Fundamentals of Medical Imaging

Höfundur: Paul Suetens (Útgáfa: 3)
Fundamentals of Medical Imaging

Kaup valmöguleikar

Þriðja útgáfa þessarar bókar veitir hnitmiðað og ríkulega myndskreytt yfirlit yfir læknisfræðilega myndgreiningu og myndúrvinnslu. Fjallað er um stærðfræðilegar og eðlisfræðilegar grunnreglur og lesendum veittur skýr skilningur á því hvernig myndir eru teknar og túlkaðar. Þessi fræðasvið þróast hratt og útgáfan hefur verið uppfærð með nýjustu framförum ásamt nýjum myndum og hreyfimyndum.

Á eftir inngangskafla um stafræna myndvinnslu koma kaflar um helstu myndgreiningaraðferðir: röntgenmyndatöku, tölvusneiðmyndatöku, segulómun, kjarnlæknisfræði og ómskoðun. Í hverjum kafla er fjallað um grundvallaratriði eðlisfræðinnar og víxlverkun við vefi, endurgerð mynda, myndgæði, nútímatækjabúnað, klíníska notkun, líffræðileg áhrif og öryggismál. Í síðari köflum er farið yfir myndúrvinnslu og myndbirtingu til greiningar og meðferðar.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Cambridge University Press
ISBN
9781108207157
Print ISBN
9781107159785
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
3
Höfundar
Paul Suetens
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2017-05-11
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Half-title page
  • Title page
  • Copyright page
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Introduction to Digital Image Processing
  • 1.1 Digital Images
  • 1.2 Image Quality
  • 1.3 Basic Image Operations
  • 1.3.1 Gray Level Transformations
  • 1.3.2 Multi-image Operations
  • 1.3.3 Geometric Operations
  • 1.3.4 Filters
  • 1.3.4.1 Linear Filters
  • 1.3.4.2 Nonlinear Filters
  • 1.3.5 Multi-scale Image Processing
  • 2 Radiography
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 X-rays
  • 2.2.1 Bremsstrahlung
  • 2.2.2 Characteristic Radiation
  • 2.3 Interaction with Matter
  • 2.3.1 Interaction of Photons with Matter
  • 2.3.2 Interaction of an X-ray Beam with Tissue
  • 2.4 X-ray Detectors
  • 2.4.1 Screen–Film Detector
  • 2.4.1.1 Screen
  • 2.4.1.2 Film
  • 2.4.2 Image Intensifier
  • 2.4.3 Detectors for Digital Radiography
  • 2.4.3.1 Storage Phosphors
  • 2.4.3.2 Active Matrix Flat Panel Detectors
  • 2.4.3.3 Photon Counting
  • 2.5 Image Quality
  • 2.5.1 Resolution
  • 2.5.2 Contrast
  • 2.5.3 Noise
  • 2.5.4 Artifacts
  • 2.6 Equipment
  • 2.7 Clinical Use
  • 2.8 Biological Effects and Safety
  • 2.9 Future Expectations
  • 3 X-ray Computed Tomography
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 X-ray Detectors in CT
  • 3.2.1 Energy Integrating Detectors
  • 3.2.2 Photon Counting Detectors
  • 3.3 Imaging
  • 3.3.1 Data Acquisition
  • 3.3.1.1 Projection and Radon Transform
  • 3.3.1.2 Sampling
  • 3.3.2 2D Image Reconstruction
  • 3.3.2.1 Backprojection
  • 3.3.2.2 Projection Theorem
  • 3.3.2.3 Direct Fourier Reconstruction
  • 3.3.2.4 Filtered Backprojection (FBP)
  • 3.3.2.5 Fan-beam Filtered Backprojection
  • 3.3.3 Imaging in Three Dimensions
  • 3.3.3.1 Single-slice CT
  • 3.3.3.2 Multi-slice CT
  • 3.3.3.3 Volumetric CT
  • 3.4 Dynamic CT
  • 3.4.1 Cardiac CT
  • 3.4.2 Perfusion CT
  • 3.5 Multi-energy CT
  • 3.6 Image Quality
  • 3.6.1 Resolution
  • 3.6.2 Noise
  • 3.6.3 Contrast
  • 3.6.4 Image Artifacts
  • 3.6.4.1 Undersampling
  • 3.6.4.2 Beam Hardening
  • 3.6.4.3 Scatter
  • 3.6.4.4 Nonlinear Partial Volume Effect
  • 3.6.4.5 Motion
  • 3.6.4.6 Helical Interpolation
  • 3.6.4.7 System Inaccuracies
  • 3.7 Equipment
  • 3.7.1 Tomosynthesis
  • 3.7.2 General-purpose Scanners
  • 3.7.3 Dedicated Scanners
  • 3.7.3.1 Oral and Maxillofacial CT
  • 3.7.3.2 Interventional CT
  • 3.7.3.3 Breast CT
  • 3.7.4 Multiple X-ray Tubes
  • 3.7.5 Electron Beam Tomography (EBT)
  • 3.8 Clinical Use
  • 3.9 Biological Effects and Safety
  • 3.10 Future Expectations
  • 4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 External Magnetic Field
  • 4.2.1 Angular Momenta and Magnetic Moments
  • 4.2.1.1 A Qualitative Description
  • 4.2.1.2 Classical Description
  • 4.2.1.3 Quantum Mechanical Description
  • 4.2.2 Dynamic Equilibrium: The Net Magnetization Vector of Matter
  • 4.3 Radio Waves
  • 4.3.1 Disturbing the Dynamic Equilibrium: The RF Field
  • 4.3.2 Return to Dynamic Equilibrium: Relaxation
  • 4.3.2.1 Spin–lattice Relaxation
  • 4.3.2.2 Spin–spin Relaxation
  • 4.4 Signal Detection and Detector
  • 4.5 Imaging
  • 4.5.1 Introduction
  • 4.5.2 Slice or Volume Selection
  • 4.5.3 Position Encoding: The vec(k)-theorem
  • 4.5.3.1 vec(k)-theorem
  • 4.5.4 Dephasing Phenomena of Static Spins
  • 4.5.4.1 Undo Dephasing of Magnetic Field Gradients
  • 4.5.4.2 Undo Dephasing of Magnetic Field Inhomogeneities
  • 4.5.5 Basic Pulse Sequences
  • 4.5.5.1 The Spin-echo Pulse Sequence
  • 4.5.5.2 The Gradient-echo Pulse Sequence
  • 4.5.6 Three-dimensional Imaging
  • 4.5.7 Acquisition and Reconstruction Time
  • 4.5.8 Fast Imaging Sequences
  • 4.5.8.1 Multi-slice Imaging
  • 4.5.8.2 Multiple Echoes per Excitation
  • 4.5.8.3 Parallel Imaging
  • 4.5.9 Phase-based Imaging
  • 4.5.9.1 Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI)
  • 4.5.9.2 Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI)
  • 4.5.10 Dephasing Phenomena of Moving Spins
  • 4.5.11 Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
  • 4.5.11.1 Inflow MRA
  • 4.5.11.2 Phase-contrast (PC) MRA
  • 4.5.11.3 Contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA
  • 4.5.12 Perfusion Imaging
  • 4.5.13 Diffusion Imaging
  • 4.5.14 Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent Imaging (BOLD)
  • 4.5.15 Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
  • 4.6 Image Quality
  • 4.6.1 Contrast
  • 4.6.2 Resolution
  • 4.6.2.1 Resolution in the Fourier Space
  • 4.6.2.2 Resolution in the Image Space
  • 4.6.3 Noise
  • 4.6.4 Artifacts
  • 4.7 Equipment
  • 4.8 Clinical Use
  • 4.9 Biological Effects and Safety
  • 4.9.1 Biological Effects
  • 4.9.1.1 RF waves
  • 4.9.1.2 Magnetic Gradients
  • 4.9.1.3 Static Magnetic Field
  • 4.9.2 Safety
  • 4.10 Future Expectations
  • 5 Nuclear Medicine Imaging
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Functional Imaging
  • 5.3 Radioactive Decay
  • 5.3.1 Nucleon Emission or Capture
  • 5.3.2 Electron (β[sup(−)]) Emission
  • 5.3.3 Electron Capture (EC)
  • 5.3.4 Positron Emission (β[sup(+)] Decay)
  • 5.3.5 Statistics
  • 5.4 Interaction of γ-Photons and Particles with Matter
  • 5.4.1 Interaction of Particles with Matter
  • 5.4.2 Interaction of γ-Photons with Matter
  • 5.5 Data Acquisition
  • 5.5.1 Detector
  • 5.5.1.1 Detecting the Photon
  • 5.5.1.2 Collimation
  • 5.5.1.3 Photon Position
  • 5.5.2 Number of Photons Detected
  • 5.5.3 Energy Resolution
  • 5.5.4 Count Rate
  • 5.6 Imaging
  • 5.6.1 Planar Imaging
  • 5.6.2 Fourier Reconstruction and Filtered Backprojection
  • 5.6.3 Iterative Reconstruction
  • 5.6.3.1 Bayesian Approach
  • 5.6.3.2 Maximum-likelihood (ML)
  • 5.6.3.3 Maximum-a-posteriori Probability (MAP)
  • 5.6.4 3D Reconstruction
  • 5.6.4.1 Filtered Backprojection
  • 5.6.4.2 ML Reconstruction
  • 5.6.4.3 Fourier Rebinning
  • 5.7 Image Quality
  • 5.7.1 Contrast
  • 5.7.2 Spatial Resolution
  • 5.7.3 Noise
  • 5.7.4 Artifacts
  • 5.8 Equipment
  • 5.8.1 Gamma Camera and SPECT
  • 5.8.2 PET
  • 5.8.3 Time-of-flight (TOF) PET
  • 5.8.4 Hybrid Imaging
  • 5.8.4.1 PET-CT and SPECT-CT
  • 5.8.4.2 PET-MRI
  • 5.9 Clinical Use
  • 5.10 Biological Effects and Safety
  • 5.11 Future Expectations
  • 6 Ultrasound Imaging
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Physics of Acoustic Waves
  • 6.2.1 What Are Ultrasonic Waves?
  • 6.2.2 Generation of Ultrasonic Waves
  • 6.2.3 Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media
  • 6.2.3.1 Linear Wave Equation
  • 6.2.3.2 Interference
  • 6.2.3.3 Attenuation
  • 6.2.3.4 Nonlinearity and Higher Harmonics
  • 6.2.4 Wave Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media
  • 6.2.4.1 Reflection and Refraction
  • 6.2.4.2 Scattering
  • 6.2.5 Wave Propagation and Motion: The Doppler Effect
  • 6.3 Generation and Detection of Ultrasound
  • 6.4 Obtaining Spatial Information
  • 6.4.1 Data Acquisition
  • 6.4.1.1 A-mode
  • 6.4.1.2 M-mode
  • 6.4.1.3 B-mode
  • 6.4.2 Image Reconstruction
  • 6.4.2.1 Filtering
  • 6.4.2.2 Envelope Detection
  • 6.4.2.3 Attenuation Correction
  • 6.4.2.4 Log-compression
  • 6.4.2.5 Scan Conversion
  • 6.4.3 Acquisition and Reconstruction Time
  • 6.5 Measuring Blood Flow and Tissue Deformation
  • 6.5.1 Data Acquisition
  • 6.5.2 Reconstruction
  • 6.5.2.1 Continuous Wave Doppler
  • 6.5.2.2 Pulsed Wave Doppler
  • 6.5.2.3 Color Doppler
  • 6.5.2.4 Speckle Tracking and Strain
  • 6.5.2.5 Elasticity Imaging
  • 6.5.3 Acquisition and Reconstruction Time
  • 6.6 Image Quality
  • 6.6.1 Spatial Resolution
  • 6.6.1.1 Axial Resolution
  • 6.6.1.2 Lateral and Elevation Resolution
  • 6.6.2 Noise
  • 6.6.3 Image Contrast
  • 6.6.4 Artifacts
  • 6.6.4.1 Side Lobes
  • 6.6.4.2 Reverberations
  • 6.6.4.3 Aliasing
  • 6.7 Equipment
  • 6.7.1 One-dimensional Array Transducers
  • 6.7.2 Transducers for 3D Imaging
  • 6.8 Clinical Use
  • 6.8.1 Structural Imaging
  • 6.8.2 Blood Flow and Tissue Deformation Mapping
  • 6.8.3 Contrast Echography
  • 6.9 Biological Effects and Safety
  • 6.10 Future Expectations
  • 7 Medical Image Computing
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Interactive Methods
  • 7.3 Automated Image Computing
  • 7.3.1 Complexity of the Image Data
  • 7.3.2 Complexity of the Model or Prototype
  • 7.3.2.1 Multimodal Analysis
  • 7.3.2.2 Multitemporal Analysis
  • 7.4 Computational Strategies for Automated Medical Image Computing
  • 7.4.1 Building a Model or Prototype
  • 7.4.2 Model-to-data Tuning
  • 7.4.3 Low-level Methods
  • 7.4.4 Model-based Methods
  • 7.4.4.1 Data Classification/Regression
  • 7.4.4.2 Model Fitting
  • 7.5 Data Classification/Regression
  • 7.5.1 Pixel Labeling
  • 7.5.1.1 Supervised Learning
  • 7.5.1.2 Unsupervised Learning
  • 7.5.1.3 Spatial Dependency
  • 7.5.2 Pattern Recognition
  • 7.6 Model Fitting
  • 7.6.1 Model Fitting Using a Transformation Matrix
  • 7.6.1.1 Fitting Image Patterns
  • 7.6.1.2 Fitting Shapes
  • 7.6.2 Flexible Model Fitting
  • 7.6.2.1 Fitting Flexible Image Patterns
  • 7.6.2.2 Fitting Flexible Shapes
  • 7.6.2.3 Fitting Flexible Image Patterns and Flexible Shapes
  • 7.7 Hybrid Strategies
  • 7.8 Validation
  • 7.9 Future Expectations
  • 8 Visualization for Diagnosis and Therapy
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 2D Visualization
  • 8.3 3D Rendering
  • 8.3.1 Surface Rendering
  • 8.3.1.1 Surface Geometry
  • 8.3.1.2 Illumination and Shading
  • 8.3.2 Volume Rendering
  • 8.3.2.1 Position-Independent Transfer Functions
  • 8.3.2.2 Position-Dependent Transfer Functions
  • 8.4 Virtual Reality
  • 8.5 User Interaction
  • 8.6 Intraoperative Navigation
  • 8.6.1 Finding the Coordinates in the Surgery Space
  • 8.6.2 Calculating the Geometric Transformation
  • 8.7 Augmented Reality
  • 8.8 Future Expectations
  • Appendix A Linear System Theory
  • A.1 Introduction
  • A.2 Signals
  • A.2.1 Definitions and Examples
  • A.2.2 The Dirac Impulse
  • A.3 Systems
  • A.3.1 Definitions and Examples
  • A.3.2 Convolution
  • A.3.3 Response of a LSI System
  • A.4 The Fourier Transform
  • A.4.1 Definitions
  • A.4.2 Examples
  • A.4.2.1 Example 1
  • A.4.2.2 Example 2
  • A.4.2.3 Example 3
  • A.4.2.4 Example 4
  • A.4.3 Properties
  • A.4.4 Polar Form of the Fourier Transform
  • A.5 Sampling
  • Appendix B Exercises
  • B.1 Introduction to Digital Image Processing
  • B.2 Radiography
  • B.3 X-ray Computed Tomography
  • B.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • B.5 Nuclear Medicine Imaging
  • B.6 Ultrasound Imaging
  • B.7 Medical Image Computing
  • B.8 Visualization for Diagnosis and Therapy
  • B.9 Miscellaneous
  • Further Reading
  • Index