Grob's Basic Electronics ISE

Höfundur: Mitchel Schultz (Útgáfa: 14)
Grob's Basic Electronics ISE

Kaup valmöguleikar

Grob’s Basic Electronics provides thorough, comprehensive coverage of all of the important fundamentals of DC and AC circuit theory. It also covers the most common electronic devices and their applications. The book has an endless number of worked-out examples showing detailed step-by-step solutions. Also, a multiple-choice self-test as well as an abundance of homework problems appear at the end of every chapter in the book.

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Útgefandi
McGraw-Hill Higher Education (International)
ISBN
9781264582341
Print ISBN
9781265468002
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
14
Höfundar
Mitchel Schultz
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2024-06-03
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Sharpen
  • Meet Sharpen
  • Table of Contents and Preface
  • Cover Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Brief Contents
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Connect
  • Before you read . . .
  • While you read . . .
  • After you’ve read . . .
  • About the Author
  • Electric Shock—Dangers, Precautions, and First Aid
  • Intro I: Introduction to Powers of 10
  • I Introduction
  • I–1 Scientific Notation
  • Expressing a Number in Scientific Notation
  • Decimal Notation
  • I–2 Engineering Notation and Metric Prefixes
  • Metric Prefixes
  • I–3 Converting between Metric Prefixes
  • I–3 Self-Review
  • I–4 Addition and Subtraction Involving Powers of 10 Notation
  • I–4 Self-Review
  • I–5 Multiplication and Division Involving Powers of 10 Notation
  • I–5 Self-Review
  • I–6 Reciprocals with Powers of 10
  • Negative Powers of 10
  • I–7 Squaring Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation
  • I–7 Self-Review
  • I–8 Square Roots of Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation
  • I–8 Self-Review
  • I–9 The Scientific Calculator
  • Entering and Displaying Values
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section I-1 Scientific Notation
  • Section I-2 Engineering Notation and Metric Prefixes
  • Section I-3 Converting Between Metric Prefixes
  • Section I-4 Addition and Subtraction Involving Powers of 10 Notation
  • Section I-5 Multiplication and Division Involving Powers of 10 Notation
  • Section I-6 Reciprocals With Powers of 10
  • Section I-7 Squaring Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation
  • Section I-8 Square Roots of Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation
  • Section I-9 The Scientific Calculator
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Chapter 1: Electricity
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1–1 Negative and Positive Polarities
  • 1–1 Self-Review
  • 1–2 Electrons and Protons in the Atom
  • Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
  • Elements
  • Molecules and Compounds
  • 1–3 Structure of the Atom
  • Atomic Number
  • Orbital Rings
  • Electron Valence
  • Subshells
  • Particles in the Nucleus
  • 1–4 The Coulomb Unit of Electric Charge
  • Negative and Positive Polarities
  • Charges of Opposite Polarity Attract
  • Charges of the Same Polarity Repel
  • Polarity of a Charge
  • Charge of an Electron
  • The Electric Field of a Static Charge
  • 1–5 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference
  • Potential between Different Charges
  • The Volt Unit
  • 1–6 Charge in Motion Is Current
  • Potential Difference Is Necessary to Produce Current
  • The Ampere of Current
  • How Current Differs from Charge
  • The General Nature of Current
  • Magnetic Field Associated with an Electric Current
  • 1–7 Resistance Is Opposition to Current
  • The Ohm
  • Conductance
  • 1–8 The Closed Circuit
  • How the Voltage Is Different from the Current
  • The Voltage Source Maintains the Current
  • The Circuit Is a Load on the Voltage Source
  • Open Circuit
  • Short Circuit
  • 1–9 The Direction of Current
  • Electron Flow
  • Conventional Current
  • Examples of Mobile Positive Charges
  • 1–10 Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)
  • 1–10 Self-Review
  • 1–11 Sources of Electricity
  • Static Electricity by Friction
  • Conversion of Chemical Energy
  • Electromagnetism
  • Photoelectricity
  • 1–12 The Digital Multimeter
  • Measuring Voltage
  • Measuring Current
  • Measuring Resistance
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 1–4 The Coulomb Unit of Electric Charge
  • Section 1–5 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference
  • Section 1–6 Charge in Motion Is Current
  • Section 1–7 Resistance Is Opposition to Current
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Measuring Voltage
  • Measuring Resistance
  • Measuring Current
  • Chapter 2: Resistors
  • Chapter 2 Introduction
  • 2–1 Types of Resistors
  • Wire-Wound Resistors
  • Carbon-Composition Resistors
  • Film-Type Resistors
  • Surface-Mount Resistors
  • Fusible Resistors
  • Thermistors
  • 2–2 Resistor Color Coding
  • Resistance Color Stripes
  • Resistors under 10 Ω
  • Resistor Tolerance
  • Five-Band Color Code
  • Wire-Wound-Resistor Marking
  • Preferred Resistance Values
  • Zero-Ohm Resistors
  • Chip Resistor Coding System
  • Thermistor Values
  • 2–3 Variable Resistors
  • Tapered Controls
  • Decade Resistance Box
  • 2–4 Rheostats and Potentiometers
  • Rheostat Circuit
  • Potentiometer Circuit
  • Potentiometer Used as a Rheostat
  • 2–5 Power Rating of Resistors
  • Power Derating Curve
  • Shelf Life
  • 2–6 Resistor Troubles
  • Noisy Controls
  • Checking Resistors with an Ohmmeter
  • Changed Value of R
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 2–2 Resistor Color Coding
  • Section 2–3 Variable Resistors
  • Section 2–4 Rheostats and Potentiometers
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Resistor Color Code
  • Resistance Measurement Precautions
  • Potentiometer
  • Rheostat
  • Chapter 3: Ohm’s Law
  • Chapter 3 Introduction
  • 3–1 The Current I = V/R
  • High Voltage but Low Current
  • Low Voltage but High Current
  • Less I with More R
  • Typical V and I
  • 3–2 The Voltage V = IR
  • 3–2 Self-Review
  • 3–3 The Resistance R = V/I
  • 3–3 Self-Review
  • 3–4 Practical Units
  • 3–4 Self-Review
  • 3–5 Multiple and Submultiple Units
  • 3–5 Self-Review
  • 3–6 The Linear Proportion between V and I
  • Plotting the Graph
  • Volt-Ampere Characteristic
  • Linear Resistance
  • Nonlinear Resistance
  • Inverse Relation between I and R
  • 3–7 Electric Power
  • Work, Energy, and Power
  • Watts and Horsepower Units
  • Practical Units of Power and Work
  • Electron Volt (eV)
  • kilowatt-Hour Unit of Electrical Energy
  • 3–8 Power Dissipation in Resistance
  • 3–8 Self-Review
  • 3–9 Power Formulas
  • 3–9 Self-Review
  • 3–10 Choosing a Resistor for a Circuit
  • Maximum Working Voltage Rating
  • 3–11 Electric Shock
  • 3–11 Self-Review
  • 3–12 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Troubles
  • 3–12 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 3–1 The Current I = V / R
  • Section 3–2 The Voltage V = I R
  • Section 3–3 The Resistance R = V / I
  • Section 3–5 Multiple and Submultiple Units
  • Section 3–6 The Linear Proportion Between V and I
  • Section 3–7 Electric Power
  • Section 3–8 Power Dissipation in Resistance
  • Section 3–9 Power Formulas
  • Section 3–10 Choosing a Resistor for a Circuit
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Linear Resistance
  • Nonlinear Resistance
  • Calculating Power
  • Volt-Ampere Characteristic of R
  • Chapter 4: Series Circuits
  • Chapter 4 Introduction
  • 4–1 Why I Is the Same in All Parts of a Series Circuit
  • 4–1 Self-Review
  • 4–2 Total R Equals the Sum of All Series Resistances
  • Series String
  • Series Resistance Formula
  • 4–3 Series IR Voltage Drops
  • 4–3 Self-Review
  • 4–4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
  • 4–4 Self-Review
  • 4–5 Polarity of IR Voltage Drops
  • 4–5 Self-Review
  • 4–6 Total Power in a Series Circuit
  • 4–6 Self-Review
  • 4–7 Series-Aiding and Series-Opposing Voltages
  • 4–7 Self-Review
  • 4–8 Analyzing Series Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • General Methods for Series Circuits
  • Series Voltage-Dropping Resistors
  • Circuit with Voltage Sources in Series
  • 4–9 Ground Connections in Electrical and Electronic Systems
  • Voltages Measured with Respect to Ground
  • Positive Voltages to Negative Ground
  • Positive and Negative Voltages to a Grounded Tap
  • Negative Voltages to Positive Ground
  • 4–10 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series Circuits
  • The Effect of an Open in a Series Circuit
  • The Applied Voltage V T Is Still Present with Zero Current
  • The Effect of a Short in a Series Circuit
  • General Rules for Troubleshooting Series Circuits
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 4–1 Why I is the Same in All Parts of a Series Circuit
  • Section 4–2 Total R Equals the Sum of All Series Resistances
  • Section 4–3 Series IR Voltage Drops
  • Section 4–4 Kirchhoff’S Voltage Law (Kvl)
  • Section 4–5 Polarity Of IR Voltage Drops
  • Section 4–6 Total Power in a Series Circuit
  • Section 4–7 Series–Aiding and Series–Opposing Voltages
  • Section 4–8 Analyzing Series Circuits With Random Unknowns
  • Section 4–9 Ground Connections in Electrical and Electronic Systems
  • Section 4–10 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series Circuits
  • Critical Thinking
  • Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Series Circuit Characteristics
  • Troubleshooting a Series Circuit
  • Chapter 5: Parallel Circuits
  • Chapter 5 Introduction
  • 5–1 The Applied Voltage VA Is the Same across Parallel Branches
  • 5–1 Self-Review
  • 5–2 Each Branch I Equals VA/R
  • 5–2 Self-Review
  • 5–3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
  • 5–3 Self-Review
  • 5–4 Resistances in Parallel
  • Parallel Bank
  • Why R EQ Is Less than Any Branch R
  • Reciprocal Resistance Formula
  • Total-Current Method
  • Special Case of Equal R in All Branches
  • Special Case of Only Two Branches
  • Short-Cut Calculations
  • Finding an Unknown Branch Resistance
  • 5–5 Conductances in Parallel
  • 5–5 Self-Review
  • 5–6 Total Power in Parallel Circuits
  • 5–6 Self-Review
  • 5–7 Analyzing Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • 5–7 Self-Review
  • 5–8 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Parallel Circuits
  • The Effect of an Open in a Parallel Circuit
  • The Effect of a Short in a Parallel Circuit
  • The Short-Circuit Current
  • The Short-Circuited Components Have No Current
  • All Parallel Branches Are Short-Circuited
  • Troubleshooting Procedures for Parallel Circuits
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 5–1 The Applied Voltage V A is the Same Across Parallel Branches
  • Section 5–2 Each Branch I Equals V A R
  • Section 5–3 Kirchhoff’S Current Law (Kcl)
  • Section 5–4 Resistances in Parallel
  • Section 5–5 Conductances in Parallel
  • Section 5–6 Total Power in Parallel Circuits
  • Section 5–7 Analyzing Parallel Circuits With Random Unknowns
  • Section 5–8 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Parallel Circuits
  • Critical Thinking
  • Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Parallel Circuit Characteristics
  • Parallel Circuit Analysis
  • Chapter 6: Series-Parallel Circuits
  • Chapter 6 Introduction
  • 6–1 Finding RT for Series-Parallel Resistances
  • 6–1 Self-Review
  • 6–2 Resistance Strings in Parallel
  • Branch Currents I 1 and I 2
  • Series Voltage Drops in a Branch
  • Calculating I T
  • Calculating R T
  • Applying Ohm’s Law
  • 6–3 Resistance Banks in Series
  • 6–3 Self-Review
  • 6–4 Resistance Banks and Strings in Series-Parallel
  • 6–4 Self-Review
  • 6–5 Analyzing Series-Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • Solution for Figure 6–6
  • Solution for Figure 6–7
  • Solution for Figure 6–8
  • Solution for Figure 6–9
  • 6–6 The Wheatstone Bridge
  • Other Balanced Bridge Applications
  • 6–7 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series-Parallel Circuits
  • Effect of a Short Circuit
  • Effect of an Open Circuit
  • Troubleshooting Procedures for Series-Parallel Circuits
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • QUESTIONS 1–12 REFER TO Fig. 6–16.
  • QUESTIONS 13–20 REFER TO Fig. 6–17.
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • SECTION 6–1 Finding R T for Series-Parallel Resistances
  • SECTION 6–2 Resistance Strings in Parallel
  • SECTION 6–3 Resistance Banks in Series
  • SECTION 6–4 Resistance Banks and Strings in Series-Parallel
  • SECTION 6–5 Analyzing Series-Parallel Circuits With Random Unknowns
  • SECTION 6–6 The Wheatstone Bridge
  • PROBLEMS 39–41 Refer to Fig. 6–45.
  • SECTION 6–7 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series-Parallel Circuits
  • Critical Thinking
  • Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Series-Parallel Circuit Characteristics
  • Series-Parallel Circuit Troubleshooting
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 1–6)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 7: Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers
  • Chapter 7 Introduction
  • 7–1 Series Voltage Dividers
  • Typical Circuit
  • Proportional Voltage Method
  • Method of IR Drops
  • Two Voltage Drops in Series
  • The Largest Series R Has the Most V
  • Voltage Taps in a Series Voltage Divider
  • Potentiometer as a Variable Voltage Divider
  • Advantage of the Voltage Divider Method
  • 7–2 Current Divider with Two Parallel Resistances
  • 7–2 Self-Review
  • 7–3 Current Division by Parallel Conductances
  • Two Branches
  • Three Branches
  • 7–4 Series Voltage Divider with Parallel Load Current
  • Why the Loaded Voltage Decreases
  • Path of Current for R L
  • Bleeder Current
  • 7–5 Design of a Loaded Voltage Divider
  • Find the Current in Each R
  • Calculate the Voltage across Each R
  • Calculating Each R
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • PROBLEMS 6–10 REFER TO Fig. 7–9.
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 7–1 Series Voltage Dividers
  • Section 7–2 Current Divider With Two Parallel Resistances
  • Section 7–3 Current Division by Parallel Conductances
  • Section 7–4 Series Voltage Divider With Parallel Load Current
  • Section 7–5 Design of a Loaded Voltage Divider
  • Critical Thinking
  • Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Unloaded Voltage Divider
  • Current Divider
  • Series Voltage Divider with Parallel Load Current
  • Design Challenge
  • Chapter 8: Analog and Digital Multimeters
  • Chapter 8 Introduction
  • 8–1 Moving-Coil Meter
  • Values of I M
  • Values of r M
  • 8–2 Meter Shunts
  • Resistance of the Meter Shunt
  • Calculating I S
  • Calculating R S
  • 8–3 Voltmeters
  • Multiplier Resistance
  • Typical Multiple Voltmeter Circuit
  • Voltmeter Resistance
  • Ohms-per-Volt Rating
  • 8–4 Loading Effect of a Voltmeter
  • Loading Effect
  • Correction for Loading Effect
  • 8–5 Ohmmeters
  • Series Ohmmeter Circuit
  • Back-Off Ohmmeter Scale
  • Multiple Ohmmeter Ranges
  • Zero-Ohms Adjustment
  • 8–6 Multimeters
  • Low-Power Ohms (LPΩ)
  • Decibel Scale
  • Amp-Clamp Probe
  • High-Voltage Probe
  • 8–7 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
  • Voltage Measurements
  • R Measurement
  • I Measurements
  • Diode Test
  • Resolution
  • Range Overload
  • Typical DMM
  • Analog Display
  • 8–8 Meter Applications
  • Connecting a Current Meter in the Circuit
  • Calculating I from Measured Voltage
  • Checking Fuses
  • Voltage Tests for an Open Circuit
  • 8–9 Checking Continuity with the Ohmmeter
  • 8–9 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 8–2 Meter Shunts
  • Section 8–3 Voltmeters
  • Section 8–4 Loading Effect of a Voltmeter
  • Section 8–5 OHMMETERS
  • Section 8–8 Meter Applications
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Voltmeter Loading
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 7 and 8)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 9: Kirchhoff’s Laws
  • Chapter 9 Introduction
  • 9–1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
  • Algebraic Signs
  • Current Equations
  • I in = I out
  • 9–2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
  • Algebraic Signs
  • Loop Equations
  • Σ V = V T
  • 9–3 Method of Branch Currents
  • Writing the Loop Equations
  • Solving for the Currents
  • Why the Solution for I 2 Is Negative
  • Calculating the Voltages
  • Checking the Solution
  • 9–4 Node-Voltage Analysis
  • Writing the Node Equations
  • Calculating All Voltages and Currents
  • 9–5 Method of Mesh Currents
  • Writing the Mesh Equations
  • Solving the Mesh Equations to Find the Mesh Currents
  • Finding the Branch Currents and Voltage Drops
  • The Set of Mesh Equations
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 9–1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
  • Section 9–2 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
  • Section 9–3 Method of Branch Currents
  • Section 9–4 Node-Voltage Analysis
  • Section 9–5 Method of Mesh Currents
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Applying KCL and KVL
  • Chapter 10: Network Theorems
  • Chapter 10 Introduction
  • 10–1 Superposition Theorem
  • Voltage Divider with Two Sources
  • Requirements for Superposition
  • 10–2 Thevenin’s Theorem
  • Thevenizing a Circuit
  • Looking Back from Terminals A and B
  • 10–3 Thevenizing a Circuit with Two Voltage Sources
  • Superposition Method
  • 10–4 Thevenizing a Bridge Circuit
  • 10–4 Self-Review
  • 10–5 Norton’s Theorem
  • Example of a Current Source
  • The Norton Equivalent Circuit
  • Nortonizing a Circuit
  • Looking at the Short-Circuit Current
  • 10–6 Thevenin-Norton Conversions
  • Norton from Thevenin
  • Thevenin from Norton
  • Conversion Formulas
  • 10–7 Conversion of Voltage and Current Sources
  • Two Sources in Parallel Branches
  • Two Sources in Series
  • 10–8 Millman’s Theorem
  • Calculating V XY
  • Applications of Millman’s Theorem
  • 10–9 T or Y and π or Δ Connections
  • Conversion Formulas
  • Example of Conversion
  • Simplifying a Bridge Circuit
  • Balanced Networks
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 10–1 Superposition Theorem
  • Section 10–2 Thevenin’S Theorem
  • Section 10–3 Thevenizing a Circuit With Two Voltage Sources
  • Section 10–4 Thevenizing a Bridge Circuit
  • Section 10–5 Norton’S Theorem
  • Section 10–6 Thevenin-Norton Conversions
  • Section 10–7 Conversion of Voltage and Current Sources
  • Section 10–8 Millman’S Theorem
  • Section 10–9 T or Y and π OR Δ Connections
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Applying Ohm’s Law
  • Applying Thevenin’s Theorem
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 9–10)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 11: Conductors and Insulators
  • Chapter 11 Introduction
  • 11–1 Function of the Conductor
  • 11–1 Self-Review
  • 11–2 Standard Wire Gage Sizes
  • Circular Mils
  • 11–3 Types of Wire Conductors
  • Transmission Lines
  • Wire Cable
  • 11–4 Connectors
  • 11–4 Self-Review
  • 11–5 Printed Circuit Board
  • 11–5 Self-Review
  • 11–6 Switches
  • Switch Ratings
  • Switch Definitions
  • Switch Types
  • 11–7 Fuses
  • Fuse Ratings
  • Circuit Breakers
  • Testing Fuses
  • 11–8 Wire Resistance
  • Specific Resistance
  • Units of Ohm-Centimeters for ρ
  • Types of Resistance Wire
  • 11–9 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
  • Positive α
  • Negative α
  • Zero α
  • Hot Resistance
  • Superconductivity
  • 11–10 Ion Current in Liquids and Gases
  • The Ion
  • Current of Ions
  • Ionization in Liquids
  • Ionization in Gases
  • Ionic Bonds
  • 11–11 Insulators
  • Insulator Discharge Current
  • 11–12 Troubleshooting Hints for Wires and Connectors
  • 11–12 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 11–1 Function of the Conductor
  • Section 11–2 Standard Wire Gage Sizes
  • Section 11–3 Types of Wire Conductors
  • Section 11–6 Switches
  • Section 11–8 Wire Resistance
  • Section 11–9 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Switching Circuits
  • Chapter 12: Batteries
  • Chapter 12 Introduction
  • 12–1 Introduction to Batteries
  • Primary Cells
  • Secondary Cells
  • Dry Cells
  • Sealed Rechargeable Cells
  • 12–2 The Voltaic Cell
  • Current Outside the Cell
  • Current Inside the Cell
  • Internal Resistance, r i
  • Electromotive Series
  • 12–3 Common Types of Primary Cells
  • Carbon-Zinc
  • Alkaline Cell
  • Zinc Chloride Cells
  • Additional Types of Primary Cells
  • Mercury Cell
  • Silver Oxide Cell
  • Summary of the Most Common Types of Dry Cells
  • Lithium Cell
  • 12–4 Lead-Acid Wet Cell
  • Construction
  • Chemical Action
  • Current Ratings
  • Specific Gravity
  • Charging the Lead-Acid Battery
  • 12–5 Additional Types of Secondary Cells
  • Nickel-Cadmium NiCd Cell
  • Nickel-Metal-Hydride NiMH Cell
  • Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Cell
  • Nickel-Iron (Edison) Cell
  • Nickel-Zinc Cell
  • Fuel Cells
  • Solar Cells
  • 12–6 Series-Connected and Parallel-Connected Cells
  • Series Connections
  • Parallel Connections
  • Series-Parallel Connections
  • 12–7 Current Drain Depends on Load Resistance
  • 12–7 Self-Review
  • 12–8 Internal Resistance of a Generator
  • Why Terminal Voltage Drops with More Load Current
  • How to Measure r i
  • 12–9 Constant-Voltage and Constant-Current Sources
  • Constant-Current Generator
  • 12–10 Matching a Load Resistance to the Generator ri
  • Maximum Power in R L
  • Maximum Voltage Across R L
  • Maximum Efficiency
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 12–6 Series-Connected and Parallel-Connected Cells
  • Section 12–8 Internal Resistance of a Generator
  • Section 12–9 Constant-Voltage and Constant-Current Sources
  • Section 12–10 Matching a Load Resistance to the Generator, r i
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Internal Resistance, r i
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 11–12)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 13: Magnetism
  • Chapter 13 Introduction
  • 13–1 The Magnetic Field
  • Field Lines
  • North and South Magnetic Poles
  • 13–2 Magnetic Flux (ϕ)
  • The Maxwell
  • The Weber
  • Conversion between Units
  • Systems of Magnetic Units
  • 13–3 Flux Density (B)
  • The Gauss
  • The Tesla
  • Conversion between Units
  • Comparison of Flux and Flux Density
  • 13–4 Induction by the Magnetic Field
  • Polarity of Induced Poles
  • Relative Permeability
  • 13–5 Air Gap of a Magnet
  • Ring Magnet without Air Gap
  • Keeper for a Magnet
  • 13–6 Types of Magnets
  • Electromagnets
  • Permanent Magnets
  • Classification of Magnetic Materials
  • 13–7 Ferrites
  • 13–7 Self-Review
  • 13–8 Magnetic Shielding
  • 13–8 Self-Review
  • 13–9 The Hall Effect
  • 13–9 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 13–2 Magnetic Flux ϕ
  • Section 13–3 Flux Density (B)
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Magnetic Field Pattern
  • Chapter 14: Electromagnetism
  • Chapter 14 Introduction
  • 14–1 Ampere-Turns of Magnetomotive Force (mmf)
  • 14–2 Field Intensity (H)
  • Units for H
  • Conversion of Units
  • Permeability (μ)
  • 14–3 B-H Magnetization Curve
  • Calculating H and B
  • Saturation
  • 14–4 Magnetic Hysteresis
  • Hysteresis Loss
  • Hysteresis Loop
  • Demagnetization
  • 14–5 Magnetic Field around an Electric Current
  • Clockwise and Counterclockwise Fields
  • Fields Aiding or Canceling
  • 14–6 Magnetic Polarity of a Coil
  • Solenoid as a Bar Magnet
  • Magnetic Polarity
  • 14–7 Motor Action between Two Magnetic Fields
  • Force on a Straight Conductor in a Magnetic Field
  • Rotation of a Conductor Loop in a Magnetic Field
  • 14–8 Induced Current
  • Direction of Motion
  • Conductor Perpendicular to External Flux
  • How Induced Current Is Generated
  • Lenz’s Law
  • 14–9 Generating an Induced Voltage
  • Induced Voltage across a Coil
  • Faraday’s Law of Induced Voltage
  • Rate of Change
  • Analysis of Induced Voltage as N d ϕ / dt
  • Polarity of the Induced Voltage
  • 14–10 Relays
  • Relay Specifications
  • Relay Applications
  • Common Relay Troubles
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 14–1 Ampere-Turns of Magnetomotive Force (mmf)
  • Section 14–2 Field Intensity (H)
  • Section 14–3 B-H Magnetization Curve
  • Section 14–9 Generating an Induced Voltage
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Relay Specifications
  • Relay Circuit 1
  • Relay Circuit 2
  • Chapter 15: Alternating Voltage and Current
  • Chapter 15 Introduction
  • 15–1 Alternating Current Applications
  • 15–1 Self-Review
  • 15–2 Alternating-Voltage Generator
  • The Cycle
  • Angular Measure
  • Radian Measure
  • 15–3 The Sine Wave
  • 15–3 Self-Review
  • 15–4 Alternating Current
  • 15–4 Self-Review
  • 15–5 Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave
  • Peak Value
  • Average Value
  • Root-Mean-Square, or Effective, Value
  • 15–6 Frequency
  • Frequency Units
  • Audio and Radio Frequencies
  • Sonic and Ultrasonic Frequencies
  • 15–7 Period
  • Units of Time
  • 15–8 Wavelength
  • Wavelength of Radio Waves
  • Wavelength of Sound Waves
  • 15–9 Phase Angle
  • The 90 ° Phase Angle
  • Phase-Angle Diagrams
  • Phase-Angle Reference
  • In-Phase Waveforms
  • Out-of-Phase Waveforms
  • 15–10 The Time Factor in Frequency and Phase
  • 15–10 Self-Review
  • 15–11 Alternating Current Circuits with Resistance
  • Series AC Circuit with R
  • Parallel AC Circuit with R
  • Series–Parallel AC Circuit with R
  • 15–12 Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms
  • 15–12 Self-Review
  • 15–13 Harmonic Frequencies
  • 15–13 Self-Review
  • 15–14 The 60-Hz AC Power Line
  • Advantages
  • The 60-Hz Frequency Reference
  • Residential Wiring
  • Grounding
  • 15–15 Motors and Generators
  • Armature
  • Field Winding
  • Slip Rings
  • Brushes
  • Commutator
  • Alternating Current Induction Motor
  • Universal Motor
  • Alternators
  • 15–15 Self-Review
  • 15–16 Three–Phase AC Power
  • 15–16 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 15–2 Alternating-Voltage Generator
  • Section 15–3 THE SINE WAVE
  • Section 15–4 Alternating Current
  • Section 15–5 Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave
  • Section 15–6 Frequency
  • Section 15–7 Period
  • Section 15–8 Wavelength
  • Section 15–9 Phase Angle
  • Section 15–10 The Time Factor in Frequency and Phase
  • Section 15–11 Alternating Current Circuits With Resistance
  • Section 15–12 Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms
  • Section 15–13 Harmonic Frequencies
  • Section 15–14 The 60- Hz AC Power Line
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Using the Oscilloscope and Function Generator
  • AC Circuit Measurements
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 13–15)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 16: Capacitance
  • Chapter 16 Introduction
  • 16–1 How Charge Is Stored in a Capacitor
  • Electric Field in the Dielectric
  • Electrostatic Induction
  • 16–2 Charging and Discharging a Capacitor
  • Applying the Charge
  • Storing the Charge
  • Discharging
  • Nature of the Capacitance
  • Charge and Discharge Currents
  • 16–3 The Farad Unit of Capacitance
  • Larger Plate Area Increases Capacitance
  • Thinner Dielectric Increases Capacitance
  • Dielectric Constant K ϵ
  • Dielectric Strength
  • 16–4 Typical Capacitors
  • Mica Capacitors
  • Paper Capacitors
  • Film Capacitors
  • Ceramic Capacitors
  • Surface-Mount Capacitors
  • Variable Capacitors
  • Temperature Coefficient
  • Capacitance Tolerance
  • Voltage Rating of Capacitors
  • Capacitor Applications
  • 16–5 Electrolytic Capacitors
  • Construction
  • Polarity
  • Leakage Current
  • Nonpolarized Electrolytics
  • Tantalum Capacitors
  • 16–6 Capacitor Coding
  • Film-Type Capacitors
  • Ceramic Disk Capacitors
  • Chip Capacitors
  • Tantalum Capacitors
  • 16–7 Parallel Capacitances
  • 16–7 Self-Review
  • 16–8 Series Capacitances
  • Division of Voltage across Unequal Capacitances
  • Charging Current for Series Capacitances
  • 16–9 Energy Stored in Electrostatic Field of Capacitance
  • 16–9 Self-Review
  • 16–10 Measuring and Testing Capacitors
  • Leakage Resistance of a Capacitor
  • Dielectric Absorption
  • Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR)
  • 16–11 Troubles in Capacitors
  • Checking Capacitors with an Ohmmeter
  • Ohmmeter Readings
  • Short-Circuited Capacitors
  • Open Capacitors
  • Leaky Capacitors
  • Shelf Life
  • Capacitor Value Change
  • Replacing Capacitors
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 16–3 The Farad Unit of Capacitance
  • Section 16–6 Capacitor Coding
  • Section 16–7 Parallel Capacitances
  • Section 16–8 series capacitances
  • Section 16–9 Energy Stored in Electrostatic Field of Capacitance
  • Section 16–10 Measuring and Testing Capacitors
  • Section 16–11 Troubles in Capacitors
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Measuring Capacitance
  • Series Capacitors
  • Parallel Capacitors
  • Capacitor Leakage
  • Chapter 17: Capacitive Reactance
  • Chapter 17 Introduction
  • 17–1 Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit
  • Capacitive Current
  • Values for X c
  • 17–2 The Amount of XC Equals 1/(2πfC)
  • X c Is Inversely Proportional to Capacitance
  • X c Is Inversely Proportional to Frequency
  • Calculating C from Its Reactance
  • Calculating Frequency from the Reactance
  • Summary of X C Formulas
  • 17–3 Series and Parallel Capacitive Reactances
  • 17–3 Self-Review
  • 17–4 Ohm’s Law Applied to XC
  • 17–4 Self-Review
  • 17–5 Applications of Capacitive Reactance
  • 17–5 Self-Review
  • 17–6 Sine-Wave Charge and Discharge Current
  • Calculating the Values of i c
  • Waveshapes of v c and i c
  • 90 ° Phase Angle
  • Ohms of X c
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 17–1 Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit
  • Section 17–2 The Amount Of X C Equals 1 2 π fC
  • Section 17–3 Series and Parallel Capacitive Reactances
  • Section 17–4 Ohm’S Law Applied To X C
  • Section 17–5 Applications of Capacitive Reactance
  • Section 17–6 Sine-Wave Charge and Discharge Current
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Capacitive Reactance, X C
  • Series Capacitive Reactances
  • Parallel Capacitive Reactances
  • Chapter 18: Capacitive Circuits
  • Chapter 18 Introduction
  • 18–1 Sine Wave vc Lags ic by 90°
  • Examining the v C and i C Waveforms
  • Why i C Leads v C by 90 °
  • Capacitive Current Is the Same in a Series Circuit
  • Capacitive Voltage Is the Same across Parallel Branches
  • The Frequency Is the Same for v C and i C
  • 18–2 Xc and R in Series
  • Phase Comparisons
  • Combining V R and V C
  • Phasor Voltage Triangle
  • 18–3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Phase Angle with Series X C and R
  • Series Combinations of X c and R
  • 18–4 RC Phase-Shifter Circuit
  • 18–4 Self-Review
  • 18–5 Xc and R in Parallel
  • Phasor Current Triangle
  • Impedance of X C and R in Parallel
  • Phase Angle in Parallel Circuits
  • Parallel Combinations of X C and R
  • 18–6 RF and AF Coupling Capacitors
  • Choosing a Coupling Capacitor for a Circuit
  • 18–7 Capacitive Voltage Dividers
  • AC Divider
  • DC Divider
  • 18–8 The General Case of Capacitive Current ic
  • 18–8 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 18–1 Sine Wave v c Lags i c by 90 °
  • Section 18–2 X C and R in Series
  • Section 18–3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Section 18–4 RC Phase-Shifter Circuit
  • Section 18–5 X C and R in Parallel
  • Section 18–6 RF and AF Coupling Capacitors
  • Section 18–7 Capacitive Voltage Dividers
  • Section 18–8 The General Case of Capacitive Current, i C
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Series RC Circuit
  • Parallel RC Circuit
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 16–18)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 19: Inductance
  • Chapter 19 Introduction
  • 19–1 Induction by Alternating Current
  • 19–1 Self-Review
  • 19–2 Self-Inductance L
  • Definition of the Henry Unit
  • Inductance of Coils
  • Typical Coil Inductance Values
  • 19–3 Self-Induced Voltage vL
  • 19–3 Self-Review
  • 19–4 How vL Opposes a Change in Current
  • 19–4 Self-Review
  • 19–5 Mutual Inductance LM
  • Coefficient of Coupling
  • Calculating L M
  • 19–6 Transformers
  • Turns Ratio
  • Voltage Ratio
  • Secondary Current
  • Power in the Secondary
  • Current Ratio
  • Total Secondary Power Equals Primary Power
  • Autotransformers
  • Isolation of the Secondary
  • Transformer Efficiency
  • 19–7 Transformer Ratings
  • Voltage Ratings
  • Current Ratings
  • Power Ratings
  • Frequency Ratings
  • 19–8 Impedance Transformation
  • Impedance Matching for Maximum Power Transfer
  • 19–9 Core Losses
  • Eddy Currents
  • RF Shielding
  • Hysteresis Losses
  • Air-Core Coils
  • 19–10 Types of Cores
  • Laminated Core
  • Powdered-Iron Core
  • Ferrite Core
  • 19–11 Variable Inductance
  • 19–11 Self-Review
  • 19–12 Inductances in Series or Parallel
  • Series Coils with L M
  • How to Measure L M
  • 19–13 Energy in a Magnetic Field of Inductance
  • 19–13 Self-Review
  • 19–14 Stray Capacitive and Inductive Effects
  • Stray Circuit Capacitance
  • Stray Inductance
  • Inductance of a Capacitor
  • Distributed Capacitance of a Coil
  • Reactive Effects in Resistors
  • Capacitance of an Open Circuit
  • 19–15 Measuring and Testing Inductors
  • Inductor Coding
  • Troubles in Coils
  • Direct Current Resistance of a Coil
  • Open Coil
  • Value Change
  • Open Primary Winding
  • Open Secondary Winding
  • Short across Secondary Winding
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 19–1 Induction by Alternating Current
  • Section 19–2 SELF-INDUCTANCE L
  • Section 19–3 Self-Induced Voltage V L
  • Section 19–5 Mutual Inductance L M
  • Section 19–6 Transformers
  • Section 19–7 Transformer Ratings
  • Section 19–8 Impedance Transformation
  • Section 19–12 Inductances in Series or Parallel
  • Section 19–13 Energy in a Magnetic Field of Inductance
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Resistance Measurements
  • Effect of DC Voltage and Current
  • Transformer Circuit
  • Unloaded Secondary
  • Chapter 20: Inductive Reactance
  • Chapter 20 Introduction
  • 20–1 How XL Reduces the Amount of I
  • X L Is an Inductive Effect
  • The Inductive Reactance Is a V/I Ratio
  • The Effect of L and f on X L
  • 20–2 XL = 2πfL
  • Finding L from X L
  • Finding f from X L
  • 20–3 Series and Parallel Inductive Reactances
  • 20–3 Self-Review
  • 20–4 Ohm’s Law Applied to XL
  • 20–4 Self-Review
  • 20–5 Applications of XL for Different Frequencies
  • 20–5 Self-Review
  • 20–6 Waveshape of vL Induced by Sine-Wave Current
  • 90 ° Phase Angle
  • Frequency
  • Ohms of X L
  • The Tabulated Values from 0 ° to 90 °
  • 90 ° to 180 °
  • 180 ° to 270 °
  • 270 ° to 360 °
  • Application of the 90 ° Phase Angle in a Circuit
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 20–1 How X L Reduces the Amount Of I
  • Section 20–2 X L = 2 π f L
  • Section 20–3 Series and Parallel Inductive Reactances
  • Section 20–4 Ohm’s Law Applied To X L
  • Section 20–5 Applications Of X L for Different Frequencies
  • Section 20–6 Waveshape of V L Induced by Sine-Wave Current
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • DC Resistance, r i , of a Coil
  • Inductive Reactance, X L
  • Series Inductive Reactances
  • Parallel Inductive Reactances
  • Chapter 21: Inductive Circuits
  • Chapter 21 Introduction
  • 21–1 Sine Wave iL Lags vL by 90°
  • Why the Phase Angle Is 90 °
  • Why i L Lags v L
  • Inductive Current Is the Same in a Series Circuit
  • Inductive Voltage Is the Same across Parallel Branches
  • The Frequency Is the Same for i L and v L
  • 21–2 XL and R in Series
  • Phase Comparisons
  • Combining V R and V L
  • Phasor Voltage Triangle
  • 21–3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Phase Angle with Series X L
  • Series Combinations of X L and R
  • 21–4 XL and R in Parallel
  • Phasor Current Triangle
  • Impedance of X L and R in Parallel
  • Phase Angle with Parallel X L and R
  • Parallel Combinations of X L and R
  • 21–5 Q of a Coil
  • Skin Effect
  • AC Effective Resistance
  • The Q of a Capacitor
  • 21–6 AF and RF Chokes
  • Calculations for a Choke
  • Choosing a Choke for a Circuit
  • 21–7 The General Case of Inductive Voltage
  • The Slope of i
  • The Polarity of V L
  • Calculations for V L
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Series RL circuit
  • Parallel RL circuit
  • Q of a coil
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 21–1 Sine Wave i L Lags v L by 90 °
  • Section 21–2 X L and R in Series
  • Section 21–3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Section 21–4 X L and R in Parallel
  • Section 21–5 Q of a Coil
  • Section 21–6 AF and Rf Chokes
  • Section 21–7 The General Case of Inductive Voltage
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Series RL Circuit
  • Parallel RL Circuit
  • Chapter 22: RC and L/R Time Constants
  • Chapter 22 Introduction
  • 22–1 Response of Resistance Alone
  • 22–1 Self-Review
  • 22–2 L/R Time Constant
  • 22–2 Self-Review
  • 22–3 High Voltage Produced by Opening an RL Circuit
  • Closing the Circuit
  • Opening the Circuit
  • Calculating the Peak of v L
  • The di  /dt for v L
  • Applications of Inductive Voltage Pulses
  • 22–4 RC Time Constant
  • The Time Constant Indicates the Rate of Charge or Discharge
  • RC Applications
  • 22–5 RC Charge and Discharge Curves
  • Charge and Discharge Current
  • Capacitance Opposes Voltage Changes across Itself
  • 22–6 High Current Produced by Short-Circuiting an RC Circuit
  • Charging the Capacitor
  • Discharging the Capacitor
  • Energy Stored in C
  • The dv  /dt for i C
  • 22–7 RC Waveshapes
  • Square Wave of Applied Voltage
  • Capacitor Voltage v C
  • Charge and Discharge Current
  • Resistor Voltage v R
  • Why the i C Waveshape Is Important?
  • 22–8 Long and Short Time Constants
  • Long RC Time
  • Short RC Time
  • Differentiation
  • Integration
  • 22–9 Charge and Discharge with a Short RC Time Constant
  • Square Wave of V T Is across C
  • Sharp Pulses of i
  • Sharp Pulses of V R
  • 22–10 Long Time Constant for an RC Coupling Circuit
  • Very Little of V T Is across C
  • Square Wave of i
  • Square Wave of V T Is across R
  • 22–11 Advanced Time Constant Analysis
  • Slope at t = 0
  • Equation of the Decay Curve
  • Calculations for V R
  • Calculations for t
  • 22–12 Comparison of Reactance and Time Constant
  • Phase Angle of Reactance
  • Changes in Waveshape
  • Coupling Capacitors
  • Inductive Circuits
  • Choke Coils
  • When Do We Use the Time Constant?
  • When Do We Use Reactance?
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 22–1 Response of Resistance Alone
  • Section 22–2 L / R Time Constant
  • Section 22–3 High Voltage Produced by Opening An RL Circuit
  • Section 22–4 RC Time Constant
  • Section 22–5 RC Charge and Discharge Curves
  • Section 22–6 High Current Produced by Short-Circuiting An RC Circuit
  • Section 22–7 RC Waveshapes
  • Section 22–8 Long and Short Time Constants
  • Section 22–9 Charge and Discharge With a Short RC Time Constant
  • Section 22–10 Long Time Constant for An RC Coupling Circuit
  • Section 22–11 Advanced Time Constant Analysis
  • Section 22–12 Comparison of Reactance and Time Constant
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • RC Differentiator
  • RC Integrator
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 19–22)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 23: Alternating Current Circuits
  • Chapter 23 Introduction
  • 23–1 AC Circuits with Resistance but No Reactance
  • Series Resistances
  • Parallel Resistances
  • 23–2 Circuits with XL Alone
  • X L Values in Series
  • I L Values in Parallel
  • 23–3 Circuits with XC Alone
  • X C Values in Series
  • I C Values in Parallel
  • 23–4 Opposite Reactances Cancel
  • X L and X C in Series
  • X L and X C in Parallel
  • 23–5 Series Reactance and Resistance
  • Magnitude of Z T
  • I = V / Z T
  • Series Voltage Drops
  • Angle of Z T
  • More Series Components
  • Double-Subscript Notation
  • 23–6 Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • Calculating I T
  • Z EQ = V A / I T
  • Phase Angle
  • More Parallel Branches
  • 23–7 Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • 23–7 Self-Review
  • 23–8 Real Power
  • Power Factor
  • Apparent Power
  • The VAR
  • Correcting the Power Factor
  • 23–9 AC Meters
  • 23–9 Self-Review
  • 23–10 Wattmeters
  • 23–10 Self-Review
  • 23–11 Summary of Types of Ohms in AC Circuits
  • 23–11 Self-Review
  • 23–12 Summary of Types of Phasors in AC Circuits
  • Series Components
  • Resistance
  • Reactance
  • Reactive Branch Currents
  • Angle θ Z
  • Angle θ I
  • Circuit Phase Angle θ
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 23–1 AC Circuits with Resistance But No Reactance
  • Section 23–2 Circuits with X L Alone
  • Section 23–3 Circuits With X C Alone
  • Section 23–4 Opposite Reactances Cancel
  • Section 23–5 Series Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23–6 Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23–7 Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23–8 Real Power
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Real Power, Apparent Power, and Power Factor
  • Power Factor Correction
  • In Figure 23–36a
  • Chapter 24: Complex Numbers for AC Circuits
  • Chapter 24 Introduction
  • 24–1 Positive and Negative Numbers
  • 24–1 Self-Review
  • 24–2 The j Operator
  • 24–2 Self-Review
  • 24–3 Definition of a Complex Number
  • 24–3 Self-Review
  • 24–4 How Complex Numbers Are Applied to AC Circuits
  • 24–4 Self-Review
  • 24–5 Impedance in Complex Form
  • 24–5 Self-Review
  • 24–6 Operations with Complex Numbers
  • For Addition or Subtraction
  • To Multiply or Divide a j Term by a Real Number
  • To Multiply or Divide a Real Number by a Real Number
  • To Multiply a j Term by a j Term
  • To Divide a j Term by a j Term
  • To Multiply Complex Numbers
  • To Divide Complex Numbers
  • 24–7 Magnitude and Angle of a Complex Number
  • 24–7 Self-Review
  • 24–8 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
  • For Multiplication
  • For Division
  • 24–9 Converting Polar to Rectangular Form
  • 24–9 Self-Review
  • 24–10 Complex Numbers in Series AC Circuits
  • Z T in Rectangular Form
  • Z T in Polar Form
  • Calculating I
  • Phase Angle of the Circuit
  • Finding Each Voltage Drop
  • Phase Angle of Each Voltage
  • Total Voltage V T Equals the Phasor Sum of the Series Voltage Drops
  • 24–11 Complex Numbers in Parallel AC Circuits
  • Admittance Y and Susceptance B
  • 24–12 Combining Two Complex Branch Impedances
  • 24–12 Self-Review
  • 24–13 Combining Complex Branch Currents
  • 24–13 Self-Review
  • 24–14 Parallel Circuit with Three Complex Branches
  • Branch Impedances
  • Branch Currents
  • Total Line Current
  • Total Impedance
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 24–1 Positive and Negative Numbers
  • Section 24–2 The j Operator
  • Section 24–3 Definition of a Complex Number
  • Section 24–4 How Complex Numbers Are Applied to AC Circuits
  • Section 24–5 Impedance in Complex Form
  • Section 24–6 Operations With Complex Numbers
  • Section 24–7 Magnitude and Angle of a Complex Number
  • Section 24–8 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
  • Section 24–9 Converting Polar to Rectangular Form
  • Section 24–10 Complex Numbers in Series AC Circuits
  • Section 24–11 Complex Numbers in Parallel AC Circuits
  • Section 24–12 Combining Two Complex Branch Impedances
  • Section 24–13 Combining Complex Branch Currents
  • Section 24–14 Parallel Circuit With Three Complex Branches
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Circuit Calculations
  • Circuit Measurements
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 23–24)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 25: Resonance
  • Chapter 25 Introduction
  • 25–1 The Resonance Effect
  • 25–1 Self-Review
  • 25–2 Series Resonance
  • Maximum Current at Series Resonance
  • Minimum Impedance at Series Resonance
  • Resonant Rise in Voltage across Series L or C
  • 25–3 Parallel Resonance
  • Minimum Line Current at Parallel Resonance
  • Maximum Line Impedance at Parallel Resonance
  • The LC Tank Circuit
  • 25–4 Resonant Frequency fr=1/(2π√LC)
  • How the f r Varies with L and C
  • LC Product Determines f r
  • Measuring L or C by Resonance
  • Calculating C from f r
  • Calculating L from f r
  • 25–5 Q Magnification Factor of a Resonant Circuit
  • Q of Series Circuit
  • Higher L/C Ratio Can Provide Higher Q
  • Q Rise in Voltage across Series L or C
  • How to Measure Q in a Series Resonant Circuit
  • Q of Parallel Circuit
  • Q Rise in Impedance across a Parallel Resonant Circuit
  • How to Measure Z EQ of a Parallel Resonant Circuit
  • 25–6 Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit
  • Measurement of Bandwidth
  • Bandwidth Equals f r / Q
  • High Q Means Narrow Bandwidth
  • The Edge Frequencies
  • Half-Power Points
  • Measuring Bandwidth to Calculate Q
  • 25–7 Tuning
  • Tuning Ratio
  • Radio Tuning Dial
  • 25–8 Mistuning
  • Series Circuit Off-Resonance
  • Parallel Circuit Off-Resonance
  • 25–9 Analysis of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • High-Q Circuit
  • Low-Q Circuit
  • Criteria for Parallel Resonance
  • 25–10 Damping of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • Parallel R P without r s
  • Series r s without R P
  • Conversion of r s or R P
  • Damping with Both r s and R P
  • 25–11 Choosing L and C for a Resonant Circuit
  • 25–11 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 25–1 The Resonance Effect
  • Section 25–2 Series Resonance
  • Section 25–3 Parallel Resonance
  • Section 25–4 Resonant Frequency f r = 1 / 2 π L C
  • Section 25–5 Q Magnification Factor of a Resonant Circuit
  • Section 25–6 Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit
  • Section 25–7 Tuning
  • Section 25–8 Mistuning
  • Section 25–9 Analysis of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • Section 25–10 Damping of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • Section 25–11 Choosing L and C for a Resonant Circuit
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Determining the Resonant Frequency, f r , of a Series LC Circuit
  • Determining the Resonant Frequency, f r , of a Parallel Resonant Circuit
  • Chapter 26: Filters
  • Chapter 26 Introduction
  • 26–1 Examples of Filtering
  • 26–1 Self-Review
  • 26–2 Direct Current Combined with Alternating Current
  • DC and AC Components
  • Typical Examples of DC Level with AC Component
  • Separating the AC Component
  • 26–3 Transformer Coupling
  • 26–3 Self-Review
  • 26–4 Capacitive Coupling
  • The DC Component across C
  • The AC Component across R
  • Voltages around the RC Coupling Circuit
  • Typical Coupling Capacitors
  • 26–5 Bypass Capacitors
  • Bypassing the AC Component of a Pulsating DC Voltage
  • Bypassing Radio Frequencies but Not Audio Frequencies
  • 26–6 Filter Circuits
  • 26–6 Self-Review
  • 26–7 Low-Pass Filters
  • Passband and Stop Band
  • Circuit Variations
  • Passive and Active Filters
  • 26–8 High-Pass Filters
  • 26–8 Self-Review
  • 26–9 Analyzing Filter Circuits
  • RC Low-Pass Filter
  • RL Low-Pass Filter
  • RC High-Pass Filter
  • RL High-Pass Filter
  • RC Bandpass Filter
  • RC Band-Stop Filter
  • 26–10 Decibels and Frequency Response Curves
  • Frequency Response Curves
  • RC Low-Pass Frequency Response Curve
  • 26–11 Resonant Filters
  • Series Resonance Filters
  • Parallel Resonance Filters
  • L-Type Resonant Filter
  • Crystal Filters
  • 26–12 Interference Filters
  • Power-Line Filter
  • Television Antenna Filter
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 26–1 Examples of Filtering
  • Section 26–2 Direct Current Combined with Alternating Current
  • Section 26–3 Transformer Coupling
  • Section 26–4 Capacitive Coupling
  • Section 26–5 Bypass Capacitors
  • Section 26–6 Filter Circuits
  • Section 26–7 Low-Pass Filters
  • Section 26–8 High-Pass Filters
  • Section 26–9 Analyzing Filter Circuits
  • Section 26–10 Decibels and Frequency Response Curves
  • Section 26–11 Resonant Filters
  • Section 26–12 Interference Filters
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • RC Coupling Circuit
  • RC Low-Pass Filter
  • Rate of Rolloff
  • Cumulative Review Summary (Chapters 25–26)
  • Cumulative Self-Test
  • Chapter 27: Three-Phase AC Power Systems
  • Chapter 27 Introduction
  • 27–1 Three-Phase AC Generators
  • 27–1 Self-Review
  • 27–2 The Wye (Y)-Connected Three-Phase Generator
  • Calculating the Line Voltage, V L
  • 27–3 The Delta (Δ)-Connected Three-Phase Generator
  • 27–3 Self-Review
  • 27–4 Three-Phase Source/Load Configurations
  • The Y-Y Configuration
  • The Y-Δ Configuration
  • The Δ-Δ Configuration
  • The Δ-Y Configuration
  • 27–5 Three-Phase Power Calculations
  • Y-Y Configuration
  • Y-Δ Configuration
  • Δ-Δ Configuration
  • Δ-Y Configuration
  • About the Phase Angle θ
  • Advantages of Three-Phase AC Power
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 27–1 Three-Phase AC Generators
  • Section 27–2 The Wye (Y)-Connected Three-Phase generator
  • Section 27–3 The delta Δ -Connected Three-Phase Generator
  • Section 27–4 Three-Phase Source/Load Configurations
  • Section 27–5 Three-Phase Power Calculations
  • Critical Thinking
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Chapter 28: Diodes and Diode Applications
  • Chapter 28 Introduction
  • 28–1 Semiconductor Materials
  • Atomic Structure
  • Forming a Crystal
  • Thermally Generated Electron-Hole Pairs
  • Doping
  • 28–2 The p-n Junction Diode
  • Depletion Zone
  • Barrier Potential, V B
  • Forward-Biased p-n Junction
  • Reverse-Biased p-n Junctions
  • 28–3 Volt-Ampere Characteristic Curve
  • Breakdown Voltage, V BR
  • DC Resistance of a Diode
  • Using an Ohmmeter to Check a Diode
  • Using a DMM to Check a Diode
  • 28–4 Diode Approximations
  • First Approximation
  • Second Approximation
  • Third Approximation
  • More on Bulk Resistance
  • 28–5 Diode Ratings
  • Breakdown Voltage Rating, V BR
  • Average Forward-Current Rating, I O
  • Maximum Forward-Surge Current Rating, I FSM
  • Maximum Reverse Current, I R
  • 28–6 Rectifier Circuits
  • The Half-Wave Rectifier
  • Transformer Calculations
  • Analyzing Circuit Operation
  • Frequency of the Output Waveform
  • PIV
  • The Full-Wave Rectifier
  • Transformer Calculations
  • Analyzing Circuit Operation
  • Frequency of the Output Waveform
  • PIV
  • The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
  • PIV
  • Capacitor Input Filter
  • 28–7 Special Diodes
  • Light-Emitting Diodes
  • Zener Diodes and Their Characteristics
  • Zener Diode Applications
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 28–1 Semiconductor Materials
  • Section 28–2 The p-n Junction Diode
  • Section 28–3 Volt-Ampere Characteristic Curve
  • Section 28–4 Diode Approximations
  • Section 28–5 Diode Ratings
  • Section 28–6 Rectifier Circuits
  • Section 28–7 Special Diodes
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Transformer Measurements
  • Half-Wave Rectifier
  • Full-Wave Rectifier
  • Chapter 29: Bipolar Junction Transistors
  • Chapter 29 Introduction
  • 29–1 Transistor Construction
  • Schematic Symbols
  • 29–2 Proper Transistor Biasing
  • Transistor Currents
  • 29–3 Transistor Operating Regions
  • Transistor Voltages and Currents
  • DC Equivalent of a Transistor
  • 29–4 Transistor Ratings
  • Power Dissipation Rating, Pd(max)
  • Derating Factor
  • Breakdown Voltage Ratings
  • 29–5 Checking a Transistor with an Ohmmeter
  • Shorted and Open Junctions
  • Checking for Proper Transistor Action
  • Checking a Transistor with a Digital Multimeter (DMM)
  • 29–6 Transistor Biasing Techniques
  • Base Bias
  • DC Load Line
  • Voltage Divider Bias
  • Emitter Bias
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 29–1 Transistor Construction
  • Section 29–2 Proper Transistor Biasing
  • Section 29–3 Transistor Operating Regions
  • Section 29–4 Transistor Ratings
  • Section 29–5 Checking a Transistor With an Ohmmeter
  • Section 29–6 Transistor Biasing Techniques
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Beta, β DC
  • Base Bias
  • Voltage Divider Bias
  • Chapter 30: Transistor Amplifiers
  • Chapter 30 Introduction
  • 30–1 AC Resistance of a Diode
  • AC Resistance of Emitter Diode
  • 30–2 Small Signal Amplifier Operation
  • AC Beta
  • Calculating the DC Quantities
  • Amplifying the Input Signal
  • Voltage Gain, A v
  • Phase Inversion
  • 30–3 AC Equivalent Circuit of a CE Amplifier
  • 30–3 Self-Review
  • 30–4 Calculating the Voltage Gain, AV, of a CE Amplifier
  • The Effects of Connecting a Load Resistor, R L
  • Swamped Amplifier
  • Swamping Resistor Reduces Distortion
  • 30–5 Calculating the Input and Output Impedances in a CE Amplifier
  • Effect of Swamping Resistance on z in base and z in
  • Output Impedance, z out
  • Generator Impedance, R G
  • 30–6 Common-Collector Amplifier
  • DC Analysis of an Emitter Follower
  • DC Load Line
  • 30–7 AC Analysis of an Emitter Follower
  • No Phase Inversion
  • AC Equivalent Circuit
  • Voltage Gain, A V
  • Calculating Input Impedance, z in
  • 30–8 Emitter Follower Applications
  • Circuit Analysis
  • Advantage of the Emitter Follower
  • 30–9 Common-Base Amplifier
  • DC Analysis of a Common-Base Amplifier
  • 30–10 AC Analysis of a Common-Base Amplifier
  • Voltage Gain, A V
  • No Phase Inversion
  • Input Impedance, z in
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 30–1 AC Resistance of a Diode
  • Section 30–2 Small Signal Amplifier Operation
  • Section 30–3 AC Equivalent Circuit of a CE Amplifier
  • Section 30–4 Calculating the Voltage Gain, A V , of a CE Amplifier
  • Section 30–5 Calculating the Input and Output Impedances in a CE Amplifier
  • Section 30–6 Common-Collector Amplifier
  • Section 30–7 AC Analysis of an Emitter Follower
  • Section 30–8 Emitter Follower Applications
  • Section 30–9 Common-Base Amplifier
  • Section 30–10 AC Analysis of a Common-Base Amplifier
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Common-Emitter Amplifier Calculations
  • Common-Emitter Amplifier Measurements
  • Chapter 31: Field Effect Transistors
  • Chapter 31 Introduction
  • 31–1 JFETs and Their Characteristics
  • Schematic Symbols
  • JFET Operation
  • Gate Action
  • Shorted Gate-Source Junction
  • Drain Curves
  • Transconductance Curve
  • Calculating the Drain Current
  • More about the Ohmic Region
  • 31–2 JFET Biasing Techniques
  • Gate Bias
  • Self-Bias
  • Self-Bias Calculations
  • Voltage Divider Bias
  • Current-Source Bias
  • 31–3 JFET Amplifiers
  • g m Transconductance
  • Common-Source (CS) Amplifier—DC Analysis
  • Common-Source Amplifier—AC Analysis
  • Common-Drain (CD) Amplifier
  • Common-Gate (CG) Amplifier
  • 31–4 MOSFETs and Their Characteristics
  • Depletion-Type MOSFET
  • Zero Gate Voltage
  • p-Channel Depletion-Type MOSFET
  • Depletion-Type MOSFET Applications
  • Enhancement-Type MOSFETs
  • Enhancement-Type MOSFET Application
  • 31–5 MOSFET Biasing Techniques
  • Zero Bias for Depletion-Type MOSFETs
  • Biasing Enhancement-Type MOSFETs
  • 31–6 Handling MOSFETs
  • 31–6 Self-Review
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 31–1 Jfets and Their Characteristics
  • Section 31–2 Jfet Biasing Techniques
  • Section 31–3 Jfet Amplifiers
  • Section 31–4 Mosfets and Their Characteristics
  • Section 31–5 Mosfet Biasing Techniques
  • Section 31–6 Handling Mosfets
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Self-Bias
  • Common-Source Amplifier
  • Chapter 32: Power Amplifiers
  • Chapter 32 Introduction
  • 32–1 Classes of Operation
  • Class A Operation
  • Class B Operation
  • Class C Operation
  • 32–2 Class A Amplifiers
  • Analyzing the Class A Amplifier
  • RC-Coupled Class A Amplifier
  • 32–3 Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers
  • Typical Class B Push-Pull Amplifier
  • 32–4 Class C Amplifiers
  • Class C Amplifier Circuit Analysis
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 32–1 Classes of Operation
  • Section 32–2 Class a Amplifiers
  • Section 32–3 Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers
  • Section 32–4 Class C Amplifiers
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Tuned Class C Amplifier: Calculations and Predictions
  • Tuned Class C Amplifier: Measurements
  • Amplifier Bandwidth
  • Frequency Multiplier
  • Chapter 33: Thyristors
  • Chapter 33 Introduction
  • 33–1 Diacs
  • Current-Voltage Characteristics of a Diac
  • 33–2 SCRs and Their Characteristics
  • Gate Current Controls Forward Breakover Voltage
  • Important SCR Ratings
  • SCR Applications
  • 33–3 Triacs
  • Gate Triggering Characteristics
  • AC Control Using Triacs
  • 33–4 Unijunction Transistors
  • UJT Relaxation Oscillator
  • UJT Phase Control Circuit
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 33–1 Diacs
  • Section 33–2 SCRs and Their Characteristics
  • Section 33–3 Triacs
  • Section 33–4 Unijunction Transistors
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Analog VOM
  • Testing an SCR
  • SCR Test Circuit
  • Chapter 34: Operational Amplifiers
  • Chapter 34 Introduction
  • 34–1 Differential Amplifiers
  • DC Analysis of a Differential Amplifier
  • AC Analysis of a Differential Amplifier
  • 34–2 Operational Amplifiers and Their Characteristics
  • Open-Loop Voltage Gain, A VOL
  • Input Bias Currents
  • Frequency Response
  • Slew Rate
  • Power Bandwidth
  • Output Short-Circuit Current
  • Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
  • 34–3 Op-Amp Circuits with Negative Feedback
  • The Inverting Amplifier
  • The Noninverting Amplifier
  • The Voltage Follower
  • Op-Amp Bandwidth
  • Single Supply Operation
  • 34–4 Popular Op-Amp Circuits
  • The Summing Amplifier
  • Differential Amplifiers
  • Active Filters
  • Voltage-to-Current and Current-to-Voltage Converters
  • Comparators
  • Op-Amp Diode Circuits
  • Summary
  • Important Terms
  • Related Formulas
  • Self-Test
  • Essay Questions
  • Problems
  • Section 34–1 Differential Amplifiers
  • Section 34–2 Operational Amplifiers and Their Characteristics
  • Section 34–3 Op-Amp Circuits With Negative Feedback
  • Section 34–4 Popular Op-Amp Circuits
  • Answers to Self-Reviews
  • Laboratory Application Assignment
  • Inverting Amplifier
  • Noninverting Amplifier
  • Appendix A: Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations
  • Appendix A: Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations
  • Appendix B: Solder and the Soldering Process
  • Appendix B: Solder and the Soldering Process
  • From Simple Task to Fine Art
  • The Advantage of Soldering
  • The Nature of Solder
  • The Wetting Action
  • The Role of Flux
  • Soldering Irons
  • Controlling Heat at the Joint
  • Selecting the Soldering Iron and Tip
  • Making the Solder Connection
  • Removal of Flux
  • Lead-Free Solder
  • Appendix C: Listing of Preferred Resistance Values
  • Appendix C: Listing of Preferred Resistance Values
  • Appendix D: Component Schematic Symbols
  • Appendix D: Component Schematic Symbols
  • Voltage and Current Sources
  • Ground Symbols
  • Connections
  • Resistors
  • Capacitors
  • Inductors (Coils)
  • Transformers
  • Switches
  • Protective Devices
  • Relays
  • Lamp
  • Test Instruments
  • Diodes
  • Transistors
  • Thyristors
  • Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
  • Appendix E: Using the Oscilloscope
  • Appendix E: Using the Oscilloscope
  • Basic Information
  • Oscilloscope Probes
  • Voltage and Time Measurements
  • Vertical Controls (See Fig. E–13)
  • Horizontal Controls (See Fig. E–13)
  • Trigger Controls (See Fig. E–13)
  • Menu and Control Buttons (See Fig. E–13)
  • Appendix F: Introduction to Multisim
  • Appendix F: Introduction to Multisim
  • Introduction
  • Work Area
  • Opening a File
  • Running a Simulation
  • Saving a File
  • Components
  • Sources
  • Measurement Equipment
  • Circuit Examples
  • User Customization
  • Exporting Data to Excel
  • Adding Text and Graphics
  • Conclusion
  • Appendix G: Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
  • Appendix G: Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
  • How to Prevent ESD
  • ESD Symbols
  • Appendix H: Introduction to Breadboarding
  • Appendix H: Introduction to Breadboarding
  • Introduction
  • Constructing a Circuit on the Breadboard
  • Inserting Integrated Circuits (ICs) Into the Breadboard
  • Final Comments
  • Glossary
  • Glossary
  • Answers: Self-Tests
  • Answers to Self-Tests
  • Introduction to Powers of 10
  • Answers: Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems
  • Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems
  • Introduction to Powers of 10
  • Chapter 1 Answers
  • Section 1-4 The Coulomb Unit of Electric Charge
  • Section 1-5 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference
  • Section 1-6 Charge in Motion is Current
  • Section 1-7 Resistance is Opposition to Current
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 2 Answers
  • Section 2-2 Resistor Color Coding
  • Section 2-3 Variable Resistors
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 3 Answers
  • Section 3-1 The Current I = V R
  • Section 3-2 The Voltage V = I R
  • Section 3-3 The Resistance R = V I
  • Section 3-5 Multiple and Submultiple Units
  • Section 3-6 The Linear Proportion between V and I
  • Section 3-7 Electric Power
  • Section 3-8 Power Dissipation in Resistance
  • Section 3-9 Power Formulas
  • Section 3-10 Choosing a Resistor for a Circuit
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 4 Answers
  • Section 4-1 Why I is the Same in All Parts of a Series Circuit
  • Section 4-2 Total R Equals the Sum of All Series Resistances
  • Section 4-3 Series IR Voltage Drops
  • Section 4-4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
  • Section 4-5 Polarity of IR voltage Drops
  • Section 4-6 Total Power in a Series Circuit
  • Section 4-7 Series-Aiding and Series-Opposing Voltages
  • Section 4-8 Analyzing Series Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • Section 4-9 Ground Connections in Electrical and Electronic Systems
  • Section 4-10 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series Circuits
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Answers to Troubleshooting Challenge, Table 4-1
  • Chapter 5 Answers
  • Section 5-1 The Applied Voltage V A is the Same Across Parallel Branches
  • Section 5-2 Each Branch I Equals V A R
  • Section 5-3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
  • Section 5-4 Resistances in Parallel
  • Section 5-5 Conductances in Parallel
  • Section 5-6 Total Power in Parallel Circuits
  • Section 5-7 Analyzing Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Answers to Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Chapter 6 Answers
  • Section 6-1 Finding R T for Series-Parallel Resistances
  • Section 6-2 Resistance Strings in Parallel
  • Section 6-3 Resistance Banks in Series
  • Section 6-4 Resistance Banks and Strings in Series-Parallel
  • Section 6-5 Analyzing Series-Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns
  • Section 6-6 The Wheatstone Bridge
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Answers to Troubleshooting Challenge, Table 6-1
  • Chapter 7 Answers
  • Section 7-1 Series Voltage Dividers
  • Section 7-2 Current Divider with Two Parallel Resistances
  • Section 7-3 Current Division by Parallel Conductances
  • Section 7-4 Series Voltage Divider with Parallel Load Current
  • Section 7-5 Design of a loaded Voltage Divider
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Answers to Troubleshooting Challenge
  • Chapter 8 Answers
  • Section 8-2 Meter Shunts
  • Section 8-3 Voltmeters
  • Section 8-4 Loading Effect of a Voltmeter
  • Section 8-5 Ohmmeters
  • Section 8-8 Meter Applications
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 9 Answers
  • Section 9-1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
  • Section 9-2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
  • Section 9-3 Method of Branch Currents
  • Section 9-4 Node-Voltage Analysis
  • Section 9-5 Method of Mesh Currents
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 10 Answers
  • Section 10-1 Superposition Theorem
  • Section 10-2 Thevenin’s Theorem
  • Section 10-3 Thevenizing A Circuit With Two Voltage Sources
  • Section 10-4 Thevenizing a Bridge Circuit
  • Section 10-5 Norton’s Theorem
  • Section 10-6 Thevenin-Norton Conversions
  • Section 10-7 Conversion of Voltage and Current Sources
  • Section 10-8 Millman’s Theorem
  • Section 10-9 T or Y and π or Δ Connections
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 11 Answers
  • Section 11-1 Function of the Conductor
  • Section 11-2 Standard Wire Gage Sizes
  • Section 11-3 Types of Wire Conductors
  • Section 11-6 Switches
  • Section 11-8 Wire Resistance
  • Section 11-9 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 12 Answers
  • Section 12-6 Series-Connected and Parallel-Connected Cells
  • Section 12-8 Internal Resistance of a Generator
  • Section 12-9 CONSTANT-VOLTAGE AND CONSTANT-CURRENT SOURCES
  • Section 12-10 Matching a Load Resistance to the Generator ri
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 13 Answers
  • Section 13-2 Magnetic Flux, ϕ
  • Section 13-3 Flux Density, B
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 14 Answers
  • Section 14-1 Ampere-Turns of Magnetomotive Force (mmf)
  • Section 14-2 Field Intensity (H)
  • Section 14-3 B-H Magnetization Curve
  • Section 14-9 Generating An Induced voltage
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 15 Answers
  • Section 15-2 Alternating-Voltage Generator
  • Section 15-3 The Sine Wave
  • Section 15-4 Alternating Current
  • Section 15-5 Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave
  • Section 15-6 Frequency
  • Section 15-7 Period
  • Section 15-8 Wavelength
  • Section 15-9 Phase Angle
  • Section 15-10 The Time Factor in Frequency and Phase
  • Section 15-11 Alternating Current Circuits with Resistance
  • Section 15-12 Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms
  • Section 15-13 Harmonic Frequencies
  • Section 15-14 The 60 -Hz AC Power Line
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 16 Answers
  • Section 16-3 The Farad Unit of Capacitance
  • Section 16-6 Capacitor Coding
  • Section 16-7 Parallel Capacitances
  • Section 16-8 Series Capacitances
  • Section 16-9 Energy Stored In Electrostatic Field Of Capacitance
  • Section 16-10 Measuring And Testing Capacitors
  • Section 16-11 Troubles In Capacitors
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 17 Answers
  • Section 17-1 Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit
  • Section 17-2 The Amount of X C Equals 1 2 πfC
  • Section 17-3 Series or Parallel Capacitive Reactances
  • Section 17-4 Ohm’s Law Applied to X C
  • Section 17-5 Applications of Capacitive Reactance
  • Section 17-6 Sine-Wave Charge and Discharge Current
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 18 Answers
  • Section 18-1 Sine Wave V c Lags i C by 90 °
  • Section 18-2 X C and R in Series
  • Section 18-3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Section 18-4 RC Phase-Shifter Circuit
  • Section 18-5 X C and R in Parallel
  • Section 18-6 RF and AF Coupling Capacitors
  • Section 18-7 Capacitive Voltage Dividers
  • Section 18-8 The General Case of Capacitive Current i C
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 19 Answers
  • Section 19-1 Induction by Alternating Current
  • Section 19-2 Self- Inductance L
  • Section 19-3 Self-Induced Voltage, V L
  • Section 19-5 Mutual Inductance L M
  • Section 19-6 Transformers
  • Section 19-7 Transformer Ratings
  • Section 19-8 Impedance Transformation
  • Section 19-12 Inductances in Series or Parallel
  • Section 19-13 Energy in Magnetic Field of Inductance
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 20 Answers
  • Section 20-1 How XL Reduces The Amount Of I
  • Section 20-2 XL=2πfL
  • Section 20-3 Series or Parallel Inductive Reactances
  • Section 20-4 Ohm’s Law Applied to XL
  • Section 20-6 Waveshape of VL Induced by Sine-Wave Current
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 21 Answers
  • Section 21-1 Sine Wave iL Lags VL by 90 °
  • Section 21-2 XL and R in Series
  • Section 21-3 Impedance Z Triangle
  • Section 21-4 XL and R in Parallel
  • Section 21-5 Q of A Coil
  • Section 21-6 AF and RF Chokes
  • Section 21-7 The General Case of Inductive Voltage
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 22 Answers
  • Section 22-1 Response of Resistance Alone
  • Section 22-2 LR Time Constant
  • Section 22-3 High Voltage Produced by Opening an RL Circuit
  • Section 22-4 RC Time Constant
  • Section 22-5 RC Charge and Discharge Curves
  • Section 22-6 High Current Produced by Short-Circuiting an RC Circuit
  • Section 22-8 Long and Short Time Constants
  • Section 22-10 Long Time Constant for RC Coupling Circuit
  • Section 22-11 Advanced Time Constant Analysis
  • Section 22-12 Comparison of Reactance and Time Constant
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 23 Answers
  • Section 23-1 AC Circuits with Resistance but no Reactance
  • Section 23-2 Circuits with X L Alone
  • Section 23-3 Circuits with X C Alone
  • Section 23-4 Opposite Reactances Cancel
  • Section 23-5 Series Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23-6 Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23-7 Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance
  • Section 23-8 Real Power
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 24 Answers
  • Section 24-1 Positive and Negative Numbers
  • Section 24-2 The j Operator
  • Section 24-3 Definition of a Complex Number
  • Section 24-4 How Complex Numbers are Applied to AC Circuits
  • Section 24-5 Impedance in Complex Form
  • Section 24-6 Operations with Complex Numbers
  • Section 24-8 Polar form of Complex Numbers
  • Section 24-10 Complex Numbers in Series AC Circuits
  • Section 24-11 Complex Numbers in Parallel AC Circuits
  • Section 24-12 Combining Two Complex Branch Impedances
  • Section 24-13 Combining Complex Branch Currents
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 25 Answers
  • Section 25-1 The Resonance Effect
  • Section 25-2 Series Resonance
  • Section 25-3 Parallel Resonance
  • Section 25-4 Resonant Frequency f r = 1 2 π LC
  • Section 25-5 Q Magnification Factor of a Resonant Circuit
  • Section 25-6 Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit
  • Section 25-7 Tuning
  • Section 25-8 Mistuning
  • Section 25-9 Analysis of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • Section 25-10 Damping of Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 26 Answers
  • Section 26-1 Examples of Filtering
  • Section 26-2 Direct Current Combined with Alternating Current
  • Section 26-3 Transformer Coupling
  • Section 26-4 Capacitive Coupling
  • Section 26-5 Bypass Capacitors
  • Section 26-6 Filter Circuits
  • Section 26-7 Low-Pass Filters
  • Section 26-8 High-Pass Filters
  • Section 26-9 Analyzing Filter Circuits
  • Section 26-10 Decibels and Frequency Response Curves
  • Section 26-11 Resonant Filters
  • Section 26-12 Interference Filters
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 27 Answers
  • Section 27-1 Three-Phase AC Generators
  • Section 27-2 The Wye (Y)-Connected Three-Phase Generator
  • Section 27-3 The Delta Δ -Connected Three-Phase Generator
  • Section 27-4 Three-Phase Source/Load Configurations
  • Section 27-5 Three-Phase AC Power Calculations
  • Answers to Critical Thinking Problems
  • Chapter 28 Answers
  • Section 28-1 Semiconductor Materials
  • Section 28-2 The p-n Junction Diode
  • Section 28-3 Volt-Ampere Characteristic Curve
  • Section 28-4 Diode Approximations
  • Section 28-5 Diode Ratings
  • Section 28-6 Rectifier Circuits
  • Section 28-7 Special Diodes
  • Chapter 29 Answers
  • Section 29-1 Transistor Construction
  • Section 29-2 Proper Transistor Biasing
  • Section 29-3 Transistor Operating Regions
  • Section 29-4 Transistor Ratings
  • Section 29-5 Checking A Transistor With an Ohmmeter
  • Section 29-6 Transistor Biasing Techniques
  • Chapter 30 Answers
  • Section 30-1 AC Resistance of a Diode
  • Section 30-2 Small Signal Amplifier Operation
  • Section 30-3 AC Equivalent Circuit of a CE Amplifier
  • Section 30-4 Calculating the Voltage Gain, A V , OF A CE AMPLIFIER
  • Section 30-5 Calculating the Input and Output Impedances in a CE Amplifier
  • Section 30-6 The Common-Collector Amplifier
  • Section 30-7 AC Analysis of an Emitter Follower
  • Section 30-8 Emitter Follower Applications
  • Section 30-9 Common-Base Amplifier
  • Section 30-10 AC Analysis of a Common-Base Amplifier
  • Chapter 31 Answers
  • Section 31-1 JFETs and Their Characteristics
  • Section 31-2 Jfet Biasing Techniques
  • Section 31-3 Jfet Amplifiers
  • Section 31-4 MOSFETs and Their Characteristics
  • Section 31-5 Mosfet Biasing Techniques
  • SECTION 31-6 HANDLING MOSFETs
  • Chapter 32 Answers
  • Section 32-1 Classes of Operation
  • Section 32-2 Class A Amplifiers
  • Section 32-3 Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers
  • Section 32-4 Class C Amplifiers
  • Chapter 33 Answers
  • Section 33-1 DIACs
  • Section 33-2 SCRs and Their Characteristics
  • Section 33-3 TRIACs
  • Section 33-4 Unijunction Transistors
  • Chapter 34 Answers
  • Section 34-1 Differential Amplifiers
  • Section 34-2 Operational Amplifiers and Their Characteristics
  • Section 34-3 Op-Amp Circuits with Negative Feedback
  • Section 34-4 Popular OP-AMP Circuits
  • Index
  • Index
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  • Figure 17-17 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
  • Figure 17-19 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
  • Figure 18-1 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
  • Figure 18-2 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
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  • Figure 18-15 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
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  • Figure 18-22 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
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  • Figure 18-31 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
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  • Figure 18-35 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
  • Figure 18-36 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
  • Figure 18-37 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
  • Figure 18-38 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
  • Figure 19-1 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-2 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-5 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-8 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-10 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-13 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-14 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-15 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-16 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-17 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-18 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-19 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-20 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-21 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-23 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-26 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-28 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-34 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-36 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-37 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-38 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-39 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-40 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-41 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
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  • Figure 19-44 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-45 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-46 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-47 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-48 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 19-49 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
  • Figure 20-1 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-2 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-3 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-4 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-5 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-6 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
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  • Figure 20-8 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
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  • Figure 20-13 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-14 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-15 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-16 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 20-18 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
  • Figure 21-1 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-2 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-3 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-4 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-5 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-6 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-7 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-9 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-11 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-12 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-13 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-14 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-15 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-16 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-17 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-18 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-19 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-21 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-22 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-23 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-24 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-25 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-26 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-27 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-28 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-30 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-31 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-32 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-33 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-34 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-35 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-36 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 21-37 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
  • Figure 22-2 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-3 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-4 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-5 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-6 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-7 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-8 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-9 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-10 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-11 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-12 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-13 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-14 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-15 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-16 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-17 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-18 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-19 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-20 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-21 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-21 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-23 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 22-24 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
  • Figure 23-1 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-2 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-3 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-4 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-5 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-6 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-7 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-8 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-9 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-10 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-11 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-12 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-13 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • A Phasor Diagram Shows Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-14 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-15 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-16 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-17 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-18 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-19 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-20 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-21 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-22 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-23 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-24 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-25 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-26 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-27 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
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  • Figure 23-29 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-30 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-31 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-32 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-33 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-34 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-35 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 23-36 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
  • Figure 24-3 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-4 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
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  • Figure 24-8 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-9 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-10 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
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  • Figure 24-13 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-14 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-15 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-16 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-17 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-18 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-19 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-20 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-21 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-22 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 24-23 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
  • Figure 25-1 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-2 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-3 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-4 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-5 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-6 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-7 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-8 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-9 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-10 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-11 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-12 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-13 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-14 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-15 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-16 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-17 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-18 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-19 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-20 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-21 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-22 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 25-23 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
  • Figure 26-1(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-2(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-3 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-4(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-5 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-6 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-7 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-8 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-9 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-10 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-11 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-12(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-13(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-14(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-15(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-16(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-17(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-18(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-19(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-20 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-21 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-22 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-23 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-24(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-25(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-26(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-28 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-30 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-31 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-32 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-33 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-34 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-35 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-36 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-37 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-38 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-39 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-40 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-41 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-42 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-43 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 26-44 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
  • Figure 27-1 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-2(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-3 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-4 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-5 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-6 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-7 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-8 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-9 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-10 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-11 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-12 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-13 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-14 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-15 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-16(a) Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-16(b) Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-17(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-18 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-19 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-20 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-21 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-22 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-23 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-24 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 27-25 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
  • Figure 28-1(a) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-2 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-5 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-6(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-7(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-8(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-9(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-10 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-11 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-12 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-13 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-14 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-15 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-16 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-17 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-18 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-19 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-20 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-21(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-22(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-23 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-24(a-c) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-25(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-26 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-27 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-28 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-29 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-30 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-31 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-32 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-33 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-34 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-35 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-36 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 28-37(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 28)
  • Figure 29-1(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-2 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-3(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-4(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-5 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-6(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-7 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-8(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-9(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-10(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-11(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-12(a-b) Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-13 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-14 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-15 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-16 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-17 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-18 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-19 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-20 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-21 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-22 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-23 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-24 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-25 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-26 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-27 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-28 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-29 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-30 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-31 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-32 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 29-33 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
  • Figure 30-1 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-2 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-3 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-4 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-5 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-6 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-7 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-8 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-9 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-10 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-11 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-12 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-13 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-14 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-15 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-16 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-17 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-18 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-19 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-20 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-21 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-22 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-23 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-24 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-25 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 30-26 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
  • Figure 31-1 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-2 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-3 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-4 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-5 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-6 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
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  • Figure 31-8 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-9 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-10 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-11 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-12 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-13 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-14 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-15 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-16 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-17 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-18 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-19 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-20 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-21 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-22 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-23 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-24 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-25 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-26 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-27 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-28 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-29 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 30-31 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-31 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-32 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-33 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-34 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 31-35 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
  • Figure 32-1 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-2 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-3 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-4 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-5 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-6 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-7 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-8 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-9 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-10 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-11 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-12 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-13 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-14 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-15 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 32-16 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
  • Figure 33-1 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-2 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-3 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-4 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-5 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-6 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-7 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-8 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-9 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-10 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-11 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-12 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-13 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-14 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-15 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-16 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 33-17 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
  • Figure 34-1 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-2 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-3 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-4 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-5 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-6 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-7 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-8 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-9 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-10 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-11 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-12 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-13 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-14 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-15 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-16 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-17 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-18 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-19 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-20 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-21 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-22 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-23 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-24 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-25 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-26 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-27 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-28 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-29 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-30 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-31 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-32 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-33 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-34 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-35 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-36 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-37 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-38 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-39 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-40 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-41 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-42 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-43 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-44 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-45 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-46 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure 34-47 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
  • Figure B-1 Extended Description (Appendix B)
  • Figure B-2 Extended Description (Appendix B)
  • Figure B-4 Extended Description (Appendix B)
  • Figure B-5 Extended Description (Appendix B)
  • Figure B-6 Extended Description (Appendix B)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an Individual Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Symbol for No Connection Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of a Fixed Resistor Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of a Fixed Capacitor Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of a Fixed Inductor Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an Air-core Transformer Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an SPST Switch Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • Two Schematic Symbols for Normally Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an Rectifier Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an NPN Transistor Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of a P-channel Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of a Diac Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • The Schematic Symbol of an Operational Extended Description (Appendix D)
  • Figure E-1b Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-3 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-5 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-6 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-7 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-8 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-9 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-10 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-11 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure E-12 Extended Description (Appendix E)
  • Figure F-1 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-2 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-3 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-4 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-5 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-6 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-7 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-8 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-9 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-10 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-11 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-12 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-13 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-14 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-15 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-16 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-17 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-18 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-19 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-20 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-21 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-22 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-24 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-26 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-27 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-28 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-29 Extended Description (Appendix F)
  • Figure F-30 Extended Description (Appendix F)
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