ampere of Current
  • How Current Differs from Charge
  • The General Nature of Current
  • Magnetic Field Associated with an Electric Current
  • 1–7 Resistance Is Opposition to Current
  • The Ohm
  • Conductance
  • 1–8 The Closed Circuit
  • How the Voltage Is Different from the Current
  • The Voltage Source Maintains the Current
  • The Circuit Is a Load on the Voltage Source
  • Open Circuit
  • Short Circuit
  • 1–9 The Direction of Current
  • Electron Flow
  • Conventional Current
  • Examples of Mobile Positive Charges
  • 1–10 Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)
  • 1–10 Self-Review
  • 1–11 Sources of Electricity
  • Static Electricity by Friction
  • Conversion of Chemical Energy
  • Electromagnetism
  • Photoelectricity
  • 1–12 The Digital Multimeter
  • Measuring Voltage
  • Measuring Current
  • Measuring Resistance
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 1–4 The Coulomb Unit of Electric Charge
  • Section 1–5 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference
  • Section 1–6 Charge in Motion Is Current
  • Section 1–7 Resistance Is Opposition to Current
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Measuring Voltage
  • Measuring Resistance
  • Measuring Current
  • Chapter 2: Resistors
  • Chapter 2 Introduction
  • 2–1 Types of Resistors
  • Wire-Wound Resistors
  • Carbon-Composition Resistors
  • Film-Type Resistors
  • Surface-Mount Resistors
  • Fusible Resistors
  • Thermistors
  • 2–2 Resistor Color Coding
  • Resistance Color Stripes
  • Resistors under 10 Ω
  • Resistor Tolerance
  • Five-Band Color Code
  • Wire-Wound-Resistor Marking
  • Preferred Resistance Values
  • Zero-Ohm Resistors
  • Chip Resistor Coding System
  • Thermistor Values
  • 2–3 Variable Resistors
  • Tapered Controls
  • Decade Resistance Box
  • 2–4 Rheostats and Potentiometers
  • Rheostat Circuit
  • Potentiometer Circuit
  • Potentiometer Used as a Rheostat
  • 2–5 Power Rating of Resistors
  • Power Derating Curve
  • Shelf Life
  • 2–6 Resistor Troubles
  • Noisy Controls
  • Checking Resistors with an Ohmmeter
  • Changed Value of R
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 2–2 Resistor Color Coding
  • Section 2–3 Variable Resistors
  • Section 2–4 Rheostats and Potentiometers
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Resistor Color Code
  • Resistance Measurement Precautions
  • Potentiometer
  • Rheostat
  • Chapter 3: Ohm’s Law
  • Chapter 3 Introduction
  • 3–1 The Current I = V/R
  • High Voltage but Low Current
  • Low Voltage but High Current
  • Less I with More R
  • Typical V and I
  • 3–2 The Voltage V = IR
  • 3–2 Self-Review
  • 3–3 The Resistance R = V/I
  • 3–3 Self-Review
  • 3–4 Practical Units
  • 3–4 Self-Review
  • 3–5 Multiple and Submultiple Units
  • 3–5 Self-Review
  • 3–6 The Linear Proportion between V and I
  • Plotting the Graph
  • Volt-Ampere Characteristic
  • Linear Resistance
  • Nonlinear Resistance
  • Inverse Relation between I and R
  • 3–7 Electric Power
  • Work, Energy, and Power
  • Watts and Horsepower Units
  • Practical Units of Power and Work
  • Electron Volt (eV)
  • kilowatt-Hour Unit of Electrical Energy
  • 3–8 Power Dissipation in Resistance
  • 3–8 Self-Review
  • 3–9 Power Formulas
  • 3–9 Self-Review
  • 3–10 Choosing a Resistor for a Circuit
  • Maximum Working Voltage Rating
  • 3–11 Electric Shock
  • 3–11 Self-Review
  • 3–12 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Troubles
  • 3–12 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 3–1 The Current I = V / R
  • Section 3–2 The Voltage V = I R
  • Section 3–3 The Resistance R = V / I
  • Section 3–5 Multiple and Submultiple Units
  • Section 3–6 The Linear Proportion Between V and I
  • Section 3–7 Electric Power
  • Section 3–8 Power Dissipation in Resistance
  • Section 3–9 Power Formulas
  • Section 3–10 Choosing a Resistor for a Circuit
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Linear Resistance
  • Nonlinear Resistance
  • Calculating Power
  • Volt-Ampere Characteristic of R
  • Chapter 4: Series Circuits
  • Chapter 4 Introduction
  • 4–1 Why I Is the Same in All Parts of a Series Circuit
  • 4–1 Self-Review
  • 4–2 Total R Equals the Sum of All Series Resistances
  • Series String
  • Series Resistance Formula
  • 4–3 Series IR Voltage Drops
  • 4–3 Self-Review
  • 4–4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
  • 4–4 Self-Review
  • 4–5 Polarity of IR Voltage Drops
  • 4–5 Self-Review
  • 4–6 Total Power in a Series Circuit
  • 4–6 Self-Review
  • 4–7 Series-Aiding and Series-Opposing Voltages
  • 4–7 Self-Review
  • 4–8 Analyzing Series Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • General Methods for Series Circuits
  • Series Voltage-Dropping Resistors
  • Circuit with Voltage Sources in Series
  • 4–9 Ground Connections in Electrical and Electronic Systems
  • Voltages Measured with Respect to Ground
  • Positive Voltages to Negative Ground
  • Positive and Negative Voltages to a Grounded Tap
  • Negative Voltages to Positive Ground
  • 4–10 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series Circuits
  • The Effect of an Open in a Series Circuit
  • The Applied Voltage V T Is Still Present with Zero Current
  • The Effect of a Short in a Series Circuit
  • General Rules for Troubleshooting Series Circuits
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 4–1 Why I is the Same in All Parts of a Series Circuit
  • Section 4–2 Total R Equals the Sum of All Series Resistances
  • Section 4–3 Series IR Voltage Drops
  • Section 4–4 Kirchhoff’S Voltage Law (Kvl)
  • Section 4–5 Polarity Of IR Voltage Drops
  • Section 4–6 Total Power in a Series Circuit
  • Section 4–7 Series–Aiding and Series–Opposing Voltages
  • Section 4–8 Analyzing Series Circuits With Random Unknowns
  • Section 4–9 Ground Connections in Electrical and Electronic Systems
  • Section 4–10 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series Circuits
  • Critical Thinking
  • Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Series Circuit Characteristics
  • Troubleshooting a Series Circuit
  • Chapter 5: Parallel Circuits
  • Chapter 5 Introduction
  • 5–1 The Applied Voltage VA Is the Same across Parallel Branches
  • 5–1 Self-Review
  • 5–2 Each Branch I Equals VA/R
  • 5–2 Self-Review
  • 5–3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
  • 5–3 Self-Review
  • 5–4 Resistances in Parallel
  • Parallel Bank
  • Why R EQ Is Less than Any Branch R
  • Reciprocal Resistance Formula
  • Total-Current Method
  • Special Case of Equal R in All Branches
  • Special Case of Only Two Branches
  • Short-Cut Calculations
  • Finding an Unknown Branch Resistance
  • 5–5 Conductances in Parallel
  • 5–5 Self-Review
  • 5–6 Total Power in Parallel Circuits
  • 5–6 Self-Review
  • 5–7 Analyzing Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • 5–7 Self-Review
  • 5–8 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Parallel Circuits
  • The Effect of an Open in a Parallel Circuit
  • The Effect of a Short in a Parallel Circuit
  • The Short-Circuit Current
  • The Short-Circuited Components Have No Current
  • All Parallel Branches Are Short-Circuited
  • Troubleshooting Procedures for Parallel Circuits
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 5–1 The Applied Voltage V A is the Same Across Parallel Branches
  • Section 5–2 Each Branch I Equals V A R
  • Section 5–3 Kirchhoff’S Current Law (Kcl)
  • Section 5–4 Resistances in Parallel
  • Section 5–5 Conductances in Parallel
  • Section 5–6 Total Power in Parallel Circuits
  • Section 5–7 Analyzing Parallel Circuits With Random Unknowns
  • Section 5–8 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Parallel Circuits
  • Critical Thinking
  • Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Parallel Circuit Characteristics
  • Parallel Circuit Analysis
  • Chapter 6: Series-Parallel Circuits
  • Chapter 6 Introduction
  • 6–1 Finding RT for Series-Parallel Resistances
  • 6–1 Self-Review
  • 6–2 Resistance Strings in Parallel
  • Branch Currents I 1 and I 2
  • Series Voltage Drops in a Branch
  • Calculating I T
  • Calculating R T
  • Applying Ohm’s Law
  • 6–3 Resistance Banks in Series
  • 6–3 Self-Review
  • 6–4 Resistance Banks and Strings in Series-Parallel
  • 6–4 Self-Review
  • 6–5 Analyzing Series-Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • Solution for Figure 6–6
  • Solution for Figure 6–7
  • Solution for Figure 6–8
  • Solution for Figure 6–9
  • 6–6 The Wheatstone Bridge
  • Other Balanced Bridge Applications
  • 6–7 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series-Parallel Circuits
  • Effect of a Short Circuit
  • Effect of an Open Circuit
  • Troubleshooting Procedures for Series-Parallel Circuits
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • QUESTIONS 1–12 REFER TO Fig. 6–16.
  • QUESTIONS 13–20 REFER TO Fig. 6–17.
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • SECTION 6–1 Finding R T for Series-Parallel Resistances
  • SECTION 6–2 Resistance Strings in Parallel
  • SECTION 6–3 Resistance Banks in Series
  • SECTION 6–4 Resistance Banks and Strings in Series-Parallel
  • SECTION 6–5 Analyzing Series-Parallel Circuits With Random Unknowns
  • SECTION 6–6 The Wheatstone Bridge
  • PROBLEMS 39–41 Refer to Fig. 6–45.
  • SECTION 6–7 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series-Parallel Circuits
  • Critical Thinking
  • Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Series-Parallel Circuit Characteristics
  • Series-Parallel Circuit Troubleshooting
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 1–6)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 7: Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers
  • Chapter 7 Introduction
  • 7–1 Series Voltage Dividers
  • Typical Circuit
  • Proportional Voltage Method
  • Method of IR Drops
  • Two Voltage Drops in Series
  • The Largest Series R Has the Most V
  • Voltage Taps in a Series Voltage Divider
  • Potentiometer as a Variable Voltage Divider
  • Advantage of the Voltage Divider Method
  • 7–2 Current Divider with Two Parallel Resistances
  • 7–2 Self-Review
  • 7–3 Current Division by Parallel Conductances
  • Two Branches
  • Three Branches
  • 7–4 Series Voltage Divider with Parallel Load Current
  • Why the Loaded Voltage Decreases
  • Path of Current for R L
  • Bleeder Current
  • 7–5 Design of a Loaded Voltage Divider
  • Find the Current in Each R
  • Calculate the Voltage across Each R
  • Calculating Each R
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • PROBLEMS 6–10 REFER TO Fig. 7–9.
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 7–1 Series Voltage Dividers
  • Section 7–2 Current Divider With Two Parallel Resistances
  • Section 7–3 Current Division by Parallel Conductances
  • Section 7–4 Series Voltage Divider With Parallel Load Current
  • Section 7–5 Design of a Loaded Voltage Divider
  • Critical Thinking
  • Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Unloaded Voltage Divider
  • Current Divider
  • Series Voltage Divider with Parallel Load Current
  • Design Challenge
  • Chapter 8: Analog and Digital Multimeters
  • Chapter 8 Introduction
  • 8–1 Moving-Coil Meter
  • Values of I M
  • Values of r M
  • 8–2 Meter Shunts
  • Resistance of the Meter Shunt
  • Calculating I S
  • Calculating R S
  • 8–3 Voltmeters
  • Multiplier Resistance
  • Typical Multiple Voltmeter Circuit
  • Voltmeter Resistance
  • Ohms-per-Volt Rating
  • 8–4 Loading Effect of a Voltmeter
  • Loading Effect
  • Correction for Loading Effect
  • 8–5 Ohmmeters
  • Series Ohmmeter Circuit
  • Back-Off Ohmmeter Scale
  • Multiple Ohmmeter Ranges
  • Zero-Ohms Adjustment
  • 8–6 Multimeters
  • Low-Power Ohms (LPΩ)
  • Decibel Scale
  • Amp-Clamp Probe
  • High-Voltage Probe
  • 8–7 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
  • Voltage Measurements
  • R Measurement
  • I Measurements
  • Diode Test
  • Resolution
  • Range Overload
  • Typical DMM
  • Analog Display
  • 8–8 Meter Applications
  • Connecting a Current Meter in the Circuit
  • Calculating I from Measured Voltage
  • Checking Fuses
  • Voltage Tests for an Open Circuit
  • 8–9 Checking Continuity with the Ohmmeter
  • 8–9 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 8–2 Meter Shunts
  • Section 8–3 Voltmeters
  • Section 8–4 Loading Effect of a Voltmeter
  • Section 8–5 OHMMETERS
  • Section 8–8 Meter Applications
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Voltmeter Loading
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 7 and 8)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 9: Kirchhoff’s Laws
  • Chapter 9 Introduction
  • 9–1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
  • Algebraic Signs
  • Current Equations
  • I in = I out
  • 9–2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
  • Algebraic Signs
  • Loop Equations
  • Σ V = V T
  • 9–3 Method of Branch Currents
  • Writing the Loop Equations
  • Solving for the Currents
  • Why the Solution for I 2 Is Negative
  • Calculating the Voltages
  • Checking the Solution
  • 9–4 Node-Voltage Analysis
  • Writing the Node Equations
  • Calculating All Voltages and Currents
  • 9–5 Method of Mesh Currents
  • Writing the Mesh Equations
  • Solving the Mesh Equations to Find the Mesh Currents
  • Finding the Branch Currents and Voltage Drops
  • The Set of Mesh Equations
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 9–1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
  • Section 9–2 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
  • Section 9–3 Method of Branch Currents
  • Section 9–4 Node-Voltage Analysis
  • Section 9–5 Method of Mesh Currents
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Applying KCL and KVL
  • Chapter 10: Network Theorems
  • Chapter 10 Introduction
  • 10–1 Superposition Theorem
  • Voltage Divider with Two Sources
  • Requirements for Superposition
  • 10–2 Thevenin’s Theorem
  • Thevenizing a Circuit
  • Looking Back from Terminals A and B
  • 10–3 Thevenizing a Circuit with Two Voltage Sources
  • Superposition Method
  • 10–4 Thevenizing a Bridge Circuit
  • 10–4 Self-Review
  • 10–5 Norton’s Theorem
  • Example of a Current Source
  • The Norton Equivalent Circuit
  • Nortonizing a Circuit
  • Looking at the Short-Circuit Current
  • 10–6 Thevenin-Norton Conversions
  • Norton from Thevenin
  • Thevenin from Norton
  • Conversion Formulas
  • 10–7 Conversion of Voltage and Current Sources
  • Two Sources in Parallel Branches
  • Two Sources in Series
  • 10–8 Millman’s Theorem
  • Calculating V XY
  • Applications of Millman’s Theorem
  • 10–9 T or Y and π or Δ Connections
  • Conversion Formulas
  • Example of Conversion
  • Simplifying a Bridge Circuit
  • Balanced Networks
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 10–1 Superposition Theorem
  • Section 10–2 Thevenin’S Theorem
  • Section 10–3 Thevenizing a Circuit With Two Voltage Sources
  • Section 10–4 Thevenizing a Bridge Circuit
  • Section 10–5 Norton’S Theorem
  • Section 10–6 Thevenin-Norton Conversions
  • Section 10–7 Conversion of Voltage and Current Sources
  • Section 10–8 Millman’S Theorem
  • Section 10–9 T or Y and π OR Δ Connections
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Applying Ohm’s Law
  • Applying Thevenin’s Theorem
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 9–10)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 11: Conductors and Insulators
  • Chapter 11 Introduction
  • 11–1 Function of the Conductor
  • 11–1 Self-Review
  • 11–2 Standard Wire Gage Sizes
  • Circular Mils
  • 11–3 Types of Wire Conductors
  • Transmission Lines
  • Wire Cable
  • 11–4 Connectors
  • 11–4 Self-Review
  • 11–5 Printed Circuit Board
  • 11–5 Self-Review
  • 11–6 Switches
  • Switch Ratings
  • Switch Definitions
  • Switch Types
  • 11–7 Fuses
  • Fuse Ratings
  • Circuit Breakers
  • Testing Fuses
  • 11–8 Wire Resistance
  • Specific Resistance
  • Units of Ohm-Centimeters for ρ
  • Types of Resistance Wire
  • 11–9 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
  • Positive α
  • Negative α
  • Zero α
  • Hot Resistance
  • Superconductivity
  • 11–10 Ion Current in Liquids and Gases
  • The Ion
  • Current of Ions
  • Ionization in Liquids
  • Ionization in Gases
  • Ionic Bonds
  • 11–11 Insulators
  • Insulator Discharge Current
  • 11–12 Troubleshooting Hints for Wires and Connectors
  • 11–12 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 11–1 Function of the Conductor
  • Section 11–2 Standard Wire Gage Sizes
  • Section 11–3 Types of Wire Conductors
  • Section 11–6 Switches
  • Section 11–8 Wire Resistance
  • Section 11–9 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Switching Circuits
  • Chapter 12: Batteries
  • Chapter 12 Introduction
  • 12–1 Introduction to Batteries
  • Primary Cells
  • Secondary Cells
  • Dry Cells
  • Sealed Rechargeable Cells
  • 12–2 The Voltaic Cell
  • Current Outside the Cell
  • Current Inside the Cell
  • Internal Resistance, r i
  • Electromotive Series
  • 12–3 Common Types of Primary Cells
  • Carbon-Zinc
  • Alkaline Cell
  • Zinc Chloride Cells
  • Additional Types of Primary Cells
  • Mercury Cell
  • Silver Oxide Cell
  • Summary of the Most Common Types of Dry Cells
  • Lithium Cell
  • 12–4 Lead-Acid Wet Cell
  • Construction
  • Chemical Action
  • Current Ratings
  • Specific Gravity
  • Charging the Lead-Acid Battery
  • 12–5 Additional Types of Secondary Cells
  • Nickel-Cadmium NiCd Cell
  • Nickel-Metal-Hydride NiMH Cell
  • Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Cell
  • Nickel-Iron (Edison) Cell
  • Nickel-Zinc Cell
  • Fuel Cells
  • Solar Cells
  • 12–6 Series-Connected and Parallel-Connected Cells
  • Series Connections
  • Parallel Connections
  • Series-Parallel Connections
  • 12–7 Current Drain Depends on Load Resistance
  • 12–7 Self-Review
  • 12–8 Internal Resistance of a Generator
  • Why Terminal Voltage Drops with More Load Current
  • How to Measure r i
  • 12–9 Constant-Voltage and Constant-Current Sources
  • Constant-Current Generator
  • 12–10 Matching a Load Resistance to the Generator ri
  • Maximum Power in R L
  • Maximum Voltage Across R L
  • Maximum Efficiency
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 12–6 Series-Connected and Parallel-Connected Cells
  • Section 12–8 Internal Resistance of a Generator
  • Section 12–9 Constant-Voltage and Constant-Current Sources
  • Section 12–10 Matching a Load Resistance to the Generator, r i
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Internal Resistance, r i
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 11–12)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 13: Magnetism
  • Chapter 13 Introduction
  • 13–1 The Magnetic Field
  • Field Lines
  • North and South Magnetic Poles
  • 13–2 Magnetic Flux (ϕ)
  • The Maxwell
  • The Weber
  • Conversion between Units
  • Systems of Magnetic Units
  • 13–3 Flux Density (B)
  • The Gauss
  • The Tesla
  • Conversion between Units
  • Comparison of Flux and Flux Density
  • 13–4 Induction by the Magnetic Field
  • Polarity of Induced Poles
  • Relative Permeability
  • 13–5 Air Gap of a Magnet
  • Ring Magnet without Air Gap
  • Keeper for a Magnet
  • 13–6 Types of Magnets
  • Electromagnets
  • Permanent Magnets
  • Classification of Magnetic Materials
  • 13–7 Ferrites
  • 13–7 Self-Review
  • 13–8 Magnetic Shielding
  • 13–8 Self-Review
  • 13–9 The Hall Effect
  • 13–9 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 13–2 Magnetic Flux ϕ
  • Section 13–3 Flux Density (B)
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Magnetic Field Pattern
  • Chapter 14: Electromagnetism
  • Chapter 14 Introduction
  • 14–1 Ampere-Turns of Magnetomotive Force (mmf)
  • 14–2 Field Intensity (H)
  • Units for H
  • Conversion of Units
  • Permeability (μ)
  • 14–3 B-H Magnetization Curve
  • Calculating H and B
  • Saturation
  • 14–4 Magnetic Hysteresis
  • Hysteresis Loss
  • Hysteresis Loop
  • Demagnetization
  • 14–5 Magnetic Field around an Electric Current
  • Clockwise and Counterclockwise Fields
  • Fields Aiding or Canceling
  • 14–6 Magnetic Polarity of a Coil
  • Solenoid as a Bar Magnet
  • Magnetic Polarity
  • 14–7 Motor Action between Two Magnetic Fields
  • Force on a Straight Conductor in a Magnetic Field
  • Rotation of a Conductor Loop in a Magnetic Field
  • 14–8 Induced Current
  • Direction of Motion
  • Conductor Perpendicular to External Flux
  • How Induced Current Is Generated
  • Lenz’s Law
  • 14–9 Generating an Induced Voltage
  • Induced Voltage across a Coil
  • Faraday’s Law of Induced Voltage
  • Rate of Change
  • Analysis of Induced Voltage as N d ϕ / dt
  • Polarity of the Induced Voltage
  • 14–10 Relays
  • Relay Specifications
  • Relay Applications
  • Common Relay Troubles
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 14–1 Ampere-Turns of Magnetomotive Force (mmf)
  • Section 14–2 Field Intensity (H)
  • Section 14–3 B-H Magnetization Curve
  • Section 14–9 Generating an Induced Voltage
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Relay Specifications
  • Relay Circuit 1
  • Relay Circuit 2
  • Chapter 15: Alternating Voltage and Current
  • Chapter 15 Introduction
  • 15–1 Alternating Current Applications
  • 15–1 Self-Review
  • 15–2 Alternating-Voltage Generator
  • The Cycle
  • Angular Measure
  • Radian Measure
  • 15–3 The Sine Wave
  • 15–3 Self-Review
  • 15–4 Alternating Current
  • 15–4 Self-Review
  • 15–5 Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave
  • Peak Value
  • Average Value
  • Root-Mean-Square, or Effective, Value
  • 15–6 Frequency
  • Frequency Units
  • Audio and Radio Frequencies
  • Sonic and Ultrasonic Frequencies
  • 15–7 Period
  • Units of Time
  • 15–8 Wavelength
  • Wavelength of Radio Waves
  • Wavelength of Sound Waves
  • 15–9 Phase Angle
  • The 90 ° Phase Angle
  • Phase-Angle Diagrams
  • Phase-Angle Reference
  • In-Phase Waveforms
  • Out-of-Phase Waveforms
  • 15–10 The Time Factor in Frequency and Phase
  • 15–10 Self-Review
  • 15–11 Alternating Current Circuits with Resistance
  • Series AC Circuit with R
  • Parallel AC Circuit with R
  • Series–Parallel AC Circuit with R
  • 15–12 Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms
  • 15–12 Self-Review
  • 15–13 Harmonic Frequencies
  • 15–13 Self-Review
  • 15–14 The 60-Hz AC Power Line
  • Advantages
  • The 60-Hz Frequency Reference
  • Residential Wiring
  • Grounding
  • 15–15 Motors and Generators
  • Armature
  • Field Winding
  • Slip Rings
  • Brushes
  • Commutator
  • Alternating Current Induction Motor
  • Universal Motor
  • Alternators
  • 15–15 Self-Review
  • 15–16 Three–Phase AC Power
  • 15–16 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 15–2 Alternating-Voltage Generator
  • Section 15–3 THE SINE WAVE
  • Section 15–4 Alternating Current
  • Section 15–5 Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave
  • Section 15–6 Frequency
  • Section 15–7 Period
  • Section 15–8 Wavelength
  • Section 15–9 Phase Angle
  • Section 15–10 The Time Factor in Frequency and Phase
  • Section 15–11 Alternating Current Circuits With Resistance
  • Section 15–12 Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms
  • Section 15–13 Harmonic Frequencies
  • Section 15–14 The 60- Hz AC Power Line
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Using the Oscilloscope and Function Generator
  • AC Circuit Measurements
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 13–15)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 16: Capacitance
  • Chapter 16 Introduction
  • 16–1 How Charge Is Stored in a Capacitor
  • Electric Field in the Dielectric
  • Electrostatic Induction
  • 16–2 Charging and Discharging a Capacitor
  • Applying the Charge
  • Storing the Charge
  • Discharging
  • Nature of the Capacitance
  • Charge and Discharge Currents
  • 16–3 The Farad Unit of Capacitance
  • Larger Plate Area Increases Capacitance
  • Thinner Dielectric Increases Capacitance
  • Dielectric Constant K ϵ
  • Dielectric Strength
  • 16–4 Typical Capacitors
  • Mica Capacitors
  • Paper Capacitors
  • Film Capacitors
  • Ceramic Capacitors
  • Surface-Mount Capacitors
  • Variable Capacitors
  • Temperature Coefficient
  • Capacitance Tolerance
  • Voltage Rating of Capacitors
  • Capacitor Applications
  • 16–5 Electrolytic Capacitors
  • Construction
  • Polarity
  • Leakage Current
  • Nonpolarized Electrolytics
  • Tantalum Capacitors
  • 16–6 Capacitor Coding
  • Film-Type Capacitors
  • Ceramic Disk Capacitors
  • Chip Capacitors
  • Tantalum Capacitors
  • 16–7 Parallel Capacitances
  • 16–7 Self-Review
  • 16–8 Series Capacitances
  • Division of Voltage across Unequal Capacitances
  • Charging Current for Series Capacitances
  • 16–9 Energy Stored in Electrostatic Field of Capacitance
  • 16–9 Self-Review
  • 16–10 Measuring and Testing Capacitors
  • Leakage Resistance of a Capacitor
  • Dielectric Absorption
  • Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR)
  • 16–11 Troubles in Capacitors
  • Checking Capacitors with an Ohmmeter
  • Ohmmeter Readings
  • Short-Circuited Capacitors
  • Open Capacitors
  • Leaky Capacitors
  • Shelf Life
  • Capacitor Value Change
  • Replacing Capacitors
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 16–3 The Farad Unit of Capacitance
  • Section 16–6 Capacitor Coding
  • Section 16–7 Parallel Capacitances
  • Section 16–8 series capacitances
  • Section 16–9 Energy Stored in Electrostatic Field of Capacitance
  • Section 16–10 Measuring and Testing Capacitors
  • Section 16–11 Troubles in Capacitors
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Measuring Capacitance
  • Series Capacitors
  • Parallel Capacitors
  • Capacitor Leakage
  • Chapter 17: Capacitive Reactance
  • Chapter 17 Introduction
  • 17–1 Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit
  • Capacitive Current
  • Values for X c
  • 17–2 The Amount of XC Equals 1/(2πfC)
  • X c Is Inversely Proportional to Capacitance
  • X c Is Inversely Proportional to Frequency
  • Calculating C from Its Reactance
  • Calculating Frequency from the Reactance
  • Summary of X C Formulas
  • 17–3 Series and Parallel Capacitive Reactances
  • 17–3 Self-Review
  • 17–4 Ohm’s Law Applied to XC
  • 17–4 Self-Review
  • 17–5 Applications of Capacitive Reactance
  • 17–5 Self-Review
  • 17–6 Sine-Wave Charge and Discharge Current
  • Calculating the Values of i c
  • Waveshapes of v c and i c
  • 90 ° Phase Angle
  • Ohms of X c
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 17–1 Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit
  • Section 17–2 The Amount Of X C Equals 1 2 π fC
  • Section 17–3 Series and Parallel Capacitive Reactances
  • Section 17–4 Ohm’S Law Applied To X C
  • Section 17–5 Applications of Capacitive Reactance
  • Section 17–6 Sine-Wave Charge and Discharge Current
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Capacitive Reactance, X C
  • Series Capacitive Reactances
  • Parallel Capacitive Reactances
  • Chapter 18: Capacitive Circuits
  • Chapter 18 Introduction
  • 18–1 Sine Wave vc Lags ic by 90°
  • Examining the v C and i C Waveforms
  • Why i C Leads v C by 90 °
  • Capacitive Current Is the Same in a Series Circuit
  • Capacitive Voltage Is the Same across Parallel Branches
  • The Frequency Is the Same for v C and i C
  • 18–2 Xc and R in Series
  • Phase Comparisons
  • Combining V R and V C
  • Phasor Voltage Triangle
  • 18–3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Phase Angle with Series X C and R
  • Series Combinations of X c and R
  • 18–4 RC Phase-Shifter Circuit
  • 18–4 Self-Review
  • 18–5 Xc and R in Parallel
  • Phasor Current Triangle
  • Impedance of X C and R in Parallel
  • Phase Angle in Parallel Circuits
  • Parallel Combinations of X C and R
  • 18–6 RF and AF Coupling Capacitors
  • Choosing a Coupling Capacitor for a Circuit
  • 18–7 Capacitive Voltage Dividers
  • AC Divider
  • DC Divider
  • 18–8 The General Case of Capacitive Current ic
  • 18–8 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 18–1 Sine Wave v c Lags i c by 90 °
  • Section 18–2 X C and R in Series
  • Section 18–3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Section 18–4 RC Phase-Shifter Circuit
  • Section 18–5 X C and R in Parallel
  • Section 18–6 RF and AF Coupling Capacitors
  • Section 18–7 Capacitive Voltage Dividers
  • Section 18–8 The General Case of Capacitive Current, i C
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Series RC Circuit
  • Parallel RC Circuit
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 16–18)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 19: Inductance
  • Chapter 19 Introduction
  • 19–1 Induction by Alternating Current
  • 19–1 Self-Review
  • 19–2 Self-Inductance L
  • Definition of the Henry Unit
  • Inductance of Coils
  • Typical Coil Inductance Values
  • 19–3 Self-Induced Voltage vL
  • 19–3 Self-Review
  • 19–4 How vL Opposes a Change in Current
  • 19–4 Self-Review
  • 19–5 Mutual Inductance LM
  • Coefficient of Coupling
  • Calculating L M
  • 19–6 Transformers
  • Turns Ratio
  • Voltage Ratio
  • Secondary Current
  • Power in the Secondary
  • Current Ratio
  • Total Secondary Power Equals Primary Power
  • Autotransformers
  • Isolation of the Secondary
  • Transformer Efficiency
  • 19–7 Transformer Ratings
  • Voltage Ratings
  • Current Ratings
  • Power Ratings
  • Frequency Ratings
  • 19–8 Impedance Transformation
  • Impedance Matching for Maximum Power Transfer
  • 19–9 Core Losses
  • Eddy Currents
  • RF Shielding
  • Hysteresis Losses
  • Air-Core Coils
  • 19–10 Types of Cores
  • Laminated Core
  • Powdered-Iron Core
  • Ferrite Core
  • 19–11 Variable Inductance
  • 19–11 Self-Review
  • 19–12 Inductances in Series or Parallel
  • Series Coils with L M
  • How to Measure L M
  • 19–13 Energy in a Magnetic Field of Inductance
  • 19–13 Self-Review
  • 19–14 Stray Capacitive and Inductive Effects
  • Stray Circuit Capacitance
  • Stray Inductance
  • Inductance of a Capacitor
  • Distributed Capacitance of a Coil
  • Reactive Effects in Resistors
  • Capacitance of an Open Circuit
  • 19–15 Measuring and Testing Inductors
  • Inductor Coding
  • Troubles in Coils
  • Direct Current Resistance of a Coil
  • Open Coil
  • Value Change
  • Open Primary Winding
  • Open Secondary Winding
  • Short across Secondary Winding
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 19–1 Induction by Alternating Current
  • Section 19–2 SELF-INDUCTANCE L
  • Section 19–3 Self-Induced Voltage V L
  • Section 19–5 Mutual Inductance L M
  • Section 19–6 Transformers
  • Section 19–7 Transformer Ratings
  • Section 19–8 Impedance Transformation
  • Section 19–12 Inductances in Series or Parallel
  • Section 19–13 Energy in a Magnetic Field of Inductance
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Resistance Measurements
  • Effect of DC Voltage and Current
  • Transformer Circuit
  • Unloaded Secondary
  • Chapter 20: Inductive Reactance
  • Chapter 20 Introduction
  • 20–1 How XL Reduces the Amount of I
  • X L Is an Inductive Effect
  • The Inductive Reactance Is a V/I Ratio
  • The Effect of L and f on X L
  • 20–2 XL = 2πfL
  • Finding L from X L
  • Finding f from X L
  • 20–3 Series and Parallel Inductive Reactances
  • 20–3 Self-Review
  • 20–4 Ohm’s Law Applied to XL
  • 20–4 Self-Review
  • 20–5 Applications of XL for Different Frequencies
  • 20–5 Self-Review
  • 20–6 Waveshape of vL Induced by Sine-Wave Current
  • 90 ° Phase Angle
  • Frequency
  • Ohms of X L
  • The Tabulated Values from 0 ° to 90 °
  • 90 ° to 180 °
  • 180 ° to 270 °
  • 270 ° to 360 °
  • Application of the 90 ° Phase Angle in a Circuit
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 20–1 How X L Reduces the Amount Of I
  • Section 20–2 X L = 2 π f L
  • Section 20–3 Series and Parallel Inductive Reactances
  • Section 20–4 Ohm’s Law Applied To X L
  • Section 20–5 Applications Of X L for Different Frequencies
  • Section 20–6 Waveshape of V L Induced by Sine-Wave Current
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • DC Resistance, r i , of a Coil
  • Inductive Reactance, X L
  • Series Inductive Reactances
  • Parallel Inductive Reactances
  • Chapter 21: Inductive Circuits
  • Chapter 21 Introduction
  • 21–1 Sine Wave iL Lags vL by 90°
  • Why the Phase Angle Is 90 °
  • Why i L Lags v L
  • Inductive Current Is the Same in a Series Circuit
  • Inductive Voltage Is the Same across Parallel Branches
  • The Frequency Is the Same for i L and v L
  • 21–2 XL and R in Series
  • Phase Comparisons
  • Combining V R and V L
  • Phasor Voltage Triangle
  • 21–3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Phase Angle with Series X L
  • Series Combinations of X L and R
  • 21–4 XL and R in Parallel
  • Phasor Current Triangle
  • Impedance of X L and R in Parallel
  • Phase Angle with Parallel X L and R
  • Parallel Combinations of X L and R
  • 21–5 Q of a Coil
  • Skin Effect
  • AC Effective Resistance
  • The Q of a Capacitor
  • 21–6 AF and RF Chokes
  • Calculations for a Choke
  • Choosing a Choke for a Circuit
  • 21–7 The General Case of Inductive Voltage
  • The Slope of i
  • The Polarity of V L
  • Calculations for V L
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Series RL circuit
  • Parallel RL circuit
  • Q of a coil
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 21–1 Sine Wave i L Lags v L by 90 °
  • Section 21–2 X L and R in Series
  • Section 21–3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Section 21–4 X L and R in Parallel
  • Section 21–5 Q of a Coil
  • Section 21–6 AF and Rf Chokes
  • Section 21–7 The General Case of Inductive Voltage
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Series RL Circuit
  • Parallel RL Circuit
  • Chapter 22: RC and L/R Time Constants
  • Chapter 22 Introduction
  • 22–1 Response of Resistance Alone
  • 22–1 Self-Review
  • 22–2 L/R Time Constant
  • 22–2 Self-Review
  • 22–3 High Voltage Produced by Opening an RL Circuit
  • Closing the Circuit
  • Opening the Circuit
  • Calculating the Peak of v L
  • The di  /dt for v L
  • Applications of Inductive Voltage Pulses
  • 22–4 RC Time Constant
  • The Time Constant Indicates the Rate of Charge or Discharge
  • RC Applications
  • 22–5 RC Charge and Discharge Curves
  • Charge and Discharge Current
  • Capacitance Opposes Voltage Changes across Itself
  • 22–6 High Current Produced by Short-Circuiting an RC Circuit
  • Charging the Capacitor
  • Discharging the Capacitor
  • Energy Stored in C
  • The dv  /dt for i C
  • 22–7 RC Waveshapes
  • Square Wave of Applied Voltage
  • Capacitor Voltage v C
  • Charge and Discharge Current
  • Resistor Voltage v R
  • Why the i C Waveshape Is Important?
  • 22–8 Long and Short Time Constants
  • Long RC Time
  • Short RC Time
  • Differentiation
  • Integration
  • 22–9 Charge and Discharge with a Short RC Time Constant
  • Square Wave of V T Is across C
  • Sharp Pulses of i
  • Sharp Pulses of V R
  • 22–10 Long Time Constant for an RC Coupling Circuit
  • Very Little of V T Is across C
  • Square Wave of i
  • Square Wave of V T Is across R
  • 22–11 Advanced Time Constant Analysis
  • Slope at t = 0
  • Equation of the Decay Curve
  • Calculations for V R
  • Calculations for t
  • 22–12 Comparison of Reactance and Time Constant
  • Phase Angle of Reactance
  • Changes in Waveshape
  • Coupling Capacitors
  • Inductive Circuits
  • Choke Coils
  • When Do We Use the Time Constant?
  • When Do We Use Reactance?
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 22–1 Response of Resistance Alone
  • Section 22–2 L / R Time Constant
  • Section 22–3 High Voltage Produced by Opening An RL Circuit
  • Section 22–4 RC Time Constant
  • Section 22–5 RC Charge and Discharge Curves
  • Section 22–6 High Current Produced by Short-Circuiting An RC Circuit
  • Section 22–7 RC Waveshapes
  • Section 22–8 Long and Short Time Constants
  • Section 22–9 Charge and Discharge With a Short RC Time Constant
  • Section 22–10 Long Time Constant for An RC Coupling Circuit
  • Section 22–11 Advanced Time Constant Analysis
  • Section 22–12 Comparison of Reactance and Time Constant
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • RC Differentiator
  • RC Integrator
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 19–22)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 23: Alternating Current Circuits
  • Chapter 23 Introduction
  • 23–1 AC Circuits with Resistance but No Reactance
  • Series Resistances
  • Parallel Resistances
  • 23–2 Circuits with XL Alone
  • X L Values in Series
  • I L Values in Parallel
  • 23–3 Circuits with XC Alone
  • X C Values in Series
  • I C Values in Parallel
  • 23–4 Opposite Reactances Cancel
  • X L and X C in Series
  • X L and X C in Parallel
  • 23–5 Series Reactance and Resistance
  • Magnitude of Z T
  • I = V / Z T
  • Series Voltage Drops
  • Angle of Z T
  • More Series Components
  • Double-Subscript Notation
  • 23–6 Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • Calculating I T
  • Z EQ = V A / I T
  • Phase Angle
  • More Parallel Branches
  • 23–7 Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • 23–7 Self-Review
  • 23–8 Real Power
  • Power Factor
  • Apparent Power
  • The VAR
  • Correcting the Power Factor
  • 23–9 AC Meters
  • 23–9 Self-Review
  • 23–10 Wattmeters
  • 23–10 Self-Review
  • 23–11 Summary of Types of Ohms in AC Circuits
  • 23–11 Self-Review
  • 23–12 Summary of Types of Phasors in AC Circuits
  • Series Components
  • Resistance
  • Reactance
  • Reactive Branch Currents
  • Angle θ Z
  • Angle θ I
  • Circuit Phase Angle θ
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 23–1 AC Circuits with Resistance But No Reactance
  • Section 23–2 Circuits with X L Alone
  • Section 23–3 Circuits With X C Alone
  • Section 23–4 Opposite Reactances Cancel
  • Section 23–5 Series Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23–6 Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23–7 Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23–8 Real Power
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Real Power, Apparent Power, and Power Factor
  • Power Factor Correction
  • In Figure 23–36a
  • Chapter 24: Complex Numbers for AC Circuits
  • Chapter 24 Introduction
  • 24–1 Positive and Negative Numbers
  • 24–1 Self-Review
  • 24–2 The j Operator
  • 24–2 Self-Review
  • 24–3 Definition of a Complex Number
  • 24–3 Self-Review
  • 24–4 How Complex Numbers Are Applied to AC Circuits
  • 24–4 Self-Review
  • 24–5 Impedance in Complex Form
  • 24–5 Self-Review
  • 24–6 Operations with Complex Numbers
  • For Addition or Subtraction
  • To Multiply or Divide a j Term by a Real Number
  • To Multiply or Divide a Real Number by a Real Number
  • To Multiply a j Term by a j Term
  • To Divide a j Term by a j Term
  • To Multiply Complex Numbers
  • To Divide Complex Numbers
  • 24–7 Magnitude and Angle of a Complex Number
  • 24–7 Self-Review
  • 24–8 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
  • For Multiplication
  • For Division
  • 24–9 Converting Polar to Rectangular Form
  • 24–9 Self-Review
  • 24–10 Complex Numbers in Series AC Circuits
  • Z T in Rectangular Form
  • Z T in Polar Form
  • Calculating I
  • Phase Angle of the Circuit
  • Finding Each Voltage Drop
  • Phase Angle of Each Voltage
  • Total Voltage V T Equals the Phasor Sum of the Series Voltage Drops
  • 24–11 Complex Numbers in Parallel AC Circuits
  • Admittance Y and Susceptance B
  • 24–12 Combining Two Complex Branch Impedances
  • 24–12 Self-Review
  • 24–13 Combining Complex Branch Currents
  • 24–13 Self-Review
  • 24–14 Parallel Circuit with Three Complex Branches
  • Branch Impedances
  • Branch Currents
  • Total Line Current
  • Total Impedance
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 24–1 Positive and Negative Numbers
  • Section 24–2 The j Operator
  • Section 24–3 Definition of a Complex Number
  • Section 24–4 How Complex Numbers Are Applied to AC Circuits
  • Section 24–5 Impedance in Complex Form
  • Section 24–6 Operations With Complex Numbers
  • Section 24–7 Magnitude and Angle of a Complex Number
  • Section 24–8 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
  • Section 24–9 Converting Polar to Rectangular Form
  • Section 24–10 Complex Numbers in Series AC Circuits
  • Section 24–11 Complex Numbers in Parallel AC Circuits
  • Section 24–12 Combining Two Complex Branch Impedances
  • Section 24–13 Combining Complex Branch Currents
  • Section 24–14 Parallel Circuit With Three Complex Branches
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Circuit Calculations
  • Circuit Measurements
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 23–24)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 25: Resonance
  • Chapter 25 Introduction
  • 25–1 The Resonance Effect
  • 25–1 Self-Review
  • 25–2 Series Resonance
  • Maximum Current at Series Resonance
  • Minimum Impedance at Series Resonance
  • Resonant Rise in Voltage across Series L or C
  • 25–3 Parallel Resonance
  • Minimum Line Current at Parallel Resonance
  • Maximum Line Impedance at Parallel Resonance
  • The LC Tank Circuit
  • 25–4 Resonant Frequency fr=1/(2π√LC)
  • How the f r Varies with L and C
  • LC Product Determines f r
  • Measuring L or C by Resonance
  • Calculating C from f r
  • Calculating L from f r
  • 25–5 Q Magnification Factor of a Resonant Circuit
  • Q of Series Circuit
  • Higher L/C Ratio Can Provide Higher Q
  • Q Rise in Voltage across Series L or C
  • How to Measure Q in a Series Resonant Circuit
  • Q of Parallel Circuit
  • Q Rise in Impedance across a Parallel Resonant Circuit
  • How to Measure Z EQ of a Parallel Resonant Circuit
  • 25–6 Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit
  • Measurement of Bandwidth
  • Bandwidth Equals f r / Q
  • High Q Means Narrow Bandwidth
  • The Edge Frequencies
  • Half-Power Points
  • Measuring Bandwidth to Calculate Q
  • 25–7 Tuning
  • Tuning Ratio
  • Radio Tuning Dial
  • 25–8 Mistuning
  • Series Circuit Off-Resonance
  • Parallel Circuit Off-Resonance
  • 25–9 Analysis of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • High-Q Circuit
  • Low-Q Circuit
  • Criteria for Parallel Resonance
  • 25–10 Damping of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • Parallel R P without r s
  • Series r s without R P
  • Conversion of r s or R P
  • Damping with Both r s and R P
  • 25–11 Choosing L and C for a Resonant Circuit
  • 25–11 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 25–1 The Resonance Effect
  • Section 25–2 Series Resonance
  • Section 25–3 Parallel Resonance
  • Section 25–4 Resonant Frequency f r = 1 / 2 π L C
  • Section 25–5 Q Magnification Factor of a Resonant Circuit
  • Section 25–6 Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit
  • Section 25–7 Tuning
  • Section 25–8 Mistuning
  • Section 25–9 Analysis of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • Section 25–10 Damping of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • Section 25–11 Choosing L and C for a Resonant Circuit
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Determining the Resonant Frequency, f r , of a Series LC Circuit
  • Determining the Resonant Frequency, f r , of a Parallel Resonant Circuit
  • Chapter 26: Filters
  • Chapter 26 Introduction
  • 26–1 Examples of Filtering
  • 26–1 Self-Review
  • 26–2 Direct Current Combined with Alternating Current
  • DC and AC Components
  • Typical Examples of DC Level with AC Component
  • Separating the AC Component
  • 26–3 Transformer Coupling
  • 26–3 Self-Review
  • 26–4 Capacitive Coupling
  • The DC Component across C
  • The AC Component across R
  • Voltages around the RC Coupling Circuit
  • Typical Coupling Capacitors
  • 26–5 Bypass Capacitors
  • Bypassing the AC Component of a Pulsating DC Voltage
  • Bypassing Radio Frequencies but Not Audio Frequencies
  • 26–6 Filter Circuits
  • 26–6 Self-Review
  • 26–7 Low-Pass Filters
  • Passband and Stop Band
  • Circuit Variations
  • Passive and Active Filters
  • 26–8 High-Pass Filters
  • 26–8 Self-Review
  • 26–9 Analyzing Filter Circuits
  • RC Low-Pass Filter
  • RL Low-Pass Filter
  • RC High-Pass Filter
  • RL High-Pass Filter
  • RC Bandpass Filter
  • RC Band-Stop Filter
  • 26–10 Decibels and Frequency Response Curves
  • Frequency Response Curves
  • RC Low-Pass Frequency Response Curve
  • 26–11 Resonant Filters
  • Series Resonance Filters
  • Parallel Resonance Filters
  • L-Type Resonant Filter
  • Crystal Filters
  • 26–12 Interference Filters
  • Power-Line Filter
  • Television Antenna Filter
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 26–1 Examples of Filtering
  • Section 26–2 Direct Current Combined with Alternating Current
  • Section 26–3 Transformer Coupling
  • Section 26–4 Capacitive Coupling
  • Section 26–5 Bypass Capacitors
  • Section 26–6 Filter Circuits
  • Section 26–7 Low-Pass Filters
  • Section 26–8 High-Pass Filters
  • Section 26–9 Analyzing Filter Circuits
  • Section 26–10 Decibels and Frequency Response Curves
  • Section 26–11 Resonant Filters
  • Section 26–12 Interference Filters
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • RC Coupling Circuit
  • RC Low-Pass Filter
  • Rate of Rolloff
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 25–26)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 27: Three-Phase AC Power Systems
  • Chapter 27 Introduction
  • 27–1 Three-Phase AC Generators
  • 27–1 Self-Review
  • 27–2 The Wye (Y)-Connected Three-Phase Generator
  • Calculating the Line Voltage, V L
  • 27–3 The Delta (Δ)-Connected Three-Phase Generator
  • 27–3 Self-Review
  • 27–4 Three-Phase Source/Load Configurations
  • The Y-Y Configuration
  • The Y-Δ Configuration
  • The Δ-Δ Configuration
  • The Δ-Y Configuration
  • 27–5 Three-Phase Power Calculations
  • Y-Y Configuration
  • Y-Δ Configuration
  • Δ-Δ Configuration
  • Δ-Y Configuration
  • About the Phase Angle θ
  • Advantages of Three-Phase AC Power
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 27–1 Three-Phase AC Generators
  • Section 27–2 The Wye (Y)-Connected Three-Phase generator
  • Section 27–3 The delta Δ -Connected Three-Phase Generator
  • Section 27–4 Three-Phase Source/Load Configurations
  • Section 27–5 Three-Phase Power Calculations
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Chapter 28: Diodes and Diode Applications
  • Chapter 28 Introduction
  • 28–1 Semiconductor Materials
  • Atomic Structure
  • Forming a Crystal
  • Thermally Generated Electron-Hole Pairs
  • Doping
  • 28–2 The p-n Junction Diode
  • Depletion Zone
  • Barrier Potential, V B
  • Forward-Biased p-n Junction
  • Reverse-Biased p-n Junctions
  • 28–3 Volt-Ampere Characteristic Curve
  • Breakdown Voltage, V BR
  • DC Resistance of a Diode
  • Using an Ohmmeter to Check a Diode
  • Using a DMM to Check a Diode
  • 28–4 Diode Approximations
  • First Approximation
  • Second Approximation
  • Third Approximation
  • More on Bulk Resistance
  • 28–5 Diode Ratings
  • Breakdown Voltage Rating, V BR
  • Average Forward-Current Rating, I O
  • Maximum Forward-Surge Current Rating, I FSM
  • Maximum Reverse Current, I R
  • 28–6 Rectifier Circuits
  • The Half-Wave Rectifier
  • Transformer Calculations
  • Analyzing Circuit Operation
  • Frequency of the Output Waveform
  • PIV
  • The Full-Wave Rectifier
  • Transformer Calculations
  • Analyzing Circuit Operation
  • Frequency of the Output Waveform
  • PIV
  • The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
  • PIV
  • Capacitor Input Filter
  • 28–7 Special Diodes
  • Light-Emitting Diodes
  • Zener Diodes and Their Characteristics
  • Zener Diode Applications
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 28–1 Semiconductor Materials
  • Section 28–2 The p-n Junction Diode
  • Section 28–3 Volt-Ampere Characteristic Curve
  • Section 28–4 Diode Approximations
  • Section 28–5 Diode Ratings
  • Section 28–6 Rectifier Circuits
  • Section 28–7 Special Diodes
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Transformer Measurements
  • Half-Wave Rectifier
  • Full-Wave Rectifier
  • Chapter 29: Bipolar Junction Transistors
  • Chapter 29 Introduction
  • 29–1 Transistor Construction
  • Schematic Symbols
  • 29–2 Proper Transistor Biasing
  • Transistor Currents
  • 29–3 Transistor Operating Regions
  • Transistor Voltages and Currents
  • DC Equivalent of a Transistor
  • 29–4 Transistor Ratings
  • Power Dissipation Rating, Pd(max)
  • Derating Factor
  • Breakdown Voltage Ratings
  • 29–5 Checking a Transistor with an Ohmmeter
  • Shorted and Open Junctions
  • Checking for Proper Transistor Action
  • Checking a Transistor with a Digital Multimeter (DMM)
  • 29–6 Transistor Biasing Techniques
  • Base Bias
  • DC Load Line
  • Voltage Divider Bias
  • Emitter Bias
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 29–1 Transistor Construction
  • Section 29–2 Proper Transistor Biasing
  • Section 29–3 Transistor Operating Regions
  • Section 29–4 Transistor Ratings
  • Section 29–5 Checking a Transistor With an Ohmmeter
  • Section 29–6 Transistor Biasing Techniques
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Beta, β DC
  • Base Bias
  • Voltage Divider Bias
  • Chapter 30: Transistor Amplifiers
  • Chapter 30 Introduction
  • 30–1 AC Resistance of a Diode
  • AC Resistance of Emitter Diode
  • 30–2 Small Signal Amplifier Operation
  • AC Beta
  • Calculating the DC Quantities
  • Amplifying the Input Signal
  • Voltage Gain, A v
  • Phase Inversion
  • 30–3 AC Equivalent Circuit of a CE Amplifier
  • 30–3 Self-Review
  • 30–4 Calculating the Voltage Gain, AV, of a CE Amplifier
  • The Effects of Connecting a Load Resistor, R L
  • Swamped Amplifier
  • Swamping Resistor Reduces Distortion
  • 30–5 Calculating the Input and Output Impedances in a CE Amplifier
  • Effect of Swamping Resistance on z in base and z in
  • Output Impedance, z out
  • Generator Impedance, R G
  • 30–6 Common-Collector Amplifier
  • DC Analysis of an Emitter Follower
  • DC Load Line
  • 30–7 AC Analysis of an Emitter Follower
  • No Phase Inversion
  • AC Equivalent Circuit
  • Voltage Gain, A V
  • Calculating Input Impedance, z in
  • 30–8 Emitter Follower Applications
  • Circuit Analysis
  • Advantage of the Emitter Follower
  • 30–9 Common-Base Amplifier
  • DC Analysis of a Common-Base Amplifier
  • 30–10 AC Analysis of a Common-Base Amplifier
  • Voltage Gain, A V
  • No Phase Inversion
  • Input Impedance, z in
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 30–1 AC Resistance of a Diode
  • Section 30–2 Small Signal Amplifier Operation
  • Section 30–3 AC Equivalent Circuit of a CE Amplifier
  • Section 30–4 Calculating the Voltage Gain, A V , of a CE Amplifier
  • Section 30–5 Calculating the Input and Output Impedances in a CE Amplifier
  • Section 30–6 Common-Collector Amplifier
  • Section 30–7 AC Analysis of an Emitter Follower
  • Section 30–8 Emitter Follower Applications
  • Section 30–9 Common-Base Amplifier
  • Section 30–10 AC Analysis of a Common-Base Amplifier
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Common-Emitter Amplifier Calculations
  • Common-Emitter Amplifier Measurements
  • Chapter 31: Field Effect Transistors
  • Chapter 31 Introduction
  • 31–1 JFETs and Their Characteristics
  • Schematic Symbols
  • JFET Operation
  • Gate Action
  • Shorted Gate-Source Junction
  • Drain Curves
  • Transconductance Curve
  • Calculating the Drain Current
  • More about the Ohmic Region
  • 31–2 JFET Biasing Techniques
  • Gate Bias
  • Self-Bias
  • Self-Bias Calculations
  • Voltage Divider Bias
  • Current-Source Bias
  • 31–3 JFET Amplifiers
  • g m Transconductance
  • Common-Source (CS) Amplifier—DC Analysis
  • Common-Source Amplifier—AC Analysis
  • Common-Drain (CD) Amplifier
  • Common-Gate (CG) Amplifier
  • 31–4 MOSFETs and Their Characteristics
  • Depletion-Type MOSFET
  • Zero Gate Voltage
  • p-Channel Depletion-Type MOSFET
  • Depletion-Type MOSFET Applications
  • Enhancement-Type MOSFETs
  • Enhancement-Type MOSFET Application
  • 31–5 MOSFET Biasing Techniques
  • Zero Bias for Depletion-Type MOSFETs
  • Biasing Enhancement-Type MOSFETs
  • 31–6 Handling MOSFETs
  • 31–6 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 31–1 Jfets and Their Characteristics
  • Section 31–2 Jfet Biasing Techniques
  • Section 31–3 Jfet Amplifiers
  • Section 31–4 Mosfets and Their Characteristics
  • Section 31–5 Mosfet Biasing Techniques
  • Section 31–6 Handling Mosfets
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Self-Bias
  • Common-Source Amplifier
  • Chapter 32: Power Amplifiers
  • Chapter 32 Introduction
  • 32–1 Classes of Operation
  • Class A Operation
  • Class B Operation
  • Class C Operation
  • 32–2 Class A Amplifiers
  • Analyzing the Class A Amplifier
  • RC-Coupled Class A Amplifier
  • 32–3 Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers
  • Typical Class B Push-Pull Amplifier
  • 32–4 Class C Amplifiers
  • Class C Amplifier Circuit Analysis
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 32–1 Classes of Operation
  • Section 32–2 Class a Amplifiers
  • Section 32–3 Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers
  • Section 32–4 Class C Amplifiers
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Tuned Class C Amplifier: Calculations and Predictions
  • Tuned Class C Amplifier: Measurements
  • Amplifier Bandwidth
  • Frequency Multiplier
  • Chapter 33: Thyristors
  • Chapter 33 Introduction
  • 33–1 Diacs
  • Current-Voltage Characteristics of a Diac
  • 33–2 SCRs and Their Characteristics
  • Gate Current Controls Forward Breakover Voltage
  • Important SCR Ratings
  • SCR Applications
  • 33–3 Triacs
  • Gate Triggering Characteristics
  • AC Control Using Triacs
  • 33–4 Unijunction Transistors
  • UJT Relaxation Oscillator
  • UJT Phase Control Circuit
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 33–1 Diacs
  • Section 33–2 SCRs and Their Characteristics
  • Section 33–3 Triacs
  • Section 33–4 Unijunction Transistors
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Analog VOM
  • Testing an SCR
  • SCR Test Circuit
  • Chapter 34: Operational Amplifiers
  • Chapter 34 Introduction
  • 34–1 Differential Amplifiers
  • DC Analysis of a Differential Amplifier
  • AC Analysis of a Differential Amplifier
  • 34–2 Operational Amplifiers and Their Characteristics
  • Open-Loop Voltage Gain, A VOL
  • Input Bias Currents
  • Frequency Response
  • Slew Rate
  • Power Bandwidth
  • Output Short-Circuit Current
  • Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
  • 34–3 Op-Amp Circuits with Negative Feedback
  • The Inverting Amplifier
  • The Noninverting Amplifier
  • The Voltage Follower
  • Op-Amp Bandwidth
  • Single Supply Operation
  • 34–4 Popular Op-Amp Circuits
  • The Summing Amplifier
  • Differential Amplifiers
  • Active Filters
  • Voltage-to-Current and Current-to-Voltage Converters
  • Comparators
  • Op-Amp Diode Circuits
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 34–1 Differential Amplifiers
  • Section 34–2 Operational Amplifiers and Their Characteristics
  • Section 34–3 Op-Amp Circuits With Negative Feedback
  • Section 34–4 Popular Op-Amp Circuits
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Inverting Amplifier
  • Noninverting Amplifier
  • Appendix A: Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations
  • Appendix A: Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations
  • Appendix B: Solder and the Soldering Process
  • Appendix B: Solder and the Soldering Process
  • From Simple Task to Fine Art
  • The Advantage of Soldering
  • The Nature of Solder
  • The Wetting Action
  • The Role of Flux
  • Soldering Irons
  • Controlling Heat at the Joint
  • Selecting the Soldering Iron and Tip
  • Making the Solder Connection
  • Removal of Flux
  • Lead-Free Solder
  • Appendix C: Listing of Preferred Resistance Values
  • Appendix C: Listing of Preferred Resistance Values
  • Appendix D: Component Schematic Symbols
  • Appendix D: Component Schematic Symbols
  • Voltage and Current Sources
  • Ground Symbols
  • Connections
  • Resistors
  • Capacitors
  • Inductors (Coils)
  • Transformers
  • Switches
  • Protective Devices
  • Relays
  • Lamp
  • Test Instruments
  • Diodes
  • Transistors
  • Thyristors
  • Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
  • Appendix E: Using the Oscilloscope
  • Appendix E: Using the Oscilloscope
  • Basic Information
  • Oscilloscope Probes
  • Voltage and Time Measurements
  • Vertical Controls (See Fig. E–13)
  • Horizontal Controls (See Fig. E–13)
  • Trigger Controls (See Fig. E–13)
  • Menu and Control Buttons (See Fig. E–13)
  • Appendix F: Introduction to Multisim
  • Appendix F: Introduction to Multisim
  • Introduction
  • Work Area
  • Opening a File
  • Running a Simulation
  • Saving a File
  • Components
  • Sources
  • Measurement Equipment
  • Circuit Examples
  • User Customization
  • Exporting Data to Excel
  • Adding Text and Graphics
  • Conclusion
  • Appendix G: Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
  • Appendix G: Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
  • How to Prevent ESD
  • ESD Symbols
  • Appendix H: Introduction to Breadboarding
  • Appendix H: Introduction to Breadboarding
  • Introduction
  • Constructing a Circuit on the Breadboard
  • Inserting Integrated Circuits (ICs) Into the Breadboard
  • Final Comments
  • Glossary
  • Glossary
  • Answers: Self-Tests
  • Answers to Self-Tests
  • Introduction to Powers of 10
  • Answers: Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems
  • Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems
  • Introduction to Powers of 10
  • Chapter 1 Answers
  • Section 1-4 The Coulomb Unit of Electric Charge
  • Section 1-5 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference
  • Section 1-6 Charge in Motion is Current
  • Section 1-7 Resistance is Opposition to Current
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 2 Answers
  • Section 2-2 Resistor Color Coding
  • Section 2-3 Variable Resistors
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 3 Answers
  • Section 3-1 The Current I = V R
  • Section 3-2 The Voltage V = I R
  • Section 3-3 The Resistance R = V I
  • Section 3-5 Multiple and Submultiple Units
  • Section 3-6 The Linear Proportion between V and I
  • Section 3-7 Electric Power
  • Section 3-8 Power Dissipation in Resistance
  • Section 3-9 Power Formulas
  • Section 3-10 Choosing a Resistor for a Circuit
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 4 Answers
  • Section 4-1 Why I is the Same in All Parts of a Series Circuit
  • Section 4-2 Total R Equals the Sum of All Series Resistances
  • Section 4-3 Series IR Voltage Drops
  • Section 4-4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
  • Section 4-5 Polarity of IR voltage Drops
  • Section 4-6 Total Power in a Series Circuit
  • Section 4-7 Series-Aiding and Series-Opposing Voltages
  • Section 4-8 Analyzing Series Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • Section 4-9 Ground Connections in Electrical and Electronic Systems
  • Section 4-10 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series Circuits
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Answers to Troubleshooting Challenge, Table 4-1
  • Chapter 5 Answers
  • Section 5-1 The Applied Voltage V A is the Same Across Parallel Branches
  • Section 5-2 Each Branch I Equals V A R
  • Section 5-3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
  • Section 5-4 Resistances in Parallel
  • Section 5-5 Conductances in Parallel
  • Section 5-6 Total Power in Parallel Circuits
  • Section 5-7 Analyzing Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Answers to Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Chapter 6 Answers
  • Section 6-1 Finding R T for Series-Parallel Resistances
  • Section 6-2 Resistance Strings in Parallel
  • Section 6-3 Resistance Banks in Series
  • Section 6-4 Resistance Banks and Strings in Series-Parallel
  • Section 6-5 Analyzing Series-Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • Section 6-6 The Wheatstone Bridge
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Answers to Troubleshooting Challenge, Table 6-1
  • Chapter 7 Answers
  • Section 7-1 Series Voltage Dividers
  • Section 7-2 Current Divider with Two Parallel Resistances
  • Section 7-3 Current Division by Parallel Conductances
  • Section 7-4 Series Voltage Divider with Parallel Load Current
  • Section 7-5 Design of a loaded Voltage Divider
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Answers to Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Chapter 8 Answers
  • Section 8-2 Meter Shunts
  • Section 8-3 Voltmeters
  • Section 8-4 Loading Effect of a Voltmeter
  • Section 8-5 Ohmmeters
  • Section 8-8 Meter Applications
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 9 Answers
  • Section 9-1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
  • Section 9-2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
  • Section 9-3 Method of Branch Currents
  • Section 9-4 Node-Voltage Analysis
  • Section 9-5 Method of Mesh Currents
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 10 Answers
  • Section 10-1 Superposition Theorem
  • Section 10-2 Thevenin’s Theorem
  • Section 10-3 Thevenizing A Circuit With Two Voltage Sources
  • Section 10-4 Thevenizing a Bridge Circuit
  • Section 10-5 Norton’s Theorem
  • Section 10-6 Thevenin-Norton Conversions
  • Section 10-7 Conversion of Voltage and Current Sources
  • Section 10-8 Millman’s Theorem
  • Section 10-9 T or Y and π or Δ Connections
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 11 Answers
  • Section 11-1 Function of the Conductor
  • Section 11-2 Standard Wire Gage Sizes
  • Section 11-3 Types of Wire Conductors
  • Section 11-6 Switches
  • Section 11-8 Wire Resistance
  • Section 11-9 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 12 Answers
  • Section 12-6 Series-Connected and Parallel-Connected Cells
  • Section 12-8 Internal Resistance of a Generator
  • Section 12-9 CONSTANT-VOLTAGE AND CONSTANT-CURRENT SOURCES
  • Section 12-10 Matching a Load Resistance to the Generator ri
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 13 Answers
  • Section 13-2 Magnetic Flux, ϕ
  • Section 13-3 Flux Density, B
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 14 Answers
  • Section 14-1 Ampere-Turns of Magnetomotive Force (mmf)
  • Section 14-2 Field Intensity (H)
  • Section 14-3 B-H Magnetization Curve
  • Section 14-9 Generating An Induced voltage
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 15 Answers
  • Section 15-2 Alternating-Voltage Generator
  • Section 15-3 The Sine Wave
  • Section 15-4 Alternating Current
  • Section 15-5 Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave
  • Section 15-6 Frequency
  • Section 15-7 Period
  • Section 15-8 Wavelength
  • Section 15-9 Phase Angle
  • Section 15-10 The Time Factor in Frequency and Phase
  • Section 15-11 Alternating Current Circuits with Resistance
  • Section 15-12 Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms
  • Section 15-13 Harmonic Frequencies
  • Section 15-14 The 60 -Hz AC Power Line
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 16 Answers
  • Section 16-3 The Farad Unit of Capacitance
  • Section 16-6 Capacitor Coding
  • Section 16-7 Parallel Capacitances
  • Section 16-8 Series Capacitances
  • Section 16-9 Energy Stored In Electrostatic Field Of Capacitance
  • Section 16-10 Measuring And Testing Capacitors
  • Section 16-11 Troubles In Capacitors
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 17 Answers
  • Section 17-1 Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit
  • Section 17-2 The Amount of X C Equals 1 2 πfC
  • Section 17-3 Series or Parallel Capacitive Reactances
  • Section 17-4 Ohm’s Law Applied to X C
  • Section 17-5 Applications of Capacitive Reactance
  • Section 17-6 Sine-Wave Charge and Discharge Current
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 18 Answers
  • Section 18-1 Sine Wave V c Lags i C by 90 °
  • Section 18-2 X C and R in Series
  • Section 18-3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Section 18-4 RC Phase-Shifter Circuit
  • Section 18-5 X C and R in Parallel
  • Section 18-6 RF and AF Coupling Capacitors
  • Section 18-7 Capacitive Voltage Dividers
  • Section 18-8 The General Case of Capacitive Current i C
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 19 Answers
  • Section 19-1 Induction by Alternating Current
  • Section 19-2 Self- Inductance L
  • Section 19-3 Self-Induced Voltage, V L
  • Section 19-5 Mutual Inductance L M
  • Section 19-6 Transformers
  • Section 19-7 Transformer Ratings
  • Section 19-8 Impedance Transformation
  • Section 19-12 Inductances in Series or Parallel
  • Section 19-13 Energy in Magnetic Field of Inductance
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 20 Answers
  • Section 20-1 How XL Reduces The Amount Of I
  • Section 20-2 XL=2πfL
  • Section 20-3 Series or Parallel Inductive Reactances
  • Section 20-4 Ohm’s Law Applied to XL
  • Section 20-6 Waveshape of VL Induced by Sine-Wave Current
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 21 Answers
  • Section 21-1 Sine Wave iL Lags VL by 90 °
  • Section 21-2 XL and R in Series
  • Section 21-3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Section 21-4 XL and R in Parallel
  • Section 21-5 Q of A Coil
  • Section 21-6 AF and RF Chokes
  • Section 21-7 The General Case of Inductive Voltage
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 22 Answers
  • Section 22-1 Response of Resistance Alone
  • Section 22-2 LR Time Constant
  • Section 22-3 High Voltage Produced by Opening an RL Circuit
  • Section 22-4 RC Time Constant
  • Section 22-5 RC Charge and Discharge Curves
  • Section 22-6 High Current Produced by Short-Circuiting an RC Circuit
  • Section 22-8 Long and Short Time Constants
  • Section 22-10 Long Time Constant for RC Coupling Circuit
  • Section 22-11 Advanced Time Constant Analysis
  • Section 22-12 Comparison of Reactance and Time Constant
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 23 Answers
  • Section 23-1 AC Circuits with Resistance but no Reactance
  • Section 23-2 Circuits with X L Alone
  • Section 23-3 Circuits with X C Alone
  • Section 23-4 Opposite Reactances Cancel
  • Section 23-5 Series Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23-6 Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23-7 Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23-8 Real Power
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 24 Answers
  • Section 24-1 Positive and Negative Numbers
  • Section 24-2 The j Operator
  • Section 24-3 Definition of a Complex Number
  • Section 24-4 How Complex Numbers are Applied to AC Circuits
  • Section 24-5 Impedance in Complex Form
  • Section 24-6 Operations with Complex Numbers
  • Section 24-8 Polar form of Complex Numbers
  • Section 24-10 Complex Numbers in Series AC Circuits
  • Section 24-11 Complex Numbers in Parallel AC Circuits
  • Section 24-12 Combining Two Complex Branch Impedances
  • Section 24-13 Combining Complex Branch Currents
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 25 Answers
  • Section 25-1 The Resonance Effect
  • Section 25-2 Series Resonance
  • Section 25-3 Parallel Resonance
  • Section 25-4 Resonant Frequency f r = 1 2 π LC
  • Section 25-5 Q Magnification Factor of a Resonant Circuit
  • Section 25-6 Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit
  • Section 25-7 Tuning
  • Section 25-8 Mistuning
  • Section 25-9 Analysis of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • Section 25-10 Damping of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 26 Answers
  • Section 26-1 Examples of Filtering
  • Section 26-2 Direct Current Combined with Alternating Current
  • Section 26-3 Transformer Coupling
  • Section 26-4 Capacitive Coupling
  • Section 26-5 Bypass Capacitors
  • Section 26-6 Filter Circuits
  • Section 26-7 Low-Pass Filters
  • Section 26-8 High-Pass Filters
  • Section 26-9 Analyzing Filter Circuits
  • Section 26-10 Decibels and Frequency Response Curves
  • Section 26-11 Resonant Filters
  • Section 26-12 Interference Filters
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 27 Answers
  • Section 27-1 Three-Phase AC Generators
  • Section 27-2 The Wye (Y)-Connected Three-Phase Generator
  • Section 27-3 The Delta Δ -Connected Three-Phase Generator
  • Section 27-4 Three-Phase Source/Load Configurations
  • Section 27-5 Three-Phase AC Power Calculations
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 28 Answers
  • Section 28-1 Semiconductor Materials
  • Section 28-2 The p-n Junction Diode
  • Section 28-3 Volt-Ampere Characteristic Curve
  • Section 28-4 Diode Approximations
  • Section 28-5 Diode Ratings
  • Section 28-6 Rectifier Circuits
  • Section 28-7 Special Diodes
  • Chapter 29 Answers
  • Section 29-1 Transistor Construction
  • Section 29-2 Proper Transistor Biasing
  • Section 29-3 Transistor Operating Regions
  • Section 29-4 Transistor Ratings
  • Section 29-5 Checking A Transistor With an Ohmmeter
  • Section 29-6 Transistor Biasing Techniques
  • Chapter 30 Answers
  • Section 30-1 AC Resistance of a Diode
  • Section 30-2 Small Signal Amplifier Operation
  • Section 30-3 AC Equivalent Circuit of a CE Amplifier
  • Section 30-4 Calculating the Voltage Gain, A V , OF A CE AMPLIFIER
  • Section 30-5 Calculating the Input and Output Impedances in a CE Amplifier
  • Section 30-6 The Common-Collector Amplifier
  • Section 30-7 AC Analysis of an Emitter Follower
  • Section 30-8 Emitter Follower Applications
  • Section 30-9 Common-Base Amplifier
  • Section 30-10 AC Analysis of a Common-Base Amplifier
  • Chapter 31 Answers
  • Section 31-1 JFETs and Their Characteristics
  • Section 31-2 Jfet Biasing Techniques
  • Section 31-3 Jfet Amplifiers
  • Section 31-4 MOSFETs and Their Characteristics
  • Section 31-5 Mosfet Biasing Techniques
  • SECTION 31-6 HANDLING MOSFETs
  • Chapter 32 Answers
  • Section 32-1 Classes of Operation
  • Section 32-2 Class A Amplifiers
  • Section 32-3 Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers
  • Section 32-4 Class C Amplifiers
  • Chapter 33 Answers
  • Section 33-1 DIACs
  • Section 33-2 SCRs and Their Characteristics
  • Section 33-3 TRIACs
  • Section 33-4 Unijunction Transistors
  • Chapter 34 Answers
  • Section 34-1 Differential Amplifiers
  • Section 34-2 Operational Amplifiers and Their Characteristics
  • Section 34-3 Op-Amp Circuits with Negative Feedback
  • Section 34-4 Popular OP-AMP Circuits
  • Index
  • Index
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  • Figure 17-14 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
  • Figure 17-15 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
  • Figure 17-16 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
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  • Figure 17-19 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
  • Figure 18-1 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
  • Figure 18-2 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
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  • Figure 18-21 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
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  • Figure 18-35 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
  • Figure 18-36 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
  • Figure 18-37 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
  • Figure 18-38 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
  • Figure 19-1 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-2 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-5 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-10 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-15 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-16 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-19 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-20 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-21 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-23 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-26 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-30 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-34 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-36 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-37 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-38 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-39 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-40 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-41 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-45 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-46 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-47 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-48 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-49 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 20-1 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-2 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-3 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
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  • Figure 20-6 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
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  • Figure 20-12 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-13 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-14 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-15 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-16 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-18 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 21-1 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-2 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-3 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-4 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-5 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-6 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-7 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-9 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-11 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-12 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-13 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-14 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-15 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-16 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-17 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-18 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-19 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-21 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-22 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-23 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-24 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-25 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-26 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-27 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-28 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
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  • Figure 21-33 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-34 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-35 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-36 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-37 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 22-2 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-3 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-4 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-5 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-6 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-7 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-8 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-9 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-10 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-11 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-12 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-13 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-14 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-15 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-16 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-17 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-18 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-19 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-20 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-21 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-21 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-23 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-24 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 23-1 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-2 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-3 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-4 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-5 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-6 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-7 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-8 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-9 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-10 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-11 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-12 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-13 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • A Phasor Diagram Shows Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-14 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-15 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-16 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-17 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-18 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-19 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-20 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-21 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-22 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-23 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-24 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-25 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-26 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
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  • Figure 23-33 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-34 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-35 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-36 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 24-3 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-4 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
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  • Figure 24-13 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
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  • Figure 24-17 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-18 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-19 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-20 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-21 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-22 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-23 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 25-1 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-2 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-3 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-4 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-5 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-6 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-7 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-8 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-9 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-10 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-11 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-12 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-13 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-14 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-15 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-16 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-17 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-18 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-19 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-20 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-21 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-22 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-23 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 26-1(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-2(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-3 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-4(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-5 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-6 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-7 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-8 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-9 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-10 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-11 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-12(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-13(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-14(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-15(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-16(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-17(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-18(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-19(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-20 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-21 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-22 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-23 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-24(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-25(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-26(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-28 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-30 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-31 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-32 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-33 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-34 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-35 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-36 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-37 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-38 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-39 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-40 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-41 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-42 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-43 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-44 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 27-1 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-2(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-3 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-4 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-5 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-6 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-7 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-8 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-9 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-10 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-11 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-12 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-13 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-14 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-15 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-16(a) Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-16(b) Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-17(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-18 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-19 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-20 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-21 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-22 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-23 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-24 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-25 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 28-1(a) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-2 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-5 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-6(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-7(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-8(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-9(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-10 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-11 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-12 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-13 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-14 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-15 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-16 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-17 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-18 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-19 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-20 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-21(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-22(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-23 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-24(a-c) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-25(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-26 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-27 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-28 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-29 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-30 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-31 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-32 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-33 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-34 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-35 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-36 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-37(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 29-1(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-2 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-3(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-4(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-5 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-6(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-7 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-8(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-9(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-10(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-11(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-12(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-13 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-14 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-15 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-16 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-17 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-18 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-19 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-20 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-21 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-22 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-23 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-24 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-25 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-26 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-27 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-28 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-29 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-30 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-31 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-32 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-33 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 30-1 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-2 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-3 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-4 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-5 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-6 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-7 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-8 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-9 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-10 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-11 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-12 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-13 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-14 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-15 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-16 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-17 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-18 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-19 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-20 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-21 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-22 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-23 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-24 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-25 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-26 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 31-1 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-2 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-3 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-4 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-5 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-6 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
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  • Figure 31-8 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-9 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-10 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-11 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-12 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-13 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-14 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-15 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-16 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-17 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-18 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-19 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-20 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-21 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-22 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-23 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-24 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-25 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-26 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-27 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-28 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-29 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 30-31 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-31 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-32 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-33 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-34 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-35 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 32-1 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-2 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-3 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-4 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-5 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-6 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-7 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-8 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-9 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-10 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-11 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-12 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-13 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-14 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-15 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-16 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 33-1 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-2 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-3 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-4 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-5 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-6 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-7 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-8 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-9 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-10 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-11 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-12 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-13 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-14 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-15 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-16 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-17 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 34-1 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-2 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-3 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-4 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-5 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-6 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-7 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-8 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-9 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-10 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-11 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-12 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-13 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-14 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-15 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-16 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-17 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-18 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-19 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-20 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-21 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-22 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-23 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-24 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-25 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-26 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-27 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-28 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-29 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-30 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-31 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-32 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-33 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-34 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-35 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-36 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-37 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-38 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-39 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-40 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-41 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-42 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-43 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-44 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-45 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-46 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-47 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure B-1 Extended Description (Appendix B)
  • Figure B-2 Extended Description (Appendix B)
  • Figure B-4 Extended Description (Appendix B)
  • Figure B-5 Extended Description (Appendix B)
  • Figure B-6 Extended Description (Appendix B)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an Individual Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Symbol for No Connection Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of a Fixed Resistor Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of a Fixed Capacitor Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of a Fixed Inductor Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an Air-core Transformer Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an SPST Switch Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • Two Schematic Symbols for Normally Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an Rectifier Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an NPN Transistor Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of a P-channel Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of a Diac Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an Operational Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • Figure E-1b Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-3 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-5 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-6 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-7 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-8 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-9 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-10 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-11 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-12 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure F-1 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-2 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-3 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-4 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-5 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-6 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-7 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-8 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-9 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-10 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-11 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-12 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-13 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-14 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-15 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-16 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-17 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-18 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-19 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-20 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-21 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-22 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-24 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-26 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-27 Extended Description (Appendix F)
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