Fundamentals of Musculoskeletal Imaging

Höfundur: Lynn N. McKinnis (Útgáfa: 5)
Fundamentals of Musculoskeletal Imaging

Kaup valmöguleikar

The book that set the standard for the role of correlating imaging findings to clinical findings as part of a comprehensive patient evaluation, more specific treatment plans and better outcomes is back in a New Edition. Here’s everything Physical Therapists need to know about medical imaging. This comprehensive guide helps you develop the skills and knowledge you need to accurately interpret imaging studies and understand written reports.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
F. A. Davis Company
ISBN
9781719645515
Print ISBN
9780803676022
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
5
Höfundar
Lynn N. McKinnis
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2020-12-18
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
25
Afritunar takmörkun
25

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Contributors
  • Reviewers
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents in Brief
  • Table of Contents
  • Chapter 1 General Principles of Musculoskeletal Imaging
  • Why Study Imaging?
  • What Is Radiology?
  • What Is Musculoskeletal Imaging?
  • Historical Perspective
  • Turn-of-the-Century Sensationalism
  • The 1910s and 1920s
  • The 1930s and 1940s
  • The 1950s and 1960s
  • The 1970s and 1980s
  • The 1990s and into the 21st Century
  • Essential Science
  • What Is a Radiograph?
  • What Is Radiation?
  • What Are X-rays?
  • Image Receptors: Different Ways to Capture the X-Rays
  • The Gold Standard: Film/Screen Radiography
  • Fluoroscopy
  • Computed Radiography
  • Digital Radiography
  • Understanding the Image
  • What Is Radiodensity?
  • Radiodensity as a Function of Composition: Anatomy in Four Shades of Gray
  • Radiodensity as a Function of Thickness
  • How Many Dimensions Can You See?
  • Radiodensity in a Rose
  • More to the Radiograph
  • Radiographic Terminology
  • Anteroposterior, Lateral, and Oblique Projections
  • Viewing Radiographs
  • Identification Markers
  • Image Quality Factors
  • The Routine Radiographic Examination
  • The Radiologist as the Imaging Specialist
  • Other Common Studies in Musculoskeletal Imaging
  • Contrast-Enhanced Radiographs
  • Conventional Tomography
  • Computed Tomography
  • Nuclear Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Ultrasonography
  • Interventional Techniques
  • Epidural Steroid Injections
  • Spinal Nerve Blocks
  • Radiofrequency Ablation
  • Diskography
  • Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of the Spine
  • Percutaneous Vertebroplasty, Kyphoplasty, and Cementoplasty
  • Automated Percutaneous Lumbar Diskectomy
  • Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy
  • The Imaging Chain
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 2 Radiologic Evaluation, Search Patterns, and Diagnosis
  • Where Does Radiologic Image Interpretation Begin?
  • What Are the Pitfalls of Image Interpretation?
  • What Can the Nonradiologist Offer to Image Interpretation?
  • Search Pattern: The ABCS of Radiologic Analysis
  • A: Alignment
  • B: Bone Density
  • C: Cartilage Spaces
  • S: Soft Tissues
  • Radiologic Diagnosis of Skeletal Pathology
  • Categories of Skeletal Pathology
  • Distribution of the Lesion
  • Predictor Variables
  • Radiologic Characteristics of Common Pathologies
  • Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)
  • Osteoporosis
  • Musculoskeletal Infections
  • Bone Tumors
  • The Radiologic Report
  • Heading
  • Clinical Information
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Recommendations
  • Signature
  • Radiologic Report Example
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 3 Radiologic Evaluation of Fracture
  • Trauma, the Most Common Disorder
  • Trauma Radiology
  • What Is a Fracture?
  • Biomechanics of Bone
  • Definition of Fracture
  • Elements of Fracture Description
  • Anatomic Site and Extent of the Fracture
  • Type of Fracture: Complete or Incomplete
  • Alignment of Fracture Fragments
  • Direction of Fracture Lines
  • Presence of Special Features
  • Associated Abnormalities
  • Fractures Caused by Abnormal Stresses or Pathological Processes
  • Fractures in Children
  • Location Description
  • Difficulties in Assessment of Immature Bone
  • Elements of Fracture Description
  • Healing Factors
  • Reduction and Fixation of Fractures
  • Reduction
  • Fixation
  • Fracture Healing
  • Cortical Bone Healing
  • Cancellous Bone Healing
  • Surgically Compressed Bone Healing
  • Radiologic Evaluation of Healing
  • Time Frame for Fracture Healing
  • Factors That Influence Rate of Fracture Healing
  • Radiologic Examination Intervals During Fracture Healing
  • Complications in Fracture Healing
  • Complications at Fracture Site
  • Late-Effect Complications of Fracture
  • Associated Complications in Other Tissues
  • Life-Threatening Complications
  • Commonly Missed Fractures
  • Why Are Fractures Missed on Radiographs?
  • Which Fractures Are Missed?
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Study
  • Self-Test
  • Appendix: Fracture Eponyms
  • Chapter 4 Computed Tomography
  • Computed Tomography
  • History
  • Principles of CT
  • Elements of a CT Scanner
  • Making the CT Image
  • Different Forms of CT
  • Three-Dimensional CT
  • CT Myelogram
  • Cone Beam CT
  • Viewing CT Images
  • Radiodensities
  • The Image
  • Viewing the Patient’s Images
  • Selective Imaging—Windowing
  • Quality of the Image
  • Clinical Uses of CT
  • What Does CT Image Best?
  • What Are the Limitations of CT?
  • Summary and Future Developments
  • Neuroimaging
  • History
  • CT Versus MRI
  • CT and MRI Characteristics of the Brain
  • CT Exam: Six Brain Images
  • Common Cerebral Pathological Conditions
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • History
  • Principles of MRI
  • Image Information and Protocols
  • Sequences
  • Making the Magnetic Resonance Image
  • The Elements of an MRI Scanner
  • Viewing Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Imaging Characteristics of Different Tissues
  • Image Quality
  • Clinical Uses of MRI
  • What Does MRI Image Best?
  • What Are the Limitations of MRI?
  • Use of Contrasts
  • Magnetic Resonance Arthrography
  • Magnetic Resonance Myelography
  • Comparison of MRI and CT
  • Clinical Thinking Points
  • Clinical Thinking Point 1: Bone Bruise—The Footprint of Injury
  • Clinical Thinking Point 2: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Stress Fractures
  • Summary and Future Developments
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 6 Ultrasound Imaging
  • Ultrasound Imaging
  • History
  • Ultrasound in Rehabilitation
  • Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound
  • Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment
  • The Pulser
  • The Ultrasound Transducer
  • The Scan Converter and Monitor
  • Ultrasound Physics
  • Production
  • Reception
  • The Ultrasound Beam
  • Interaction Between Ultrasound and Tissues
  • Absorption
  • Reflection
  • Refraction
  • Scattering
  • Doppler Ultrasound
  • Power Doppler
  • The Ultrasound Image
  • Applying the Transducer
  • Information Used to Create the Image
  • Viewing the Ultrasound Image
  • The Quality of the Image
  • Artifacts
  • Clinical Uses of Ultrasound
  • General Advantages
  • Imaging Characteristics—Comparison with MRI
  • What Are the Limitations of Ultrasound?
  • Future Developments
  • Clinical Thinking Point—Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for the Nonradiologist
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 7 Radiologic Evaluation of the Cervical Spine
  • Review of Anatomy
  • Osseous Anatomy
  • Ligamentous Anatomy
  • Joint Mobility
  • Growth and Development
  • Postural Development
  • Routine Radiologic Evaluation
  • Practice Parameters for Spine Radiography in Children and Adults
  • Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
  • Advanced Imaging Evaluation
  • Introduction to Interpreting Sectional Anatomy of CT/MRI
  • Practice Parameters for Computed Tomography of the Spine
  • Basic CT Protocol
  • Practice Parameters for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine
  • Basic MRI Protocol
  • Trauma at the Cervical Spine
  • Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Cervical Spine
  • Potential Injury to the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
  • SCIWORA Syndrome
  • Fractures
  • Dislocations
  • Cervical Spine Sprains
  • Intervertebral Disk Herniations
  • Degenerative Diseases of the Cervical Spine
  • Degenerative Disk Disease
  • Degenerative Joint Disease
  • Foraminal Encroachment
  • Cervical Spine Spondylosis
  • Spondylosis Deformans
  • Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
  • Clinical Considerations of the Degenerative Spine
  • Cervical Spine Anomalies
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Studies
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 8 Radiologic Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint
  • Historical Perspective
  • Causes of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
  • Review of Anatomy
  • Osseous Anatomy
  • Articular Disk
  • Ligamentous Anatomy
  • Biomechanics of the Temporomandibular Joint
  • Growth and Development
  • Imaging in the Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint
  • Conventional Radiographs
  • Computed Tomography
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Ultrasound
  • Pathological Conditions of the Temporomandibular Joint
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Disk Displacement
  • Etiology
  • Clinical Presentation
  • Classification
  • Grading Displacements
  • Radiologic Findings
  • MRI of Disk Displacements
  • Treatment of Disk Displacement
  • Other Disorders and Findings
  • Temporomandibular Joint Hypermobility
  • Disk Adhesion
  • Fractures
  • Craniomandibular Anomalies
  • The Temporomandibular Joint and the Cervical Spine
  • Positional Faults of the Cervical Spine
  • Positional Faults in the Coronal Plane
  • Acknowledgment
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Study
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 9 Radiologic Evaluation of the Thoracic Spine, Sternum, and Ribs
  • Review of Anatomy
  • Osseous Anatomy
  • Ligamentous Anatomy
  • Joint Mobility
  • Growth and Development
  • Spinal Cord Anatomy
  • Routine Radiologic Evaluation
  • Practice Parameters for Spine Radiography in Children and Adults
  • Standard Projections and Radiologic Observations
  • Advanced Imaging Evaluation
  • Introduction to Interpreting Sectional Anatomy of CT/MRI
  • Practice Parameters for Computed Tomography of the Spine
  • Basic CT Protocol
  • Practice Parameters for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine
  • Basic MRI Protocol
  • Trauma at the Thoracic Spine
  • Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Thoracic Spine
  • The Three-Column Concept of Spinal Stability
  • One- or Two-Column Injuries
  • Two- or Three-Column Injuries
  • Fractures of the Bony Thorax
  • Abnormal Conditions (Non-traumatic)
  • Osteoporosis
  • Scoliosis
  • Tuberculous Osteomyelitis (Pott’s Disease)
  • Scheuermann’s Disease
  • Vertebral, Rib, and Sternal Anomalies
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Studies
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 10  The Chest Radiograph and Cardiopulmonary Imaging
  • Where Does Cardiopulmonary Imaging Begin?
  • Radiographic Anatomy
  • Bony Thorax
  • Respiratory Organs
  • The Heart
  • The Mediastinum
  • The Hilum
  • The Diaphragm
  • Routine Radiologic Evaluation
  • Practice Parameters for the Performance of Pediatric and Adult Chest Radiography
  • Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
  • Pathology
  • Imaging Choices in Cardiopulmonary Assessment
  • Diagnostic Categories
  • The Lung Field Is Abnormally White
  • The Lung Field Is Abnormally Black
  • The Mediastinum Is Abnormally Wide
  • The Heart Is Abnormally Shaped
  • Advanced Imaging
  • Ultrasound of the Heart: Echocardiography
  • Ultrasound of the Thorax
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Conventional Angiography
  • Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography
  • Magnetic Resonance Angiography
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Study
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 11  Radiologic Evaluation of the Lumbosacral Spine and Sacroiliac Joints
  • Review of Anatomy
  • Osseous Anatomy
  • Ligamentous Anatomy
  • Joint Mobility
  • Growth and Development
  • Routine Radiologic Evaluation
  • Practice Parameters for Lumbar Spine Radiography in Children and Adults
  • Standard Projections and Radiologic Observations
  • Advanced Imaging Evaluation
  • Introduction to Interpreting Sectional Anatomy
  • Practice Parameters for Computed Tomography of the Spine
  • Basic CT Protocol
  • Practice Parameters for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine
  • Basic MRI Protocol
  • Trauma at the Lumbar Spine
  • Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Lumbar Spine
  • Fractures of the Lumbar Spine
  • Spondylolysis
  • Spondylolisthesis
  • Degenerative Conditions at the Lumbar Spine
  • Clinical Considerations of the Degenerative Spine
  • Lumbar Stenosis
  • Intervertebral Disk Herniations
  • Sacroiliac Joint Pathology
  • Ligamentous Injury
  • Degenerative Joint Disease
  • Sacroiliitis
  • Ankylosing Spondylitis
  • Lumbosacral Anomalies
  • Facet Tropism
  • Aberrant Transitional Vertebrae
  • Spina Bifida
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Studies
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 12  Radiologic Evaluation of the Pelvis and Hip
  • Review of Anatomy
  • Osseous Anatomy
  • Ligamentous Anatomy
  • Joint Mobility
  • Growth and Development
  • Routine Radiologic Evaluation
  • Practice Parameter for Extremity Radiography in Children and Adults
  • Standard Projections and Radiologic Observations
  • Additional Views Related to the Hip
  • Advanced Imaging Evaluation
  • Introduction to Interpreting Hip Sectional Anatomy
  • Practice Parameter for CT of the Hip
  • Basic CT Protocol
  • Practice Parameter for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Hip
  • Basic MRI Protocol
  • Trauma at the Pelvis and Hip
  • Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Pelvis and Hip
  • Fractures of the Pelvis
  • Fractures of the Acetabulum
  • Fractures of the Proximal Femur
  • Hip Dislocation
  • Pathological Conditions at the Hip
  • Degenerative Joint Disease of the Hip
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hip
  • Avascular Necrosis of the Proximal Femur
  • Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
  • Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
  • Femoroacetabular Impingement With Labral Pathology
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Studies
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 13  Radiologic Evaluation of the Knee
  • Review of Anatomy
  • Osseous Anatomy
  • Ligamentous Anatomy
  • Joint Mobility
  • Growth and Development
  • Routine Radiologic Evaluation
  • Practice Parameter for Knee Radiography in Children and Adults
  • Standard Projections and Radiologic Observations
  • Additional Views Related to the Knee
  • Advanced Imaging Evaluation
  • Introduction to Interpreting Knee Sectional Anatomy
  • Practice Parameter for CT of the Knee
  • Basic CT Protocol
  • Practice Parameter for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee
  • Basic MRI Protocol
  • Trauma at the Knee
  • Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Knee
  • Fractures
  • Patellofemoral Subluxations
  • Injury to the Articular Cartilage
  • Meniscal Tears
  • Injury to the Ligaments
  • Degenerative Joint Disease
  • Radiologic Evaluation
  • Location of Degenerative Joint Disease
  • Treatment
  • Knee Anomalies
  • Genu Valgum
  • Genu Varum
  • Genu Recurvatum
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Studies
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 14  Radiologic Evaluation of the Ankle and Foot
  • Review of Anatomy
  • Osseous Anatomy
  • Ligamentous Anatomy
  • Routine Radiologic Evaluation
  • Practice Parameter for Ankle and Foot Radiography in Children and Adults
  • Standard Projections and Radiologic Observations
  • Advanced Imaging Evaluation
  • Introduction to Interpreting Ankle and Foot Sectional Anatomy
  • Practice Parameter for CT of the Ankle and Foot
  • Basic CT Protocol
  • Practice Parameter for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Ankle and Hindfoot
  • Basic MRI Protocol
  • Trauma at the Ankle and Foot
  • Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Ankle and Foot
  • Sprains at the Ankle
  • Tendon Pathology
  • Fractures at the Ankle
  • Fractures of the Foot
  • Deformities of the Foot
  • Radiologic Evaluation
  • Hallux Valgus
  • Pes Cavus
  • Pes Planus
  • Talipes Equinovarus
  • Foot Anomalies
  • Accessory Bones
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Studies
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 15  Radiologic Evaluation of the Shoulder
  • Review of Anatomy
  • Osseous Anatomy
  • Ligamentous Anatomy
  • Joint Mobility
  • Growth and Development
  • Routine Radiologic Evaluation
  • Practice Parameters for Radiography of the Shoulder in Children and Adults
  • Standard Projections and Radiologic Observations
  • Advanced Imaging Evaluation
  • Introduction to Interpreting Shoulder Sectional Anatomy
  • Practice Parameters for CT of the Shoulder
  • Basic CT Protocol
  • Practice Parameters for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Shoulder
  • Basic MRI Protocol
  • Trauma at the Shoulder
  • Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Shoulder
  • Fractures of the Proximal Humerus
  • Fractures of the Clavicle
  • Fractures of the Scapula
  • Dislocations of the Glenohumeral Joint
  • Acromioclavicular Joint Separation
  • Rotator Cuff Tears
  • Glenoid Labrum Tears
  • Abnormal Conditions
  • Impingement Syndrome
  • Adhesive Capsulitis
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Studies
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 16  Radiologic Evaluation of the Elbow
  • Review of Anatomy
  • Osseous Anatomy
  • Ligamentous Anatomy
  • Joint Mobility
  • Growth and Development
  • Routine Radiologic Evaluation
  • Practice Parameters for Elbow Radiography in Children and Adults
  • Standard Projections and Radiologic Observations
  • Advanced Imaging Evaluation
  • Introduction to Interpreting Elbow Sectional Anatomy
  • Practice Parameters for CT of the Elbow
  • Basic CT Protocol
  • Practice Parameters for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Elbow
  • Basic MRI Protocol
  • Trauma at the Elbow
  • Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Elbow
  • Fractures and Dislocations
  • Distal Biceps Tendon Tear
  • Triceps Tendon Tear
  • Abnormal Conditions at the Elbow
  • Epicondylitis
  • Osteochondritis Dissecans
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Studies
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 17  Radiologic Evaluation of the Hand and Wrist
  • Review of Anatomy
  • Osseous Anatomy
  • Joints and Ligaments of the Hand and Wrist
  • Joint Mobility
  • Growth and Development
  • Routine Radiologic Evaluation
  • Practice Parameters for Extremity Radiography in Children and Adults
  • Standard Projections and Radiologic Observations
  • Advanced Imaging Evaluation
  • Introduction to Interpreting Wrist Sectional Anatomy
  • Practice Parameters for CT of the Wrist
  • Basic CT Protocol
  • Practice Parameters for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Wrist
  • Basic MRI Protocol
  • Trauma at the Hand and Wrist
  • Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Hand and Wrist
  • Fractures of the Hand
  • Fractures of the Wrist
  • Fractures of the Distal Radius
  • Wrist Instability
  • Imaging Techniques to Diagnose Instability
  • Instability of the Distal Radioulnar Joint
  • Classification of Carpal Instabilities
  • Soft Tissue Disorders
  • Pathology of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  • Arthritides
  • Degenerative Joint Disease
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Study
  • Self-Test
  • Chapter 18  Integration of Diagnostic Imaging into Physical Therapy Practice
  • Changing Perspectives on Diagnostic Imaging in Physical Therapy Education
  • Historical Perspective on Traditional Roles
  • An Evolving Model
  • The Physical Therapist as a Primary Care Provider in the United States
  • The Physical Therapist as an Educated User of Diagnostic Imaging
  • The Use of Diagnostic Imaging by Physical Therapists Inside the United States
  • Other Practice Environments in the United States
  • Access to Imaging and Relationships with Physicians
  • Primary Care “Teams”
  • Traditional Physical Therapy Practice
  • Direct Referral to Radiology
  • Physiotherapy Practice Concerning Diagnostic Imaging outside the United States
  • Barriers to Access and Ordering Imaging
  • State Practice Acts
  • Third-Party Reimbursement
  • Undefined Issues
  • The Role of Imaging in the Diagnostic Process
  • When to Refer for Imaging
  • Understanding the Capability of Each Imaging Modality
  • Clinical Decision-Making and Clinical Practice Guidelines
  • The Role of Imaging in Physical Therapy Intervention
  • What Do Physical Therapists Look For?
  • Incorporating Imaging into Treatment Planning
  • What Does the Future Hold?
  • Summary of Key Points
  • Case Studies
  • Self-Test
  • Answers to Self-Test Questions
  • Index