Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry

Name: Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry
Price: 5090 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Douglas Skoog
ISBN: 9798214344171

Höfundur: Douglas Skoog (Útgáfa: 10)

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Introduce the principles and practices behind analytical chemistry while emphasizing its applied nature with Skoog/West/Holler/Crouch's FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 10th Edition. This award-winning author team presents analytical chemistry using a reader-friendly yet systematic and rigorous approach with updates that reflect the latest developments. Each chapter begins with a compelling story and stunning visuals that demonstrate how analytical chemistry impacts industry, medicine and the sciences today.

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Útgefandi: Cengage Learning US

ISBN: 9798214344171

Print ISBN: 9780357450390

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 10

Höfundar: Douglas Skoog

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2021-08-04

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Flokkar: Náttúruvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Vísindi › Greining

Kaflar

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Endpapers
Preface
Part I. Tools of Analytical Chemistry
Chapter 1. The Nature of Analytical Chemistry
1A. The Role of Analytical Chemistry
1B. Quantitative Analytical Methods
1C. A Typical Quantitative Analysis
1C-1. Choosing a Method
1C-2. Acquiring the Sample
1C-3. Processing the Sample
1C-4. Eliminating Interferences
1C-5. Calibrating and Measuring Concentration
1C-6. Calculating Results
1C-7. Evaluating Results by Estimating Reliability
1D. An Integral Role for Chemical Analysis: Feedback Control Systems
Chapter 1. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Chapter 2. Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry
2A. Some Important Units of Measurement
2A-1. SI Units
2A-2. The Distinction between Mass and Weight
2A-3. The Mole
2A-4. The Millimole
2A-5. Calculating the Amount of a Substance in Moles or Millimoles
2B. Solutions and Their Concentrations
2B-1. Concentration of Solutions
2B-2. Density and Specific Gravity of Solutions
2C. Chemical Stoichiometry
2C-1. Empirical Formulas and Molecular Formulas
2C-2. Stoichiometric Calculations
2D. Calculations Using Microsoft® Excel
Chapter 2. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 3. Precision and Accuracy of Chemical Analyses
3A. Some Important Terms
3A-1. The Mean and the Median
3A-2. Precision
3A-3. Accuracy
3A-4. Types of Errors in Experimental Data
3B. Systematic Errors
3B-1. Sources of Systematic Errors
3B-2. The Effect of Systematic Errors on Analytical Results
3B-3. Detection of Systematic Instrument and Personal Errors
3B-4. Detection of Systematic Method Errors
Chapter 3. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 4. Random Errors in Chemical Analysis
4A. The Nature of Random Errors
4A-1. Random Error Sources
4A-2. Distribution of Experimental Results
4B. Statistical Treatment of Random Errors
4B-1. Samples and Populations
4B-2. Properties of Gaussian Curves
4B-3. The Sample Standard Deviation: A Measure of Precision
4B-4. Reliability of s as a Measure of Precision
4B-5. Variance and Other Measures of Precision
4C. Standard Deviation of Calculated Results
4C-1. Standard Deviation of a Sum or Difference
4C-2. Standard Deviation of a Product or Quotient
4C-3. Standard Deviations in Exponential Calculations
4C-4. Standard Deviations of Logarithms and Antilogarithms
4D. Reporting Computed Data
4D-1. Significant Figures
4D-2. Significant Figures in Numerical Computations
4D-3. Rounding Data
4D-4. Expressing Results of Chemical Calculations
Chapter 4. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 5. Statistical Data Treatment and Evaluation
5A. Confidence Intervals
5A-1. Finding the Confidence Interval When σ Is Known or s Is a Good Estimate of σ
5A-2. Finding the Confidence Interval When σ Is Unknown
5B. Statistical Aids to Hypothesis Testing
5B-1. Comparing an Experimental Mean with a Known Value
5B-2. Comparison of Two Experimental Means
5B-3. Errors in Hypothesis Testing
5B-4. Comparison of Variances
5C. Analysis of Variance
5C-1. ANOVA Concepts
5C-2. Single-Factor ANOVA
5C-3. Determining Which Results Differ
5D. Detection of Gross Errors
5D-1. The Q Test
5D-2. Other Statistical Tests
5D-3. Recommendations for Treating Outliers
Chapter 5. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 6. Sampling, Standardization, and Calibration
6A. Analytical Samples and Methods
6A-1. Types of Samples and Methods
6A-2. Real Samples
6B. Sampling
6B-1. Obtaining a Representative Sample
6B-2. Sampling Uncertainties
6B-3. The Gross Sample
6B-4. Preparing a Laboratory Sample
6B-5. Number of Laboratory Samples
6C. Automated Sample Handling
Discrete Methods
6D. Standardization and Calibration
6D-1. Comparison with Standards
6D-2. External Standard Calibration
6D-3. Minimizing Errors in Analytical Procedures
6E. Figures of Merit for Analytical Methods
6E-1. Sensitivity and Detection Limit
6E-2. Linear Dynamic Range
6E-3. Quality Assurance of Analytical Results
Chapter 6. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Part II. Chemical Equilibria
Chapter 7. Aqueous Solutions and Chemical Equilibria
7A. The Chemical Composition of Aqueous Solutions
7A-1. Classifying Solutions of Electrolytes
7A-2. Acids and Bases
7A-3. Amphiprotic Species
7A-4. Autoprotolysis
7A-5. Strengths of Acids and Bases
7B. Chemical Equilibrium
7B-1. The Equilibrium State
7B-2. Equilibrium-Constant Expressions
7B-3. Types of Equilibrium Constants in Analytical Chemistry
7B-4. Applying the Ion-Product Constant for Water
7B-5. Using Solubility-Product Constants
7B-6. Using Acid-Base Dissociation Constants
7C. Buffer Solutions
7C-1. Calculating the pH of Buffer Solutions
7C-2. Properties of Buffer Solutions
Chapter 7. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 8. Effect of Electrolytes on Chemical Equilibria
8A. The Effect of Electrolytes on Chemical Equilibria
8A-1. The Effect of Ionic Charges on Equilibria
8A-2. The Effect of Ionic Strength
8A-3. The Salt Effect
8B. Activity Coefficients
8B-1. Properties of Activity Coefficients
8B-2. The Debye-Hückel Equation
8B-3. Equilibrium Calculations Using Activity Coefficients
8B-4. Omitting Activity Coefficients in Equilibrium Calculations
Chapter 8. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 9. Solving Equilibrium Problems for Complex Systems
9A. Solving Multiple-Equilibrium Problems Using a Systematic Method
9A-1. Mass-Balance Equations
9A-2. Charge-Balance Equation
9A-3. Steps for Solving Problems with Several Equilibria
9A-4. Using Approximations to Solve Equilibrium Calculations
9A-5. Use of Computer Programs to Solve Multiple-Equilibrium Problems
9B. Calculating Solubilities by the Systematic Method
9B-1. The Solubility of Metal Hydroxides
9B-2. The Effect of pH on Solubility
9B-3. The Effect of Undissociated Solutes on Precipitation Calculations
9B-4. The Solubility of Precipitates in the Presence of Complexing Agents
9C. Separation of Ions by Control of the Concentration of the Precipitating Agent
9C-1. Calculation of the Feasibility of Separations
9C-2. Sulfide Separations
Chapter 9. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Part III. Classical Methods of Analysis
Chapter 10. Gravimetric Methods of Analysis
10A. Precipitation Gravimetry
10A-1. Properties of Precipitates and Precipitating Reagents
10A-2. Desirable Properties of Precipitates
10A-3. Colloidal Precipitates
10A-4. Crystalline Precipitates
10A-5. Coprecipitation
10A-6. Precipitation from Homogeneous Solution
10A-7. Drying and Ignition of Precipitates
10B. Calculation of Results from Gravimetric Data
10C. Applications of Gravimetric Methods
10C-1. Inorganic Precipitating Agents
10C-2. Reducing Agents
10C-3. Organic Precipitating Agents
10C-4. Organic Functional Group Analysis
10C-5. Volatilization Gravimetry
Chapter 10. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 11. Titrations in Analytical Chemistry
11A. A Some Terms Used in Volumetric Titrations
11A-1. Equivalence Points and End Points
11A-2. Primary Standards
11B. Standard Solutions
11C. Volumetric Calculations
11C-1. Some Useful Relationships
11C-2. Calculating the Molar Concentration of Standard Solutions
11C-3. Working with Titration Data
11D. Gravimetric Titrations
11D-1. Calculations Associated with Mass Titrations
11D-2. Advantages of Gravimetric Titrations
11E. Titration Curves
11E-1. Types of Titration Curves
11E-2. Concentration Changes During Titrations
Chapter 11. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 12. Principles of Neutralization Titrations
12A. Solutions and Indicators for Acid-Base Titrations
12A-1. Standard Solutions
12A-2. Acid-Base Indicators
12B. Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
12B-1. Titrating a Strong Acid with a Strong Base
12B-2. Titrating a Strong Base with a Strong Acid
12C. Titration Curves for Weak Acids
12C-1. The Effect of Concentration
12C-2. The Effect of Reaction Completeness
12C-3. Choosing an Indicator: The Feasibility of Titration
12D. Titration Curves for Weak Bases
12E. The Composition of Solutions During Acid-Base Titrations
Chapter 12. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 13. Complex Acid-Base Systems
13A. Mixtures of Strong and Weak Acids or Strong and Weak Bases
13B. Polyfunctional Acids and Bases
13B-1. The Phosphoric Acid System
13B-2. The Carbon Dioxide/Carbonic Acid System
13C. Buffer Solutions Involving Polyprotic Acids
13D. Calculation of the pH of Solutions of NaHA
13E. Titration Curves for Polyfunctional Acids
13F. Titration Curves for Polyfunctional Bases
13G. Titration Curves for Amphiprotic Species
13H. Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH
Chapter 13. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 14. Applications of Neutralization Titrations
14A. Reagents for Neutralization Titrations
14A-1. Preparation of Standard Acid Solutions
14A-2. The Standardization of Acids
14A-3. Preparation of Standard Solutions of Base
14A-4. The Standardization of Bases
14B. Typical Applications of Neutralization Titrations
14B-1. Elemental Analysis
14B-2. The Determination of Inorganic Substances
14B-3. The Determination of Organic Functional Groups
14B-4. The Determination of Salts
Chapter 14. Summary
Key Terms
Questions and Problems
Chapter 15. Complexation and Precipitation Reactions and Titrations
15A. The Formation of Complexes
15A-1. Complexation Equilibria
15A-2. The Formation of Insoluble Species
15A-3. Ligands That Can Protonate
15B. Titrations with Inorganic Complexing Agents
15B-1. Complexation Titrations
15B-2. Precipitation Titrations
15C. Organic Complexing Agents
15D. Aminocarboxylic Acid Titrations
15D-1. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)
15D-2. Complexes of EDTA and Metal Ions
15D-3. Equilibrium Calculations Involving EDTA
15D-4. EDTA Titration Curves
15D-5. The Effect of Other Complexing Agentson EDTA Titration Curves
15D-6. Indicators for EDTA Titrations
15D-7. Titration Methods Involving EDTA
15D-8. The Scope of EDTA Titrations
15D-9. Determination of Water Hardness
Chapter 15. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Part IV. Electrochemical Methods
Chapter 16. Introduction to Electrochemistry
16A. Characterizing Oxidation/Reduction Reactions
16A-1. Comparing Redox Reactions to Acid-Base Reactions
16A-2. Oxidation/Reduction Reactions in Electrochemical Cells
16B. Electrochemical Cells
16B-1. Cathodes and Anodes
16B-2. Types of Electrochemical Cells
16B-3. Representing Cells Schematically
16B-4. Currents in Electrochemical Cells
16C. Electrode Potentials
16C-1. Sign Convention for Cell Potentials
16C-2. The Standard Hydrogen Reference Electrode
16C-3. Electrode Potential and Standard Electrode Potential
16C-4. Additional Implications of the IUPAC Sign Convention
16C-5. Effect of Concentration on Electrode Potentials: The Nernst Equation
16C-6. The Standard Electrode Potential, E 0
16C-7. Limitations to the Use of Standard Electrode Potentials
Chapter 16. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 17. Applications of Standard Electrode Potentials
17A. Calculating Potentials of Electrochemical Cells
17B. Determining Standard Potentials Experimentally
17C. Calculating Redox Equilibrium Constants
17D. Constructing Redox Titration Curves
17D-1. Electrode Potentials During Redox Titrations
17D-2. The Titration Curve
17D-3. Effect of Variables on Redox Titration Curves
17E. Oxidation/Reduction Indicators
17E-1. General Redox Indicators
17E-2. Specific Indicators
17F. Potentiometric End Points
Chapter 17. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 18. Applications of Oxidation/Reduction Titrations
18A. Auxiliary Oxidizing and Reducing Reagents
18A-1. Auxiliary Reducing Reagents
18A-2. Auxiliary Oxidizing Reagents
18B. Applying Standard Reducing Agents
18B-1. Iron(II) Solutions
18B-2. Sodium Thiosulfate
18C. Applying Standard Oxidizing Agents
18C-1. The Strong Oxidants: Potassium Permanganate and Cerium(IV)
18C-2. Potassium Dichromate
18C-3. Iodine
18C-4. Potassium Bromate as a Source of Bromine
18C-5. Determining Water with the Karl Fischer Reagent
Chapter 18. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 19. Potentiometry
19A. General Principles
19B. Reference Electrodes
19B-1. Calomel Reference Electrodes
19B-2. Silver/Silver Chloride Reference Electrodes
19C. Liquid Junction Potentials
19D. Indicator Electrodes
19D-1. Metallic Indicator Electrodes
19D-2. Membrane Indicator Electrodes
19D-3. The Glass Electrode for Measuring pH
19D-4. Glass Electrodes for Other Cations
19D-5. Liquid-Membrane Electrodes
19D-6. Crystalline-Membrane Electrodes
19D-7. Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFETS)
19D-8. Gas-Sensing Probes
19E. Instruments for Measuring Cell Potential
19F. Direct Potentiometry
19F-1. Equations Governing Direct Potentiometry
19F-2. The Electrode-Calibration Method
19F-3. The Standard Addition Method
19F-4. Potentiometric pH Measurement with the Glass Electrode
19G. Potentiometric Titrations
19G-1. Detecting the End Point
19G-2. Neutralization Titrations
19G-3. Oxidation/Reduction Titrations
19H. Potentiometric Determination of Equilibrium Constants
Chapter 19. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 20. Bulk Electrolysis: Electrogravimetry and Coulometry
20A. The Effect of Current on Cell Potential
20A-1. Ohmic Potential: IR Drop
20A-2. Polarization Effects
20B. The Selectivity of Electrolytic Methods
20C. Electrogravimetric Methods
20C-1. Electrogravimetry without Potential Control
20C-2. Controlled-Potential Electrogravimetry
20D. Coulometric Methods
20D-1. Determining the Electrical Charge
20D-2. Characterizing Coulometric Methods
20D-3. Current Efficiency Requirements
20D-4. Controlled-Potential Coulometry
20D-5. Coulometric Titration
Chapter 20. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 21. Voltammetry
21A. Excitation Signals in Voltammetry
21B. Voltammetric Instrumentation
21B-1. Working Electrodes
21B-2. Modified Electrodes
21B-3. Voltammograms
21C. Hydrodynamic Voltammetry
21C-1. Concentration Profiles at Electrode Surfaces
21C-2. Voltammetric Currents
21C-3. Oxygen Waves
21C-4. Applications of Hydrodynamic Voltammetry
21D. Polarography
Polarographic Currents
21E. Cyclic Voltammetry
Fundamental Studies
21F. Pulse Voltammetry
21F-1. Differential-Pulse Voltammetry
21F-2. Square-Wave Voltammetry
21G. Applications of Voltammetry
21G-1. Inorganic Applications
21G-2. Organic Voltammetric Analysis
21H. Stripping Methods
21H-1. Electrodeposition Step
21H-2. Voltammetric Completion of the Analysis
21I. Voltammetry with Microelectrodes
Chapter 21. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Part V. Spectrochemical Analysis
Chapter 22. Introduction to Spectrochemical Methods
22A. Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
22A-1. Wave Properties
22A-2. The Particle Nature of Light: Photons
22B. Interaction of Radiation and Matter
22B-1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
22B-2. Spectroscopic Measurements
22C. Absorption of Radiation
22C-1. The Absorption Process
22C-2. Absorption Spectra
22C-3. Limits to Beer’s Law
22D. Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation
22D-1. Emission Spectra
22D-2. Emission by Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
Chapter 22. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 23. Instruments for Optical Spectrometry
23A. Instrument Components
23A-1. Optical Materials
23A-2. Spectroscopic Sources
23A-3. Wavelength Selectors
23A-4. Detecting and Measuring Radiant Energy
23A-5. Signal Processors and Readout Devices
23A-6. Sample Containers
23B. Ultraviolet/Visible Photometers and Spectrophotometers
23B-1. Single-Beam Instruments
23B-2. Double-Beam Instruments
23B-3. Multichannel Instruments
23C. Infrared Spectrophotometers
23C-1. Dispersive Infrared Instruments
23C-2. Fourier Transform Instruments
Chapter 23. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 24. Molecular Absorption Spectrometry
24A. Ultraviolet and Visible Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy
24A-1. Absorbing Species
24A-2. Qualitative Applications of Ultraviolet/Visible Spectroscopy
24A-3. Quantitative Applications
24A-4. Photometric and Spectrophotometric Titrations
24A-5. Spectrophotometric Studies of Complex Ions
24B. Automated Photometric and Spectrophotometric Methods
24B-1. Instrumentation
24B-2. A Typical Application of FIA
24C. Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
24C-1. Infrared Absorption Spectra
24C-2. Instruments for Infrared Spectrometry
24C-3. Qualitative Applications of Infrared Spectrometry
24C-4. Quantitative Infrared Spectrometry
Chapter 24. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 25. Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy
25A. Theory of Molecular Fluorescence
25A-1. Relaxation Processes
25A-2. Fluorescent Species
25B. Effect of Concentration on Fluorescence Intensity
25C. Fluorescence Instrumentation
25D. Applications of Fluorescence Methods
25D-1. Methods for Inorganic Species
25D-2. Methods for Organic and Biochemical Species
25E. Molecular Phosphorescence Spectroscopy
25F. Chemiluminescence Methods
Chapter 25. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 26. Atomic Spectroscopy
26A. Origins of Atomic Spectra
26A-1. Emission Spectra
26A-2. Absorption Spectra
26A-3. Fluorescence Spectra
26A-4. Widths of Atomic Spectral Lines
26B. Production of Atoms and Ions
26B-1. Sample Introduction Systems
26B-2. Plasma Sources
26B-3. Flame Atomizers
26B-4. Electrothermal Atomizers
26B-5. Other Atomizers
26C. Atomic Emission Spectrometry
26C-1. Instrumentation
26C-2. Sources of Nonlinearity in Atomic Emission Spectrometry
26C-3. Interferences in Plasma and Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry
26C-4. Applications
26D. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
26D-1. Line-Width Effects in Atomic Absorption
26D-2. Instrumentation
26D-3. Flame Atomic Absorption
26D-4. Atomic Absorption with Electrothermal Atomization
26D-5. Interferences in Atomic Absorption
26E. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
Chapter 26. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 27. Mass Spectrometry
27A. Principles of Mass Spectrometry
27A-1. Atomic Masses
27A-2. Mass-to-Charge Ratio
27B. Mass Spectrometers
27B-1. Components of Mass Spectrometer
27B-2. Mass Analyzers
27B-3. Transducers for Mass Spectrometry
27C. Atomic Mass Spectrometry
27C-1. Sources for Atomic Mass Spectrometry
27C-2. Atomic Mass Spectra and Interferences
27C-3. Applications of Atomic Mass Spectrometry
27D. Molecular Mass Spectrometry
27D-1. Molecular Mass Spectra
27D-2. Ion Sources
27D-3. Molecular Mass Spectrometric Instrumentation
27D-4. Applications of Molecular Mass Spectrometry
Chapter 27. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equation
Questions and Problems
Part VI. Kinetics and Separations
Chapter 28. Kinetic Methods of Analysis
28A. Rates of Chemical Reactions
28A-1. Reaction Mechanisms and Rate Laws
28A-2. The Rate Law for First-Order Reactions
28A-3. Rate Laws for Second-Order and Pseudo-First-Order Reactions
28A-4. Catalyzed Reactions
28B. Determining Reaction Rates
28B-1. Experimental Methods
28B-2. Types of Kinetic Methods
28C. Applications of Kinetic Methods
28C-1. Catalytic Methods
28C-2. Uncatalyzed Reactions
28C-3. Kinetic Determination of Components in Mixtures
Chapter 28. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 29. Introduction to Analytical Separations
29A. Separation by Precipitation
29A-1. Separations Based on Control of Acidity
29A-2. Sulfide Separations
29A-3. Separations by Other Inorganic Precipitants
29A-4. Separations by Organic Precipitants
29A-5. Separation of Species Present in Trace Amounts by Precipitation
29A-6. Separation by Electrolytic Precipitation
29A-7. Salt-Induced Precipitation of Proteins
29B. Separation of Species by Distillation
29C. Separation by Extraction
29C-1. Principles
29C-2. Extracting Inorganic Species
29C-3. Solid-Phase Extraction
29D. Separating Ions by Ion Exchange
29D-1. Ion-Exchange Resins
29D-2. Ion-Exchange Equilibria
29D-3. Applications of Ion-Exchange Methods
29E. Chromatographic Separations
29E-1. General Description of Chromatography
29E-2. Classification of Chromatographic Methods
29E-3. Elution in Column Chromatography
29E-4. Migration Rates of Solutes
29E-5. Band Broadening and Column Efficiency
29E-6. Variables Affecting Column Efficiency
29E-7. Column Resolution
29E-8. Applications of Chromatography
Chapter 29. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 30. Gas Chromatography
30A. Instruments for Gas-Liquid Chromatography
30A-1. Carrier Gas System
30A-2. Sample Injection System
30A-3. Column Configurations and Column Ovens
30A-4. Chromatographic Detectors
30B. Gas Chromatographic Columns and Stationary Phases
30B-1. Capillary Columns
30B-2. Packed Columns
30B-3. Liquid Stationary Phases
30C. Applications of Gas-Liquid Chromatography
30C-1. Qualitative Analysis
30C-2. Quantitative Analysis
30C-3. Advances in GC
30D. Gas-Solid Chromatography
Chapter 30. Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Questions and Problems
Chapter 31. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
31A. Instrumentation
31A-1. Mobile-Phase Reservoirs and Solvent Treatment Systems
31A-2. Pumping Systems
31A-3. Sample Injection Systems
31A-4. Columns for HPLC
31A-5. HPLC Detectors
31B. Partition Chromatography
31B-1. Bonded-Phase Packings
31B-2. Normal- and Reversed-Phase Packings
31B-3. Choice of Mobile and Stationary Phases
31B-4. Applications
31C. Adsorption Chromatography
31D. Ion Chromatography
31D-1. Ion Chromatography Based on Suppressors
31D-2. Single-Column Ion Chromatography
31E. Size-Exclusion Chromatography
31E-1. Column Packings
31E-2. Applications
31F. Affinity Chromatography
31G. Chiral Chromatography
31H. Comparison of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography
Chapter 31. Summary
Key Terms
Questions and Problems
Chapter 32. Miscellaneous Separation Methods
32A. Supercritical Fluid Separations
32A-1. Properties of Supercritical Fluids
32A-2. Instrumentation and Operating Variables
32A-3. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography versus Other Column Methods
32A-4. Applications
32B. Planar Chromatography
32B-1. The Scope of Thin-Layer Chromatography
32B-2. Principles of Thin-Layer Chromatography
32B-3. Paper Chromatography
32C. Capillary Electrophoresis
32C-1. Instrumentation for Capillary Electrophoresis
32C-2. Electroosmotic Flow
32C-3. The Basis for Electrophoretic Separations
32C-4. Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis
32D. Capillary Electrochromatography
32D-1. Packed Column Electrochromatography
32D-2. Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography
32E. Field-Flow Fractionation
32E-1. Separation Mechanisms
32E-2. FFF Methods
32E-3. Advantages of FFF over Chromatographic Methods
Chapter 32. Summary
Key Terms
Questions and Problems
Part VII. Practical Aspects of Chemical Analysis
Chapter 33. The Analysis of Real Samples
33A. Real Samples
33B. Choice of Analytical Method
33B-1. Definition of the Problem
33B-2. Investigating the Literature
33B-3. Choosing or Devising a Method
33B-4. Testing the Procedure
33C. Accuracy in the Analysis of Complex Materials
Chapter 34. Preparing Samples for Analysis
34A. Preparing Laboratory Samples
34A-1. Crushing and Grinding Samples
34A-2. Mixing Solid Samples
34B. Moisture in Samples
34B-1. Forms of Water in Solids
34B-2. Temperature and Humidity Effects on the Water Content of Solids
34B-3. Drying the Analytical Sample
34C. Determining Water in Samples
Chapter 35. Decomposing and Dissolving the Sample
35A. Sources of Error in Decomposition and Dissolution
35B. Decomposing Samples with Inorganic Acids in Open Vessels
35B-1. Hydrochloric Acid
35B-2. Nitric Acid
35B-3. Sulfuric Acid
35B-4. Perchloric Acid
35B-5. Oxidizing Mixtures
35B-6. Hydrofluoric Acid
35C. Microwave Decompositions
35C-1. Vessels for Moderate-Pressure Digestions
35C-2. High-Pressure Microwave Vessels
35C-3. Atmospheric-Pressure Digestions
35C-4. Microwave Ovens
35C-5. Microwave Furnaces
35C-6. Applications of Microwave Decompositions
35D. Combustion Methods for Decomposing Organic Samples
35D-1. Combustion over an Open Flame (Dry Ashing)
35D-2. Combustion-Tube Methods
35D-3. Combustion with Oxygen in a Sealed Container
35E. Decomposing Inorganic Materials with Fluxes
35E-1. Fusion Procedure
35E-2. Types of Fluxes
Chapter 36. Chemicals, Apparatus, and Unit Operations of Analytical Chemistry
36A. Selecting and Handling Reagents and Other Chemicals
36A-1. Classifying Chemicals
36A-2. Rules for Handling Reagents and Solutions
36B. Cleaning and Marking of Laboratory Ware
36C. Evaporating Liquids
36D. Measuring Mass
36D-1. Types of Analytical Balances
36D-2. The Electronic Analytical Balance
36D-3. The Single-Pan Mechanical Analytical Balance
36D-4. Sources of Error in Weighing
36D-5. Auxiliary Balances
36E. Equipment and Manipulations Associated with Weighing
36E-1. Weighing Bottles
36E-2. Desiccators and Desiccants
36E-3. Manipulating Weighing Bottles
36E-4. Weighing by Difference
36E-5. Weighing Hygroscopic Solids
36E-6. Weighing Liquids
36F. Filtration and Ignition of Solids
36F-1. Apparatus
36F-2. Filtering and Igniting Precipitates
36F-3. Directions for Filtering and Igniting Precipitates
36F-4. Rules for Manipulating Heated Objects
36G. Measuring Volume
36G-1. Units of Volume
36G-2. The Effect of Temperature on Volume Measurements
36G-3. Apparatus for Precisely Measuring Volume
36G-4. Using Volumetric Equipment
36G-5. Directions for Using a Pipet
36G-6. Directions for Using a Buret
36G-7. Directions for Using a Volumetric Flask
36H. Calibrating Volumetric Glassware
36H-1. General Directions for Calibration
36I. The Laboratory Notebook
36I-1. Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook
36I-2. Notebook Format
36J. Safety in the Laboratory
Chapter 37. Selected Methods of Analysis
37A. An Introductory Experiment
37A-1. Using the Analytical Balance
37A-2. Making Quantitative Transfers
37A-3. Delivering an Aliquot
37A-4. Calibrating a Pipet
37A-5. Reading Buret Sections
37A-6. Reading a Buret
37A-7. Sampling
37A-8. Determining Sampling Error by Flow Injection Analysis
37B. Gravimetric Methods of Analysis
37B-1. The Gravimetric Determination of Chloride in a Soluble Sample
37B-2. The Gravimetric Determination of Tin in Brass
37B-3. The Gravimetric Determination of Nickel in Steel
37C. Neutralization Titrations
Discussion
37C-1. The Effect of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Neutralization Titrations
37C-2. Preparation of Indicator Solutions for Neutralization Titrations
37C-3. Preparation of Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Solutions
37C-4. Preparation of Carbonate-Free Sodium Hydroxide
37C-5. The Determination of the Acid/Base Ratio
37C-6. Standardization of Hydrochloric Acid against Sodium Carbonate
37C-7. Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide against Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
37C-8. The Determination of Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate in an Impure Sample
37C-9. Determining the Acid Content of Vinegars and Wines
37C-10. The Determination of Sodium Carbonate in an Impure Sample
37C-11. The Determination of Amine Nitrogen by the Kjeldahl Method
37D. Precipitation Titrations
37D-1. Preparing a Standard Silver Nitrate Solution
37D-2. The Determination of Chloride by Titration with an Adsorption Indicator
37D-3. The Determination of Chloride by a Weight Titration
37E. Complex-Formation Titrations with EDTA
37E-1. Preparation of Solutions
37E-2. Preparation of Standard 0.01 ⁢ M EDTA Solution
37E-3. The Determination of Magnesium by Direct Titration
37E-4. The Determination of Calcium by Displacement Titration
37E-5. The Determination of Hardness in Water
37F. Titrations with Potassium Permanganate
37F-1. Preparation of 0.02 ⁢ M Potassium Permanganate
37F-2. Standardization of Potassium Permanganate Solutions
37F-3. The Determination of Calcium in a Limestone
37F-4. The Determination of Iron in an Ore
37G. Titrations with Iodine
37G-1. Preparation of Reagents
37G-2. Standardization of Iodine Solutions
37G-3. The Determination of Antimony in Stibnite
37H. Titrations with Sodium Thiosulfate
37H-1. Preparation of 0.1 ⁢ M Sodium Thiosulfate
37H-2. Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate against Potassium Iodate
37H-3. Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate against Copper
37H-4. The Determination of Copper in Brass
37I. Titrations with Potassium Bromate
37I-1. Preparation of Solutions
37I-2. Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate against Potassium Bromate
37I-3. The Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Vitamin C Tablets by Titration with Potassium Bromate
37J. Potentiometric Methods
37J-1. General Directions for Performing a Potentiometric Titration
37J-2. Potentiometric Titration of Chloride and Iodide in a Mixture
37J-3. The Potentiometric Determination of Solute Species in a Carbonate Mixture
37J-4. The Direct Potentiometric Determination of Fluoride Ion
37K. Electrogravimetric Methods
37K-1. The Electrogravimetric Determination of Copper and Lead in Brass
37L. Coulometric Titrations
37L-1. The Coulometric Titration of Cyclohexene
37M. Voltammetry
37M-1. The Polarographic Determination of Copper and Zinc in Brass
37M-2. The Amperometric Titration of Lead
37N. Methods Based on the Absorption of Radiation
37N-1. The Cleaning and Handling of Cells
37N-2. The Determination of Iron in a Natural Water
37N-3. The Determination of Manganese in Steel
37N-4. The Spectrophotometric Determination of pH
37O. Molecular Fluorescence
37O-1. The Determination of Quinine in Beverages
37P. Atomic Spectroscopy
37P-1. The Determination of Lead in Brass by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
37P-2. The Determination of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium in Mineral Waters by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
37Q. Application of Ion-Exchange Resins
37Q-1. The Separation of Cations
37Q-2. Determination of Magnesium by Ion-Exchange Chromatography
37R. Gas-Liquid Chromatography
37R-1. The Gas Chromatographic Determination of Ethanol in Beverages
Appendix 1. The Literature of Analytical Chemistry
Appendix 2. Solubility Product Constants at 25 C °
Appendix 3. Acid Dissociation Constants at 25 C °
Appendix 4. Formation Constants at 25 C °
Appendix 5. Standard and Formal Electrode Potentials
Appendix 6. Use of Exponential Numbers and Logarithms
Appendix 7. Volumetric Calculations Using Normality and Equivalent Weight
Appendix 8. Compounds Recommended for the Preparation of Standard Solutions of Some Common Elements
Appendix 9. Derivation of Error Propagation Equations