Fundamentals of Medical Imaging

Höfundur: Paul Suetens (Útgáfa: 3)
Fundamentals of Medical Imaging

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Þriðja útgáfa þessarar bókar veitir hnitmiðað og ríkulega myndskreytt yfirlit yfir læknisfræðilega myndgreiningu og myndúrvinnslu. Fjallað er um stærðfræðilegar og eðlisfræðilegar grunnreglur og lesendum veittur skýr skilningur á því hvernig myndir eru teknar og túlkaðar. Þessi fræðasvið þróast hratt og útgáfan hefur verið uppfærð með nýjustu framförum ásamt nýjum myndum og hreyfimyndum.

Á eftir inngangskafla um stafræna myndvinnslu koma kaflar um helstu myndgreiningaraðferðir: röntgenmyndatöku, tölvusneiðmyndatöku, segulómun, kjarnlæknisfræði og ómskoðun. Í hverjum kafla er fjallað um grundvallaratriði eðlisfræðinnar og víxlverkun við vefi, endurgerð mynda, myndgæði, nútímatækjabúnað, klíníska notkun, líffræðileg áhrif og öryggismál. Í síðari köflum er farið yfir myndúrvinnslu og myndbirtingu til greiningar og meðferðar.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Cambridge University Press
ISBN
9781108207157
Print ISBN
9781107159785
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
3
Höfundar
Paul Suetens
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2017-05-11
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Half-title page
  • Title page
  • Copyright page
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Introduction to Digital Image Processing
  • 1.1 Digital Images
  • 1.2 Image Quality
  • 1.3 Basic Image Operations
  • 1.3.1 Gray Level Transformations
  • 1.3.2 Multi-image Operations
  • 1.3.3 Geometric Operations
  • 1.3.4 Filters
  • 1.3.4.1 Linear Filters
  • 1.3.4.2 Nonlinear Filters
  • 1.3.5 Multi-scale Image Processing
  • 2 Radiography
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 X-rays
  • 2.2.1 Bremsstrahlung
  • 2.2.2 Characteristic Radiation
  • 2.3 Interaction with Matter
  • 2.3.1 Interaction of Photons with Matter
  • 2.3.2 Interaction of an X-ray Beam with Tissue
  • 2.4 X-ray Detectors
  • 2.4.1 Screen–Film Detector
  • 2.4.1.1 Screen
  • 2.4.1.2 Film
  • 2.4.2 Image Intensifier
  • 2.4.3 Detectors for Digital Radiography
  • 2.4.3.1 Storage Phosphors
  • 2.4.3.2 Active Matrix Flat Panel Detectors
  • 2.4.3.3 Photon Counting
  • 2.5 Image Quality
  • 2.5.1 Resolution
  • 2.5.2 Contrast
  • 2.5.3 Noise
  • 2.5.4 Artifacts
  • 2.6 Equipment
  • 2.7 Clinical Use
  • 2.8 Biological Effects and Safety
  • 2.9 Future Expectations
  • 3 X-ray Computed Tomography
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 X-ray Detectors in CT
  • 3.2.1 Energy Integrating Detectors
  • 3.2.2 Photon Counting Detectors
  • 3.3 Imaging
  • 3.3.1 Data Acquisition
  • 3.3.1.1 Projection and Radon Transform
  • 3.3.1.2 Sampling
  • 3.3.2 2D Image Reconstruction
  • 3.3.2.1 Backprojection
  • 3.3.2.2 Projection Theorem
  • 3.3.2.3 Direct Fourier Reconstruction
  • 3.3.2.4 Filtered Backprojection (FBP)
  • 3.3.2.5 Fan-beam Filtered Backprojection
  • 3.3.3 Imaging in Three Dimensions
  • 3.3.3.1 Single-slice CT
  • 3.3.3.2 Multi-slice CT
  • 3.3.3.3 Volumetric CT
  • 3.4 Dynamic CT
  • 3.4.1 Cardiac CT
  • 3.4.2 Perfusion CT
  • 3.5 Multi-energy CT
  • 3.6 Image Quality
  • 3.6.1 Resolution
  • 3.6.2 Noise
  • 3.6.3 Contrast
  • 3.6.4 Image Artifacts
  • 3.6.4.1 Undersampling
  • 3.6.4.2 Beam Hardening
  • 3.6.4.3 Scatter
  • 3.6.4.4 Nonlinear Partial Volume Effect
  • 3.6.4.5 Motion
  • 3.6.4.6 Helical Interpolation
  • 3.6.4.7 System Inaccuracies
  • 3.7 Equipment
  • 3.7.1 Tomosynthesis
  • 3.7.2 General-purpose Scanners
  • 3.7.3 Dedicated Scanners
  • 3.7.3.1 Oral and Maxillofacial CT
  • 3.7.3.2 Interventional CT
  • 3.7.3.3 Breast CT
  • 3.7.4 Multiple X-ray Tubes
  • 3.7.5 Electron Beam Tomography (EBT)
  • 3.8 Clinical Use
  • 3.9 Biological Effects and Safety
  • 3.10 Future Expectations
  • 4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 External Magnetic Field
  • 4.2.1 Angular Momenta and Magnetic Moments
  • 4.2.1.1 A Qualitative Description
  • 4.2.1.2 Classical Description
  • 4.2.1.3 Quantum Mechanical Description
  • 4.2.2 Dynamic Equilibrium: The Net Magnetization Vector of Matter
  • 4.3 Radio Waves
  • 4.3.1 Disturbing the Dynamic Equilibrium: The RF Field
  • 4.3.2 Return to Dynamic Equilibrium: Relaxation
  • 4.3.2.1 Spin–lattice Relaxation
  • 4.3.2.2 Spin–spin Relaxation
  • 4.4 Signal Detection and Detector
  • 4.5 Imaging
  • 4.5.1 Introduction
  • 4.5.2 Slice or Volume Selection
  • 4.5.3 Position Encoding: The vec(k)-theorem
  • 4.5.3.1 vec(k)-theorem
  • 4.5.4 Dephasing Phenomena of Static Spins
  • 4.5.4.1 Undo Dephasing of Magnetic Field Gradients
  • 4.5.4.2 Undo Dephasing of Magnetic Field Inhomogeneities
  • 4.5.5 Basic Pulse Sequences
  • 4.5.5.1 The Spin-echo Pulse Sequence
  • 4.5.5.2 The Gradient-echo Pulse Sequence
  • 4.5.6 Three-dimensional Imaging
  • 4.5.7 Acquisition and Reconstruction Time
  • 4.5.8 Fast Imaging Sequences
  • 4.5.8.1 Multi-slice Imaging
  • 4.5.8.2 Multiple Echoes per Excitation
  • 4.5.8.3 Parallel Imaging
  • 4.5.9 Phase-based Imaging
  • 4.5.9.1 Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI)
  • 4.5.9.2 Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI)
  • 4.5.10 Dephasing Phenomena of Moving Spins
  • 4.5.11 Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
  • 4.5.11.1 Inflow MRA
  • 4.5.11.2 Phase-contrast (PC) MRA
  • 4.5.11.3 Contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA
  • 4.5.12 Perfusion Imaging
  • 4.5.13 Diffusion Imaging
  • 4.5.14 Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent Imaging (BOLD)
  • 4.5.15 Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
  • 4.6 Image Quality
  • 4.6.1 Contrast
  • 4.6.2 Resolution
  • 4.6.2.1 Resolution in the Fourier Space
  • 4.6.2.2 Resolution in the Image Space
  • 4.6.3 Noise
  • 4.6.4 Artifacts
  • 4.7 Equipment
  • 4.8 Clinical Use
  • 4.9 Biological Effects and Safety
  • 4.9.1 Biological Effects
  • 4.9.1.1 RF waves
  • 4.9.1.2 Magnetic Gradients
  • 4.9.1.3 Static Magnetic Field
  • 4.9.2 Safety
  • 4.10 Future Expectations
  • 5 Nuclear Medicine Imaging
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Functional Imaging
  • 5.3 Radioactive Decay
  • 5.3.1 Nucleon Emission or Capture
  • 5.3.2 Electron (β[sup(−)]) Emission
  • 5.3.3 Electron Capture (EC)
  • 5.3.4 Positron Emission (β[sup(+)] Decay)
  • 5.3.5 Statistics
  • 5.4 Interaction of γ-Photons and Particles with Matter
  • 5.4.1 Interaction of Particles with Matter
  • 5.4.2 Interaction of γ-Photons with Matter
  • 5.5 Data Acquisition
  • 5.5.1 Detector
  • 5.5.1.1 Detecting the Photon
  • 5.5.1.2 Collimation
  • 5.5.1.3 Photon Position
  • 5.5.2 Number of Photons Detected
  • 5.5.3 Energy Resolution
  • 5.5.4 Count Rate
  • 5.6 Imaging
  • 5.6.1 Planar Imaging
  • 5.6.2 Fourier Reconstruction and Filtered Backprojection
  • 5.6.3 Iterative Reconstruction
  • 5.6.3.1 Bayesian Approach
  • 5.6.3.2 Maximum-likelihood (ML)
  • 5.6.3.3 Maximum-a-posteriori Probability (MAP)
  • 5.6.4 3D Reconstruction
  • 5.6.4.1 Filtered Backprojection
  • 5.6.4.2 ML Reconstruction
  • 5.6.4.3 Fourier Rebinning
  • 5.7 Image Quality
  • 5.7.1 Contrast
  • 5.7.2 Spatial Resolution
  • 5.7.3 Noise
  • 5.7.4 Artifacts
  • 5.8 Equipment
  • 5.8.1 Gamma Camera and SPECT
  • 5.8.2 PET
  • 5.8.3 Time-of-flight (TOF) PET
  • 5.8.4 Hybrid Imaging
  • 5.8.4.1 PET-CT and SPECT-CT
  • 5.8.4.2 PET-MRI
  • 5.9 Clinical Use
  • 5.10 Biological Effects and Safety
  • 5.11 Future Expectations
  • 6 Ultrasound Imaging
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Physics of Acoustic Waves
  • 6.2.1 What Are Ultrasonic Waves?
  • 6.2.2 Generation of Ultrasonic Waves
  • 6.2.3 Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media
  • 6.2.3.1 Linear Wave Equation
  • 6.2.3.2 Interference
  • 6.2.3.3 Attenuation
  • 6.2.3.4 Nonlinearity and Higher Harmonics
  • 6.2.4 Wave Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media
  • 6.2.4.1 Reflection and Refraction
  • 6.2.4.2 Scattering
  • 6.2.5 Wave Propagation and Motion: The Doppler Effect
  • 6.3 Generation and Detection of Ultrasound
  • 6.4 Obtaining Spatial Information
  • 6.4.1 Data Acquisition
  • 6.4.1.1 A-mode
  • 6.4.1.2 M-mode
  • 6.4.1.3 B-mode
  • 6.4.2 Image Reconstruction
  • 6.4.2.1 Filtering
  • 6.4.2.2 Envelope Detection
  • 6.4.2.3 Attenuation Correction
  • 6.4.2.4 Log-compression
  • 6.4.2.5 Scan Conversion
  • 6.4.3 Acquisition and Reconstruction Time
  • 6.5 Measuring Blood Flow and Tissue Deformation
  • 6.5.1 Data Acquisition
  • 6.5.2 Reconstruction
  • 6.5.2.1 Continuous Wave Doppler
  • 6.5.2.2 Pulsed Wave Doppler
  • 6.5.2.3 Color Doppler
  • 6.5.2.4 Speckle Tracking and Strain
  • 6.5.2.5 Elasticity Imaging
  • 6.5.3 Acquisition and Reconstruction Time
  • 6.6 Image Quality
  • 6.6.1 Spatial Resolution
  • 6.6.1.1 Axial Resolution
  • 6.6.1.2 Lateral and Elevation Resolution
  • 6.6.2 Noise
  • 6.6.3 Image Contrast
  • 6.6.4 Artifacts
  • 6.6.4.1 Side Lobes
  • 6.6.4.2 Reverberations
  • 6.6.4.3 Aliasing
  • 6.7 Equipment
  • 6.7.1 One-dimensional Array Transducers
  • 6.7.2 Transducers for 3D Imaging
  • 6.8 Clinical Use
  • 6.8.1 Structural Imaging
  • 6.8.2 Blood Flow and Tissue Deformation Mapping
  • 6.8.3 Contrast Echography
  • 6.9 Biological Effects and Safety
  • 6.10 Future Expectations
  • 7 Medical Image Computing
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Interactive Methods
  • 7.3 Automated Image Computing
  • 7.3.1 Complexity of the Image Data
  • 7.3.2 Complexity of the Model or Prototype
  • 7.3.2.1 Multimodal Analysis
  • 7.3.2.2 Multitemporal Analysis
  • 7.4 Computational Strategies for Automated Medical Image Computing
  • 7.4.1 Building a Model or Prototype
  • 7.4.2 Model-to-data Tuning
  • 7.4.3 Low-level Methods
  • 7.4.4 Model-based Methods
  • 7.4.4.1 Data Classification/Regression
  • 7.4.4.2 Model Fitting
  • 7.5 Data Classification/Regression
  • 7.5.1 Pixel Labeling
  • 7.5.1.1 Supervised Learning
  • 7.5.1.2 Unsupervised Learning
  • 7.5.1.3 Spatial Dependency
  • 7.5.2 Pattern Recognition
  • 7.6 Model Fitting
  • 7.6.1 Model Fitting Using a Transformation Matrix
  • 7.6.1.1 Fitting Image Patterns
  • 7.6.1.2 Fitting Shapes
  • 7.6.2 Flexible Model Fitting
  • 7.6.2.1 Fitting Flexible Image Patterns
  • 7.6.2.2 Fitting Flexible Shapes
  • 7.6.2.3 Fitting Flexible Image Patterns and Flexible Shapes
  • 7.7 Hybrid Strategies
  • 7.8 Validation
  • 7.9 Future Expectations
  • 8 Visualization for Diagnosis and Therapy
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 2D Visualization
  • 8.3 3D Rendering
  • 8.3.1 Surface Rendering
  • 8.3.1.1 Surface Geometry
  • 8.3.1.2 Illumination and Shading
  • 8.3.2 Volume Rendering
  • 8.3.2.1 Position-Independent Transfer Functions
  • 8.3.2.2 Position-Dependent Transfer Functions
  • 8.4 Virtual Reality
  • 8.5 User Interaction
  • 8.6 Intraoperative Navigation
  • 8.6.1 Finding the Coordinates in the Surgery Space
  • 8.6.2 Calculating the Geometric Transformation
  • 8.7 Augmented Reality
  • 8.8 Future Expectations
  • Appendix A Linear System Theory
  • A.1 Introduction
  • A.2 Signals
  • A.2.1 Definitions and Examples
  • A.2.2 The Dirac Impulse
  • A.3 Systems
  • A.3.1 Definitions and Examples
  • A.3.2 Convolution
  • A.3.3 Response of a LSI System
  • A.4 The Fourier Transform
  • A.4.1 Definitions
  • A.4.2 Examples
  • A.4.2.1 Example 1
  • A.4.2.2 Example 2
  • A.4.2.3 Example 3
  • A.4.2.4 Example 4
  • A.4.3 Properties
  • A.4.4 Polar Form of the Fourier Transform
  • A.5 Sampling
  • Appendix B Exercises
  • B.1 Introduction to Digital Image Processing
  • B.2 Radiography
  • B.3 X-ray Computed Tomography
  • B.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • B.5 Nuclear Medicine Imaging
  • B.6 Ultrasound Imaging
  • B.7 Medical Image Computing
  • B.8 Visualization for Diagnosis and Therapy
  • B.9 Miscellaneous
  • Further Reading
  • Index