Globalization: A Basic Text

Name: Globalization: A Basic Text
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Author: George Ritzer, Paul Dean
ISBN: 9781118688731

Höfundar: George Ritzer, Paul Dean (Útgáfa: 2)

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Útgefandi: Wiley Global Research (STMS)

ISBN: 9781118688731

Print ISBN: 9781118687123

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 2

Höfundar: George Ritzer, Paul Dean

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 12/29/2014

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Flokkar: Stjórnmálafræði

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Front Matter
Dedication
About the Website
For Students
For Instructors
Preface
Chapter 1 Globalization I: Liquids, Flows, and Structures
Globalization:
Some of the Basics
Globality:
Metaphors:
From Solids to Liquids (To Gases)
Solids
Solidity:
Liquids and Gases
Liquidity:
Gaseousness:
Flows
Flows:
Types of Flows
Interconnected flows:
Multidirectional flows:
Conflicting flows:
Reverse flows:
Heavy, Light, Weightless
Economic globalization:
Heavy Structures that Expedite Flows
Figure 1.1 Transportation routes. Nearly all of the world's freight headed for international destinations is transported via ships in standardized containers. These sealed metal containers have dramatically altered the face of international freight transport. They are designed to be easily transferred from one mode of transport to another, for instance, from a ship to a train, thereby increasing efficiency and reducing cost. As with passenger airline traffic, maritime freight traffic is concentrated. The largest ten ports, led by Singapore, Rotterdam, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and South Louisiana, handle more than 50% of global freight traffic.
Figure 1.2 Airline passenger volume. Air travel, the dominant mode of international passenger transportation, was once limited to the wealthy and those traveling for business. With increased competition, lower fares, and a growing global economy, air travel has boomed over the last 30 years. It is expected to steadily increase over the next five years, particularly in China and other parts of Asia, despite economic instability in the airline industry and concerns over terrorism. Air traffic is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere between Europe and North America, with increasing volume to East Asia. Nearly 600 million passengers pass through the doors of the world's ten busiest airports, led by Atlanta, Chicago, London, Tokyo, and Los Angeles.
Heavy Structures as Barriers to Flows
Subtler Structural Barriers
Tourists:
Vagabonds:
Structures:
On the Increasing Ubiquity of Global Flows and Structures
Thinking about Global Flows and Structures
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 2 Globalization II: Some Basic Issues, Debates, and Controversies1
Is There Such a Thing as Globalization?
Globalists:
Skeptics:
Is It Globalization or Transnationalization?
Transnationalism:
Transnationality:
If There is Such a Thing as Globalization, When Did It Begin?
Hardwired
Cycles
Phases
Events
Figure 2.1 Mobile-cellular subscriptions. The world is more connected now than ever before with 7 billion mobile-cellular phone subscriptions. Nonetheless, the number of subscriptions per country is uneven.
Broader, More Recent Changes
Globalization or Globalizations?
Economic
Political
Political globalization:
Cultural
Cultural globalization:
Religion
Science
Health and Medicine
Sport
Education
What Drives Globalization?
Does Globalization Hop Rather than Flow?
If There is Such a Thing as Globalization, is it Inexorable?
Globalization from above:
Globalization from below:
Does Globaphilia or Globaphobia Have the Upper Hand?
Globaphilia:
Globaphobia:
Globaphilia
Globaphobia
Finding a Middle Ground
What, If Anything, Can be Done about Globalization?
Nothing!
Reification:
Everything!
Necessary Actions are Already Underway
More, Perhaps Much More, Needs to be Done
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 3 Globalization and Related Processes: Imperialism, Colonialism, Development, Westernization, Easternization, and Americanization
Imperialism
Imperialism:
Cultural imperialism:
Media imperialism:
The New Imperialism
Colonialism
Colonialism:
Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism:
Development
Development:
Dependency theory:
World system theory:
Westernization
Westernization:
Easternization
Easternization:
Figure 3.1 Global English. Places where English has one or more of the following roles: as the national or as an official language, as a language in which more than 50% of the general population has fluency, as the lingua franca of government, higher education, and commerce in plural societies, and as an outpost dating from colonial times.
Americanization
Americanization:
Americanization without America:
A Broader and Deeper View of the Americanization of Consumer Culture
Minimizing the Importance of Americanization
Anti-Americanism
Comparisons with Globalization
The Era of the “Posts”
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 4 Neoliberalism: Roots, Principles, Criticisms, and Neo-Marxian Alternatives
Neoliberalism:
The Past, Present, and Future of Neoliberalism
Structural adjustment:
Ideology:
Neoliberalism: An Exemplary Statement and the Basic Principles
Free market:
Market fundamentalism:
Deregulation:
Limited government:
Popular Neoliberal “Theory”: The Case of Thomas Friedman
The Lexus and the Olive Tree
Free-market capitalism:
The World is Flat
Critiquing Neoliberalism
The Early Thinking of Karl Polanyi
Laissez faire:
Double movement:
Contemporary Criticisms of Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism as Exception
Export Processing Zone (EPZ):
Graduated sovereignty:
Growth triangles:
Neoliberalism: The Case of Israel
The End of History
The Death of Neoliberalism?
Neo-Marxian Theoretical Alternatives to Neoliberalism
Transnational Capitalism
Figure 4.1 The top 50 billionaires. This figure shows the world's top 50 billionaires, which is just a small fraction of the transnational capitalist class. While the wealthiest individuals are spread around the globe, they are disproportionately concentrated in the USA.
Precariat:
Empire
Empire:
Deterritorialization:
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 5 Global Political Structures and Processes
On Political Processes and Flows
The Nation-State
Nation:
National identity:
Nationalism:
State:
Nation-state:
Threats to the Nation-State
Global flows and processes
International human rights
Article 1
Article 2
Article 13
Article 15
Article 19
Article 22
Article 30
“Shadows of war”
Transnational discourse communities
In Defense of the Nation-State
“Imagined Community”
Imagined community:
Changes in Global Nation-State Relations
Other Global Political Developments and Structures
League of Nations
United Nations
As an arena for nation-state decision-making
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)13
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Group of Eight
Regional Political Organizations
Organization of American States (OAS)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
African Union (AU)17
Global Governance
Figure 5.1 World areas of recurrent conflict. Certain areas of the world have been affected by recurrent conflict over the past two generations (blue); several countries regarded as failed states are among those afflicted, including pre-intervention Afghanistan and postcolonial Somalia. Other countries (gray) are seen as being under stress as “candidates for failure” by the World Bank and other agencies.
Civil Society
Civil society:
Global civil society:
International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs)
International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs):
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs):
INGOs and Globalization
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 6 Structuring the Global Economy
Before Bretton Woods
A Prior Epoch of Globalization
Economic Development During and After WW II
Autarky:
Bretton Woods and the Bretton Woods System
International Trade Organization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
Trade-Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS):
Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs):
World Trade Organization (WTO)
“Rounds”
Other Organizations
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Structural adjustment:
World Bank
The End of Bretton Woods
Changes In, and Critiques of, Bretton-Woods-Era Organizations
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)9
European Union (Common Market)
Euro Zone
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Mexican Corn
The Reaction to NAFTA in the US
MERCOSUR
OPEC
The Multinational Corporation (MNC)
Multinational corporation (MNC):
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
Portfolio investment:
Greenfield investment:
The Developing World's Multinationals
World Economic Forum
The Myth of Economic Globalization?
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 7 Global Economic Flows: Production and Consumption
Trade
Trade Surpluses and Deficits
Global Trade: Economic Chains and Networks
Figure 7.1 Trade flow. International trade of goods is a major avenue of globalization. The arrows show the value of trade between major regions of the world. More than half of world trade occurs between high-income areas such as Japan, the United States, and Western Europe (as well as China). Trade is increasing, however, between these high-income countries and developing countries in Asia, South America, and Africa. Lowered trade barriers offer opportunities for low-income countries, although still limited. Labor-intensive merchandise, such as textiles, can be produced and exported at a low cost from developing nations. Trade in agricultural commodities is a key issue between developing and high-income countries. Two billion families in the world make a living from farming. About 60 countries are dependent on commodities for more than 40% of their export income – in some African countries the figure is 80%. Stormy meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO) focus on making the European Union (EU) and the United States end subsidies to their farmers to increase trade opportunities for developing nations.
Supply chains:
International production networks:
Global commodity chains:
Global value chains:
Global Value Chains: China and the US
Scrap metal
Waste paper
T-shirts
iPhones
“Used” factories
Automobiles
Increasing Competition for Commodities
The Economic Impact of the Flow of Oil
Oil Wealth
Oil Imports to Oil-Rich Nations
Increasing Food Prices
Race to the Bottom and Upgrading
Race to the bottom:
Upgrading in the Less Developed World?
Industrial upgrading:
Outsourcing
Outsourcing:
Offshore outsourcing:
Creative Destruction and Outsourcing
Financial Globalization
The Great Recession
Sovereign wealth funds:
Corporations, People, and Ideas
Changing Corporate Structure
MBA Students
Management Ideas
Consumption
Hyperconsumption:
Hyperdebt:
Consumer Objects and Services
Consumers
Consumption Processes
Consumption Sites
Wal-Mart stores in India
Big Boy in Bangkok
Global theme parks
Global Resistance
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 8 Global Culture and Cultural Flows
Cultural Differentialism
Cultural differentialism:
Civilizations
Religion
Islam
Figure 8.1 The domains of the major religions. At this scale, the map cannot display sectarian divisions or even significant religious minorities (such as the large Muslim presence in Hindu-dominated India). In tropical Africa, Christianity is the leading non-indigenous faith. Confucianism and Taoism are belief systems rather than religions in the traditional sense.
Hinduism
Buddhism
Christianity
Judaism
Cultural Hybridization
Cultural hybridization:
Glocalization:
Hybridization:
Creolization:
Muslim Girl Scouts
Salsa
Appadurai's “Landscapes”
Ethnoscapes:
Technoscapes:
Financescapes:
Mediascapes:
Ideoscapes:
Cultural Convergence
Cultural convergence:
Cultural Imperialism
Indian sari weavers
India's professional letter-writers
Deterritorialization
World Culture13
World culture:
Isomorphism:
McDonaldization
McDonaldization:
McDonaldization, expansionism, and globalization
Beyond fast food
The Globalization of Nothing
Grobalization:
Nothing:
Something:
Non-places:
Non-things:
Non-people:
Non-services:
Sport: Global, Glocal, Grobal
Isolated role of US
Local, glocal, grobal
Cricket: local, glocal, or grobal?
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 9 High-Tech Global Flows and Structures: Technology, Mass Media, and the Internet
Technology, Time-Space Compression, and Distanciation
Time-space compression:
Time-space distanciation:
Medical Technologies
Space-Based Technologies
Leapfrogging
Leapfrogging:
Mass Media
Media Imperialism
“Media were American”
New Global Media
Indymedia
Thinking about the Global Media
The Internet and Social Media
Online Social Networking
Prosumers:
Spam and Computer Viruses
Figure 9.1 Spread of computer virus. This map shows the spread of the CodeRed worm on July 19, 2001, which disproportionately affected small businesses and home users. Some 360,000 computers were infected, spreading in early (light gray), middle (mid-gray), and late (dark gray) zones. Clearly, not all software programs are benign. Programs designed to intentionally disrupt, damage, or interfere with computer functions, files, and data are commonly referred to as computer viruses. Much like human-spread viruses, they range in complexity, severity, and speed of transmission. One particularly fast-spreading type of virus is called worms. They spread themselves automatically by controlling other software programs such as e-mail.
The Internet in China
Internet Surveillance
Global Internet Governance
Wikileaks
Social Media and Social Movements
High-Tech Flows and Barriers
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 10 Global Flows of People: Migration, Human Trafficking, and Tourism
Migrants
International migrants:
Temporary labor migrants:
Irregular migrants:
Highly skilled migrants:
Forced migrants:
Refugees:
Asylum seekers:
Family reunification migrants:
Return migrants:
Migration
Figure 10.1 The world divided: core and periphery in the early twenty-first century. The numbers refer to places where governments try to stem the tide of undocumented migrants moving from periphery to core.
Flows of Migrants To and From the US
Undocumented Mexican migrants to the US
Migrants through Mexico and to the US
Increased law enforcement
Returning undocumented immigrants
Flow of Migrants Elsewhere in the World
Migrants in Europe
Great Britain
Sweden
Greece
Undocumented immigrants in Asia
The Case Against the Backlash to Undocumented Immigration
Remittances
Remittances:
Western Union and the business of global remittances
Diaspora
Diaspora:
Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the US
Brain Drain
Brain drain:
Israel
Japan
The South
Questioning the brain drain
Brain gain:
Human Trafficking
Human trafficking:
Sex Trafficking
Labor Trafficking
Tourism
Specialized Forms of Tourism
Ecotourism:
Ethnotourism:
Adverse Effects of Tourism
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 11 Global Environmental Flows
Modernization and Environmental Flows
Modernization:
Ecological economics:
Differences Among Nation-States
Global Climate Change
Anthropocene:
Rising sea levels
Climate refugees:
Loss of biodiversity
Figure 11.1 Coastline at 10 meters. Shown in blue are the areas at risk from rising sea levels and severe storms in this time of climate change. The 10-meter (about 33-foot) contour suggests that relatively little territory would be lost. But take a magnifying glass and see the implications for East China, Western Europe, and the Southeastern United States, among other urbanized regions.
Threats to food security
Global warming and health
Other Environmental Problems
Destruction of Natural Habitats
Decline of Fish and Whales
Ocean fishing
Whaling
Decline in Usable Farmland
Increasingly Inaccessible Supplies of Fossil Fuels
Decline in Fresh Water
Figure 11.2 Global water risk. Global warming and human usage are threatening the water supplies in many parts of the world. This map illustrates the levels of water risk, with northern Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia experiencing the highest levels of risk. As these risks become realized, conflicts over water are likely to increase.
The paradox of bottled water
Toxic Chemicals
Population Growth
Global Flows of Waste
Global Responses
Sustainable Development
Sustainable development:
Dealing with Climate Change
Carbon Tax
Carbon tax:
Cap-and-Trade
Cap-and-trade:
Carbon Neutral
Carbon neutrality:
Alternative Fuels and Power Sources
Hybrid technology
Ethanol
Palm oil
Solar power
A Technological Fix?
Economic Issues
Opposing Environmentalism
From Lightness to Heaviness in Environmental Flows
Collapse
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 12 Negative Global Flows and Processes: Dangerous Imports, Diseases, Crime, Terrorism, War
Dangerous Imports
Food
Chemicals
Fish
Trade protectionism:
Borderless Diseases
Figure 12.1 Malaria. As an example of a borderless disease, malaria continues to threaten several regions in the world. The areas with greatest risk include sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and northern South America.
HIV/AIDS
Flu
Ebola Virus
Tropical Diseases in Europe
Chikungunya Virus
Crime
Terrorism
War
Global Military Structures
Drones and Other Technology
Information War
Information war:
Cyberwar
The Impact of Negative Global Flows on Individuals
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 13 Global Inequalities I: Class and Rural–Urban Inequalities
Class Inequality
Social class:
Inequality in the World System
“The Bottom Billion”
Conflict trap
Conflict trap:
Natural resources trap
Natural resources trap:
Trap of being landlocked with bad neighbors
Bad governance trap
Growing Global Inequality in Health and Health Care
Global Digital Divide
E-waste and Inequality
Is Global Economic Inequality Increasing or Decreasing?
Rural–urban Inequality
Rural
Relations of agricultural production
Relations of social production
Relations of social production:
Relations of resistance
Relations of resistance:
Urban
Figure 13.1 World metro population. The world's largest cities in 2014.
Global cities
Global cities:
World cities
Figure 13.2 Cities powering globalization. Ranking cities in terms of their role in the globalization process is problematic and tendentious. There is general agreement that New York, London, and Tokyo rank as the world's three dominant cities, but beyond this there is no consensus. This version, one of many, shows both Friedmann's categorization of world cities and Sassen's geopolitical urban vectors, which she predicts to become the most significant in the coming decade.
Megacities (and beyond)
Megacities:
Megalopolis:
Cities: The Main Locus of Global Problems
Karachi, Pakistan
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 14 Global Inequalities II: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality1
Intersectionality:
Defining Majority–minority Relations
Minority group:
Majority group:
Orientalism:
The Social Construction of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality
Race:
Ethnic group:
Racism:
Xenophobia:
Sex:
Gender:
Race and Ethnicity
Pluralism:
Ethnic Conflict and Genocide
Genocide:
Ethnic cleansing:
Globalization and Race Relations in the US
Figure 14.1 Serbia and its neighbors. The still-evolving political geography of the former Yugoslavia and Albania. Landlocked, dominantly Muslim Kosovo remains a challenge.
Globalization and Race Relations in Europe
French riots and protests
The Latin Americanization of Race Relations
Gender
Gender and the Economy
Figure 14.2 World maternal mortality. Childbirth still entails far greater risk in the global periphery than in the core, annually ranging from over 1,000 per 100,000 births in much of Africa to under 20 in Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia.
Feminization of labor:
Global Care Chains
Global care chains:
Mail-order Brides
Sexuality
Figure 14.3 Legality of homosexual acts. Some countries, mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia, have made homosexual acts illegal. Mauritania, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, and some localities have made it punishable by death.
Responding to and Resisting Global Minority Status: The Case of Women
The International Women's Movement
Figure 14.4 Enfranchisement of women. Women's enfranchisement began in the late nineteenth century and is still not universal.
Local Responses to Global Problems
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Chapter 15 Dealing With, Resisting, and the Futures of, Globalization
Dealing with Globalization
Dealing with The Global Economy
Protectionism
Protectionism:
Fair trade
Fair trade:
Helping the “bottom billion”
Dealing with Political Globalization
Accountability
Transparency
Transparency International (TI)
Dealing with Global Health Issues
Alter-globalizations
Local Resistance
A Social Movement?
More Formal Social Movements
Transnational Social Movements
Labor movements10
Social movements and the boomerang pattern
World Social Forum
Cyberactivism
The French Alternative
Is the Resistance to Globalization Significant?
The Futures of Globalization
A “MAD MAX” SCENARIO
Chapter Summary
Discussion Questions
Additional Readings
Notes
Back Matter
Appendix: Disciplinary Approaches to Globalization
Anthropology
Sociology
Political Science
Economics
Geography
Psychology
Literary Criticism (Postcolonial)
Other Fields
Additional Readings
Notes
Glossary
References
Index
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