Galaxy Formation and Evolution

Name: Galaxy Formation and Evolution
Price: 14530 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Houjun Mo; Frank van den Bosch; Simon White
ISBN: 9780511731082

Höfundar: Houjun Mo; Frank van den Bosch; Simon White (Útgáfa: 1)

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The rapidly expanding field of galaxy formation lies at the interface between astronomy, particle physics, and cosmology. Covering diverse topics from these disciplines, all of which are needed to understand how galaxies form and evolve, this book is ideal for researchers entering the field. Individual chapters explore the evolution of the Universe as a whole and its particle and radiation content; linear and nonlinear growth of cosmic structure; processes affecting the gaseous and dark matter components of galaxies and their stellar populations; the formation of spiral and elliptical galaxies; central supermassive black holes and the activity associated with them; galaxy interactions; and the intergalactic medium.

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Útgefandi: Cambridge University Press

ISBN: 9780511731082

Print ISBN: 9780521857932

Format: Page Fidelity (PDF)

Útgáfa: 1

Höfundar: Houjun Mo; Frank van den Bosch; Simon White

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2010-05-20

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 10

Prent takmörkun: 5

Afritunar takmörkun: 5

Flokkar: Náttúruvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Vísindi › Stjarneðlisfræði

Kaflar

Half-title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 The Diversity of the Galaxy Population
1.2 Basic Elements of Galaxy Formation
1.2.1 The Standard Model of Cosmology
1.2.2 Initial Conditions
1.2.3 Gravitational Instability and Structure Formation
1.2.4 Gas Cooling
1.2.5 Star Formation
1.2.6 Feedback Processes
1.2.7 Mergers
1.2.8 Dynamical Evolution
1.2.9 Chemical Evolution
1.2.10 Stellar Population Synthesis
1.2.11 The Intergalactic Medium
1.3 Time Scales
1.4 A Brief History of Galaxy Formation
1.4.1 Galaxies as Extragalactic Objects
1.4.2 Cosmology
1.4.3 Structure Formation
1.4.4 The Emergence of the Cold Dark Matter Paradigm
1.4.5 Galaxy Formation
2 Observational Facts
2.1 Astronomical Observations
2.1.1 Fluxes and Magnitudes
2.1.2 Spectroscopy
2.1.3 Distance Measurements
2.2 Stars
2.3 Galaxies
2.3.1 The Classification of Galaxies
2.3.2 Elliptical Galaxies
2.3.3 Disk Galaxies
2.3.4 The Milky Way
2.3.5 Dwarf Galaxies
2.3.6 Nuclear Star Clusters
2.3.7 Starbursts
2.3.8 Active Galactic Nuclei
2.4 Statistical Properties of the Galaxy Population
2.4.1 Luminosity Function
2.4.2 Size Distribution
2.4.3 Color Distribution
2.4.4 The Mass–Metallicity Relation
2.4.5 Environment Dependence
2.5 Clusters and Groups of Galaxies
2.5.1 Clusters of Galaxies
2.5.2 Groups of Galaxies
2.6 Galaxies at High Redshifts
2.6.1 Galaxy Counts
2.6.2 Photometric Redshifts
2.6.3 Galaxy Redshift Surveys at z~1
2.6.4 Lyman-Break Galaxies
2.6.5 Ly alpha Emitters
2.6.6 Submillimeter Sources
2.6.7 Extremely Red Objects and Distant Red Galaxies
2.6.8 The Cosmic Star-Formation History
2.7 Large-Scale Structure
2.7.1 Two-Point Correlation Functions
2.7.2 Probing the Matter Field via Weak Lensing
2.8 The Intergalactic Medium
2.8.1 The Gunn–Peterson Test
2.8.2 Quasar Absorption Line Systems
2.9 The Cosmic Microwave Background
2.10 The Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe
2.10.1 The Determination of Cosmological Parameters
2.10.2 The Mass and Energy Content of the Universe
3 Cosmological Background
3.1 The Cosmological Principle and the Robertson–Walker Metric
3.1.1 The Cosmological Principle and its Consequences
3.1.2 Robertson–Walker Metric
3.1.3 Redshift
3.1.4 Peculiar Velocities
3.1.5 Thermodynamics and the Equation of State
3.1.6 Angular-Diameter and Luminosity Distances
3.2 Relativistic Cosmology
3.2.1 Friedmann Equation
3.2.2 The Densities at the Present Time
3.2.3 Explicit Solutions of the Friedmann Equation
3.2.4 Horizons
3.2.5 The Age of the Universe
3.2.6 Cosmological Distances and Volumes
3.3 The Production and Survival of Particles
3.3.1 The Chronology of the Hot Big Bang
3.3.2 Particles in Thermal Equilibrium
3.3.3 Entropy
3.3.4 Distribution Functions of Decoupled Particle Species
3.3.5 The Freeze-Out of Stable Particles
3.3.6 Decaying Particles
3.4 Primordial Nucleosynthesis
3.4.1 Initial Conditions
3.4.2 Nuclear Reactions
3.4.3 Model Predictions
3.4.4 Observational Results
3.5 Recombination and Decoupling
3.5.1 Recombination
3.5.2 Decoupling and the Origin of the CMB
3.5.3 Compton Scattering
3.5.4 Energy Thermalization
3.6 Inflation
3.6.1 The Problems of the Standard Model
3.6.2 The Concept of Inflation
3.6.3 Realization of Inflation
3.6.4 Models of Inflation
4 Cosmological Perturbations
4.1 Newtonian Theory of Small Perturbations
4.1.1 Ideal Fluid
4.1.2 Isentropic and Isocurvature Initial Conditions
4.1.3 Gravitational Instability
4.1.4 Collisionless Gas
4.1.5 Free-Streaming Damping
4.1.6 Specific Solutions
4.1.7 Higher-Order Perturbation Theory
4.1.8 The Zel'dovich Approximation
4.2 Relativistic Theory of Small Perturbations
4.2.1 Gauge Freedom
4.2.2 Classification of Perturbations
4.2.3 Specific Examples of Gauge Choices
4.2.4 Basic Equations
4.2.5 Coupling between Baryons and Radiation
4.2.6 Perturbation Evolution
4.3 Linear Transfer Functions
4.3.1 Adiabatic Baryon Models
4.3.2 Adiabatic Cold Dark Matter Models
4.3.3 Adiabatic Hot Dark Matter Models
4.3.4 Isocurvature Cold Dark Matter Models
4.4 Statistical Properties
4.4.1 General Discussion
4.4.2 Gaussian Random Fields
4.4.3 Simple Non-Gaussian Models
4.4.4 Linear Perturbation Spectrum
4.5 The Origin of Cosmological Perturbations
4.5.1 Perturbations from Inflation
4.5.2 Perturbations from Topological Defects
5 Gravitational Collapse and Collisionless Dynamics
5.1 Spherical Collapse Models
5.1.1 Spherical Collapse in Λ = 0 Universe
5.1.2 Spherical Collapse in a Flat Universe with lambda > 0
5.1.3 Spherical Collapse with Shell Crossing
5.2 Similarity Solutions for Spherical Collapse
5.2.1 Models with Radial Orbits
5.2.2 Models Including Non-Radial Orbits
5.3 Collapse of Homogeneous Ellipsoids
5.4 Collisionless Dynamics
5.4.1 Time Scales for Collisions
5.4.2 Basic Dynamics
5.4.3 The Jeans Equations
5.4.4 The Virial Theorem
5.4.5 Orbit Theory
5.4.6 The Jeans Theorem
5.4.7 Spherical Equilibrium Models
5.4.8 Axisymmetric Equilibrium Models
5.4.9 Triaxial Equilibrium Models
5.5 Collisionless Relaxation
5.5.1 Phase Mixing
5.5.2 Chaotic Mixing
5.5.3 Violent Relaxation
5.5.4 Landau Damping
5.5.5 The End State of Relaxation
5.6 Gravitational Collapse of the Cosmic Density Field
5.6.1 Hierarchical Clustering
5.6.2 Results from Numerical Simulations
6 Probing the Cosmic Density Field
6.1 Large-Scale Mass Distribution
6.1.1 Correlation Functions
6.1.2 Particle Sampling and Bias
6.1.3 Mass Moments
6.2 Large-Scale Velocity Field
6.2.1 Bulk Motions and Velocity Correlation Functions
6.2.2 Mass Density Reconstruction from the Velocity Field
6.3 Clustering in Real Space and Redshift Space
6.3.1 Redshift Distortions
6.3.2 Real-Space Correlation Functions
6.4 Clustering Evolution
6.4.1 Dynamics of Statistics
6.4.2 Self-Similar Gravitational Clustering
6.4.3 Development of Non-Gaussian Features
6.5 Galaxy Clustering
6.5.1 Correlation Analyses
6.5.2 Power Spectrum Analysis
6.5.3 Angular Correlation Function and Power Spectrum
6.6 Gravitational Lensing
6.6.1 Basic Equations
6.6.2 Lensing by a Point Mass
6.6.3 Lensing by an Extended Object
6.6.4 Cosmic Shear
6.7 Fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background
6.7.1 Observational Quantities
6.7.2 Theoretical Expectations of Temperature Anisotropy
6.7.3 Thomson Scattering and Polarization of the Microwave Background
6.7.4 Interaction between CMB Photons and Matter
6.7.5 Constraints on Cosmological Parameters
7 Formation and Structure of Dark Matter Halos
7.1 Density Peaks
7.1.1 Peak Number Density
7.1.2 Spatial Modulation of the Peak Number Density
7.1.3 Correlation Function
7.1.4 Shapes of Density Peaks
7.2 Halo Mass Function
7.2.1 Press–Schechter Formalism
7.2.2 Excursion Set Derivation of the Press–Schechter Formula
7.2.3 Spherical versus Ellipsoidal Dynamics
7.2.4 Tests of the Press–Schechter Formalism
7.2.5 Number Density of Galaxy Clusters
7.3 Progenitor Distributions and Merger Trees
7.3.1 Progenitors of Dark Matter Halos
7.3.2 Halo Merger Trees
7.3.3 Main Progenitor Histories
7.3.4 Halo Assembly and Formation Times
7.3.5 Halo Merger Rates
7.3.6 Halo Survival Times
7.4 Spatial Clustering and Bias
7.4.1 Linear Bias and Correlation Function
7.4.2 Assembly Bias
7.4.3 Nonlinear and Stochastic Bias
7.5 Internal Structure of Dark Matter Halos
7.5.1 Halo Density Profiles
7.5.2 Halo Shapes
7.5.3 Halo Substructure
7.5.4 Angular Momentum
7.6 The Halo Model of Dark Matter Clustering
8 Formation and Evolution of Gaseous Halos
8.1 Basic Fluid Dynamics and Radiative Processes
8.1.1 Basic Equations
8.1.2 Compton Cooling
8.1.3 Radiative Cooling
8.1.4 Photoionization Heating
8.2 Hydrostatic Equilibrium
8.2.1 Gas Density Profile
8.2.2 Convective Instability
8.2.3 Virial Theorem Applied to a Gaseous Halo
8.3 The Formation of Hot Gaseous Halos
8.3.1 Accretion Shocks
8.3.2 Self-Similar Collapse of Collisional Gas
8.3.3 The Impact of a Collisionless Component
8.3.4 More General Models of Spherical Collapse
8.4 Radiative Cooling in Gaseous Halos
8.4.1 Radiative Cooling Time Scales for Uniform Clouds
8.4.2 Evolution of the Cooling Radius
8.4.3 Self-Similar Cooling Waves
8.4.4 Spherical Collapse with Cooling
8.5 Thermal and Hydrodynamical Instabilities of Cooling Gas
8.5.1 Thermal Instability
8.5.2 Hydrodynamical Instabilities
8.5.3 Heat Conduction
8.6 Evolution of Gaseous Halos with Energy Sources
8.6.1 Blast Waves
8.6.2 Winds and Wind-Driven Bubbles
8.6.3 Supernova Feedback and Galaxy Formation
8.7 Results from Numerical Simulations
8.7.1 Three-Dimensional Collapse without Radiative Cooling
8.7.2 Three-Dimensional Collapse with Radiative Cooling
8.8 Observational Tests
8.8.1 X-ray Clusters and Groups
8.8.2 Gaseous Halos around Elliptical Galaxies
8.8.3 Gaseous Halos around Spiral Galaxies
9 Star Formation in Galaxies
9.1 Giant Molecular Clouds: The Sites of Star Formation
9.1.1 Observed Properties
9.1.2 Dynamical State
9.2 The Formation of Giant Molecular Clouds
9.2.1 The Formation of Molecular Hydrogen
9.2.2 Cloud Formation
9.3 What Controls the Star-Formation Efficiency
9.3.1 Magnetic Fields
9.3.2 Supersonic Turbulence
9.3.3 Self-Regulation
9.4 The Formation of Individual Stars
9.4.1 The Formation of Low-Mass Stars
9.4.2 The Formation of Massive Stars
9.5 Empirical Star-Formation Laws
9.5.1 The Kennicutt–Schmidt Law
9.5.2 Local Star-Formation Laws
9.5.3 Star-Formation Thresholds
9.6 The Initial Mass Function
9.6.1 Observational Constraints
9.6.2 Theoretical Models
9.7 The Formation of Population III Stars
10 Stellar Populations and Chemical Evolution
10.1 The Basic Concepts of Stellar Evolution
10.1.1 Basic Equations of Stellar Structure
10.1.2 Stellar Evolution
10.1.3 Equation of State, Opacity, and Energy Production
10.1.4 Scaling Relations
10.1.5 Main-Sequence Lifetimes
10.2 Stellar Evolutionary Tracks
10.2.1 Pre-Main-Sequence Evolution
10.2.2 Post-Main-Sequence Evolution
10.2.3 Supernova Progenitors and Rates
10.3 Stellar Population Synthesis
10.3.1 Stellar Spectra
10.3.2 Spectral Synthesis
10.3.3 Passive Evolution
10.3.4 Spectral Features
10.3.5 Age–Metallicity Degeneracy
10.3.6 K and E Corrections
10.3.7 Emission and Absorption by the Interstellar Medium
10.3.8 Star-Formation Diagnostics
10.3.9 Estimating Stellar Masses and Star-Formation Histories of Galaxies
10.4 Chemical Evolution of Galaxies
10.4.1 Stellar Chemical Production
10.4.2 The Closed-Box Model
10.4.3 Models with Inflow and Outflow
10.4.4 Abundance Ratios
10.5 Stellar Energetic Feedback
10.5.1 Mass-Loaded Kinetic Energy from Stars
10.5.2 Gas Dynamics Including Stellar Feedback
11 Disk Galaxies
11.1 Mass Components and Angular Momentum
11.1.1 Disk Models
11.1.2 Rotation Curves
11.1.3 Adiabatic Contraction
11.1.4 Disk Angular Momentum
11.1.5 Orbits in Disk Galaxies
11.2 The Formation of Disk Galaxies
11.2.1 General Discussion
11.2.2 Non-Self-Gravitating Disks in Isothermal Spheres
11.2.3 Self-Gravitating Disks in Halos with Realistic Profiles
11.2.4 Including a Bulge Component
11.2.5 Disk Assembly
11.2.6 Numerical Simulations of Disk Formation
11.3 The Origin of Disk Galaxy Scaling Relations
11.4 The Origin of Exponential Disks
11.4.1 Disks from Relic Angular Momentum Distribution
11.4.2 Viscous Disks
11.4.3 The Vertical Structure of Disk Galaxies
11.5 Disk Instabilities
11.5.1 Basic Equations
11.5.2 Local Instability
11.5.3 Global Instability
11.5.4 Secular Evolution
11.6 The Formation of Spiral Arms
11.7 Stellar Population Properties
11.7.1 Global Trends
11.7.2 Color Gradients
11.8 Chemical Evolution of Disk Galaxies
11.8.1 The Solar Neighborhood
11.8.2 Global Relations
12 Galaxy Interactions and Transformations
12.1 High-Speed Encounters
12.2 Tidal Stripping
12.2.1 Tidal Radius
12.2.2 Tidal Streams and Tails
12.3 Dynamical Friction
12.3.1 Orbital Decay
12.3.2 The Validity of Chandrasekhar's Formula
12.4 Galaxy Merging
12.4.1 Criterion for Mergers
12.4.2 Merger Demographics
12.4.3 The Connection between Mergers, Starbursts and AGN
12.4.4 Minor Mergers and Disk Heating
12.5 Transformation of Galaxies in Clusters
12.5.1 Galaxy Harassment
12.5.2 Galactic Cannibalism
12.5.3 Ram-Pressure Stripping
12.5.4 Strangulation
13 Elliptical Galaxies
13.1 Structure and Dynamics
13.1.1 Observables
13.1.2 Photometric Properties
13.1.3 Kinematic Properties
13.1.4 Dynamical Modeling
13.1.5 Evidence for Dark Halos
13.1.6 Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes
13.1.7 Shapes
13.2 The Formation of Elliptical Galaxies
13.2.1 The Monolithic Collapse Scenario
13.2.2 The Merger Scenario
13.2.3 Hierarchical Merging and the Elliptical Population
13.3 Observational Tests and Constraints
13.3.1 Evolution of the Number Density of Ellipticals
13.3.2 The Sizes of Elliptical Galaxies
13.3.3 Phase-Space Density Constraints
13.3.4 The Specific Frequency of Globular Clusters
13.3.5 Merging Signatures
13.3.6 Merger Rates
13.4 The Fundamental Plane of Elliptical Galaxies
13.4.1 The Fundamental Plane in the Merger Scenario
13.4.2 Projections and Rotations of the Fundamental Plane
13.5 Stellar Population Properties
13.5.1 Archaeological Records
13.5.2 Evolutionary Probes
13.5.3 Color and Metallicity Gradients
13.5.4 Implications for the Formation of Elliptical Galaxies
13.6 Bulges, Dwarf Ellipticals and Dwarf Spheroidals
13.6.1 The Formation of Galactic Bulges
13.6.2 The Formation of Dwarf Ellipticals
14 Active Galaxies
14.1 The Population of Active Galactic Nuclei
14.2 The Supermassive Black Hole Paradigm
14.2.1 The Central Engine
14.2.2 Accretion Disks
14.2.3 Continuum Emission
14.2.4 Emission Lines
14.2.5 Jets, Superluminal Motion and Beaming
14.2.6 Emission-Line Regions and Obscuring Torus
14.2.7 The Idea of Unification
14.2.8 Observational Tests for Supermassive Black Holes
14.3 The Formation and Evolution of AGN
14.3.1 The Growth of Supermassive Black Holes and the Fueling of AGN
14.3.2 AGN Demographics
14.3.3 Outstanding Questions
14.4 AGN and Galaxy Formation
14.4.1 Radiative Feedback
14.4.2 Mechanical Feedback
15 Statistical Properties of the Galaxy Population
15.1 Preamble
15.2 Galaxy Luminosities and Stellar Masses
15.2.1 Galaxy Luminosity Functions
15.2.2 Galaxy Counts
15.2.3 Extragalactic Background Light
15.3 Linking Halo Mass to Galaxy Luminosity
15.3.1 Simple Considerations
15.3.2 The Luminosity Function of Central Galaxies
15.3.3 The Luminosity Function of Satellite Galaxies
15.3.4 Satellite Fractions
15.3.5 Discussion
15.4 Linking Halo Mass to Star-Formation History
15.4.1 The Color Distribution of Galaxies
15.4.2 Origin of the Cosmic Star-Formation History
15.5 Environmental Dependence
15.5.1 Effects within Dark Matter Halos
15.5.2 Effects on Large Scales
15.6 Spatial Clustering and Galaxy Bias
15.6.1 Application to High-Redshift Galaxies
15.7 Putting it All Together
15.7.1 Semi-Analytical Models
15.7.2 Hydrodynamical Simulations
16 The Intergalactic Medium
16.1 The Ionization State of the Intergalactic Medium
16.1.1 Physical Conditions after Recombination
16.1.2 The Mean Optical Depth of the IGM
16.1.3 The Gunn–Peterson Test
16.1.4 Constraints from the Cosmic Microwave Background
16.2 Ionizing Sources
16.2.1 Photoionization versus Collisional Ionization
16.2.2 Emissivity from Quasars and Young Galaxies
16.2.3 Attenuation by Intervening Absorbers
16.2.4 Observational Constraints on the UV Background
16.3 The Evolution of the Intergalactic Medium
16.3.1 Thermal Evolution
16.3.2 Ionization Evolution
16.3.3 The Epoch of Re-ionization
16.3.4 Probing Re-ionization with 21-cm Emission and Absorption
16.4 General Properties of Absorption Lines
16.4.1 Distribution Function
16.4.2 Thermal Broadening
16.4.3 Natural Broadening and Voigt Profiles
16.4.4 Equivalent Width and Column Density
16.4.5 Common QSO Absorption Line Systems
16.4.6 Photoionization Models
16.5 The Lyman Forest
16.5.1 Redshift Evolution
16.5.2 Column Density Distribution
16.5.3 Doppler Parameter
16.5.4 Sizes of Absorbers
16.5.5 Metallicity
16.5.6 Clustering
16.5.7 Lyman α Forests at Low Redshift
16.5.8 The Helium Lyman α Forest
16.6 Models of the Lyman α Forest
16.6.1 Early Models
16.6.2 Lyman α Forest in Hierarchical Models
16.6.3 Lyman α Forest in Hydrodynamical Simulations
16.7 Lyman-Limit Systems
16.8 Damped Lyman α Systems
16.8.1 Column Density Distribution
16.8.2 Redshift Evolution
16.8.3 Metallicities
16.8.4 Kinematics
16.9 Metal Absorption Line Systems
16.9.1 MgII Systems
16.9.2 CIV and OVI Systems
Appendix A: Basics of General Relativity
A1.1 Space-time Geometry
A1.2 The Equivalence Principle
A1.3 Geodesic Equations
A1.4 Energy–Momentum Tensor
A1.5 Newtonian Limit
A1.6 Einstein's Field Equation
Appendix B: Gas and Radiative Processes
B1.1 Ideal Gas
B1.2 Basic Equations
B1.3 Radiative Processes
B1.3.1 Einstein Coefficients and Milne Relation
B1.3.2 Photoionization and Photo-excitation
B1.3.3 Recombination
B1.3.4 Collisional Ionization and Collisional Excitation
B1.3.5 Bremsstrahlung
B1.3.6 Compton Scattering
B1.4 Radiative Cooling
Appendix C: Numerical Simulations
C1.1 N-Body Simulations
C1.1.1 Force Calculations
C1.1.2 Issues Related to Numerical Accuracy
C1.1.3 Boundary Conditions
C1.1.4 Initial Conditions
C1.2 Hydrodynamical Simulations
C1.2.1 Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
C1.2.2 Grid-Based Algorithms
Appendix D: Frequently Used Abbreviations
Appendix E: Useful Numbers
References
Index