Foundations of Comparative Politics

Höfundar: Kenneth Newton; Jan W. van Deth (Útgáfa: 4)
Foundations of Comparative Politics

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Now in its fourth edition, this textbook gives a clear and concise account of the government and politics of democratic states, comprehensively updated with recent developments. It provides an ideal guide for undergraduate students who want to understand how and why democratic systems differ between countries and how they are changing in the modern world. It is written and structured in an easy to follow style, enabling students to gain a thorough understanding of the explanations behind complex ideas and theories.

The 'Briefings' and 'Controversies' sections give life to the analyses with illustrations drawn from around the globe, whilst its 'Key Term' entries provide students with a route through the concepts of political science. The fourth edition has been fully revised to reflect recent changes in political attitudes and behaviour, voting, parties, party systems and ideologies. The final chapter addresses the future of democratic states facing with these changes and challenges, by examining democratic crisis, populism and post-democracy.

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Útgefandi
Cambridge University Press
ISBN
9781108924023
Print ISBN
9781108831826
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
4
Höfundar
Kenneth Newton; Jan W. van Deth
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2021-01-21
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Half title
  • Series page
  • Title page
  • Imprints page
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Briefings
  • Controversies
  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Preface
  • Abbreviations
  • How to Use This Book
  • Introduction
  • Why Comparative Politics?
  • Understanding Our Own Country
  • Understanding Other Countries
  • Constructing Valid Generalisations
  • The Strengths and Weakness of Cross-National Comparative Political Science
  • The Problems of Cross-National Comparative Research
  • It Cannot Answer Questions of Values
  • It Lacks Evidence
  • It Deals in Probabilities, Not Certainties or Laws
  • It Suffers from the Flaw That What Is Important Is Often Difficult to Compare and That What Can Be Measured and Compared May Not Be Worth Studying
  • It Neglects That Every Country in the World Is Unique, So Comparisons Are Impossible
  • The Themes That Run through the Book – What to Watch for
  • The Importance of Institutions
  • History Matters
  • The Social and Economic Basis of Politics
  • Politics Matters
  • From a Mass of Detail to General Types
  • There Are Many Ways of Achieving the Same Democratic Goals
  • Many Countries Face the Same Challenges to Their Democratic to Institutions and Practices
  • Part I The State: Origins and Development
  • 1 The Development of the Modern State
  • What Is a State?
  • Territory, People, Sovereignty
  • The Rise of the Modern State
  • Historical Origins and Development
  • State Formation and Nation Building
  • State Formation: Penetration
  • Nation Building: Standardisation
  • Mass Democracies: Equalisation
  • Welfare States: Redistribution
  • Catalysts: War and Capitalism
  • Growth and Retardation after 1945
  • Failed States
  • State Theories
  • Constitutional Approaches
  • Ethical and Moral Approaches
  • Conflict Approaches
  • Pluralist Approaches
  • Other Theories
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 2 States and Democracy
  • Why Study States in a Globalised World?
  • The Modern State and Democracy
  • Citizens’ Rights
  • Elections and Parliamentary Accountability
  • Measuring and Comparing Democracies
  • Redistribution and the Active State
  • Theories of State and Society
  • State Supremacy
  • State Dependency
  • Interdependency
  • Separation and Autonomy
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 3 Democratic Change
  • Transitions to Democracy
  • The Limits of Democratisation
  • Embedded, Partial and Defective Democracies
  • Theories of Democratic Change
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • Part II The Polity: Structures and Institutions
  • 4 Constitutions
  • What a Constitution Is, and Why We Have Them
  • The Separation of Powers
  • Executives
  • Legislatures
  • Strong and Weak Bicameralism
  • Membership of the Second House
  • Tenure and Size
  • Judiciaries
  • Judicial Activism
  • Ombudsman
  • Unitary and Federal States
  • The Limits of Constitutionalism
  • Constitutional and Institutional Theories
  • The ‘Old Constitutionalism’
  • The ‘New Constitutionalism’
  • The ‘New Institutionalism’
  • The Mobilisation of Bias
  • Institutional Influence, Rules and Inertia
  • Marxist Structural Theory
  • Governance
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 5 Presidential and Parliamentary Government
  • Presidential Systems
  • Parliamentary Systems
  • Semi-Presidential Systems
  • Presidential, Parliamentary and Semi-Presidential Systems Compared
  • Theories of Parliamentary, Presidential and Semi-Presidential Government
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 6 Multi-Level Government: International, National and Subnational
  • Supranational and International Government
  • Confederations
  • The European Union: Federation or Confederation?
  • The National Level: Federal and Unitary States
  • Geographically Large Countries
  • Countries with Markedly Different Geographical Regions
  • Unitary States
  • Unitary, Federal and Confederal Government Compared
  • Local Government
  • Fused Systems
  • Dual Systems
  • Local Self-Government
  • Central–Local Political Conflict
  • Democracy, Size and Efficiency
  • General-Purpose Authorities
  • Joint Bodies
  • Special-Purpose Authorities
  • Restructuring Local Government
  • The Interplay of Multi-Level Government: The Case of the EU
  • The Arguments for and against Centralisation and Decentralisation
  • Theories of Multi-Level Government
  • Philosophical and Political Theories: Mill and Tocqueville
  • Pluralist Theories
  • Economic Theories
  • Rational Choice
  • Rational-Choice Theory of Local Government
  • Centre–Periphery Relations
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 7 Policy Making and Legislating: Executives and Legislatures
  • Making Laws: Executives and Legislatures
  • The Rise of Executives
  • Increasing Power of Executives?
  • The Functions of Legislatures
  • Representation of Public Opinion
  • Legitimation
  • Lawmaking
  • Scrutiny of the Executive and the Administration
  • Legislative Committees
  • Theories of Democratic Institutions: Consensus and Majoritarian Systems
  • Majoritarian Democracy, or the ‘Westminster Model’
  • Consensus Democracy
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 8 Implementation: The Public Bureaucracy
  • The Organisation of the State Bureaucracy
  • Policy Making and Administration
  • The Dictatorship of the Official?
  • The Power of the Permanent Official
  • Mechanisms of Control
  • The New Public Management
  • Privatisation and Market Efficiency
  • Empowerment
  • Theories of Public Bureaucracy
  • The Rational-Legal Ideal-Type
  • Clientelism
  • Rational Choice and Bureaucracy
  • The New Public Management
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • Part III Citizens, Elites and Interest Mediation
  • 9 Political Attitudes and Behaviour
  • Political Attitudes
  • Political Interests and Identity
  • Political Culture
  • Political Socialisation
  • History and Persistence
  • Pattern
  • The Civic Culture
  • Materialism and Post-Materialism
  • Subcultures and Elite Cultures
  • Political Cleavages
  • Different Cleavage Lines
  • Political Behaviour
  • Modes of Political Behaviour
  • Conventional and Unconventional Political Behaviour
  • Patterns of Political Behaviour
  • Most Are Not Political
  • Sporadic Political Involvement
  • Substantial Variations in Participation
  • Continuous Expansion in Forms of Participation
  • Voters Are Not Fools
  • The ‘Standard Model’ of Political Participation
  • The ‘Civic Voluntarism Model’ of Political Participation
  • Changing Attitudes and Behaviour
  • A Note of Warning: The Ecological and Psychological Fallacies
  • Theories of Political Attitudes and Behaviour
  • Marxist and Class Theory
  • Rational-Choice Theory
  • Social and Psychological Theories
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 10 Pressure Groups and Social Movements
  • Political Connections
  • Voluntary Organisations and Pressure Groups
  • Pressure Groups and Political Parties
  • Social Movements
  • Pressure Groups and Social Movements in Action
  • Groups and Issues
  • The Nature of Government
  • Direct Routes
  • Indirect Routes
  • Determinants of Power
  • Group Features
  • The Political Environment
  • Corporatism, Para-Government and Tri-Partism/Pluralism
  • Corporatism
  • Para-Government
  • Tri-Partism/Pluralism
  • International NGOs
  • Groups, Pressure Groups and Democracy
  • Theories of Voluntary Organisations and Pressure Groups
  • Pluralism
  • Marxist/Elitist Theory
  • Social Capital and Civil Society Theory
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 11 The Media
  • The News Media in Theory and Practice
  • Organisation and Regulation
  • The Public Service Model
  • The Market Model
  • Ownership and Control
  • Cultural Imperialism and Soft Power
  • The New Pluralism
  • The Media and Democracy
  • Digital Optimists and Pessimists
  • Theories of the Media
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 12 Voters and Elections
  • Democratic Elections
  • Voting Systems
  • Voter Turnout
  • System Factors
  • Individual Factors
  • Low and Declining Turnouts and Democratic Dissatisfaction
  • Party Voting
  • Economic Voting and Stratification
  • Religious Voting
  • Other Voting Patterns
  • New Voting Patterns
  • Theories of Voting
  • Sociological Approaches: The Columbia School
  • Psychological Approaches: The Michigan School
  • Rational Choice
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 13 Party Government
  • Party Organisation
  • Party Families
  • Party Systems
  • Parties in Government
  • Coalition Government
  • Coalitions and Government Effectiveness
  • Parties and Democracy
  • New Parties and Democracy
  • Theories of Parties
  • The ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’
  • Duverger’s Law
  • Coalition Theory
  • Majoritarian and Consensus Government Revisited
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • Part IV Policies and Performance
  • 14 Political Ideologies
  • The Nature of Ideology
  • Four Main Democratic Ideologies
  • Conservatism
  • Liberalism
  • Christian Democracy
  • Socialism and Social Democracy
  • Three Other Schools of Thought
  • Nationalism
  • Green Political Thought
  • Populism
  • Theories of Ideology
  • Marxist and Neo-Marxist Theory
  • Neo-Marxist Theories
  • Material and Non-Material Interests
  • The End of Ideology and the End of History
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 15 Policy Making
  • Public Policies: Their Nature and Importance
  • Goals and Results
  • The Nature of Policy-Making Processes
  • Constraints
  • Policy Processes
  • Unending Policy Cycles
  • The Public-Policy Cycle
  • Agenda Setting
  • Decision-Making
  • Choice of Means
  • Implementation
  • Outputs and Outcomes
  • Evaluation and Feedback
  • Public-Policy Structures
  • Corporatism
  • Pluralism
  • Tripartite Arrangements
  • Policy Communities
  • Policy Networks
  • Think Tanks
  • Theories of Decision-Making
  • Rational-Comprehensive Models
  • Muddling Through
  • Bounded Rationality and Advocacy Coalitions
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 16 Public Spending and Public Policies
  • The Ends and Means of Government
  • General Government Expenditure
  • Welfare States and Redistribution
  • Comparing Social Security Systems
  • Redistribution? The Effects of Social Transfers and Taxation
  • Trends in Social Expenditure
  • Theories of State Activity
  • Conflict-Oriented Approaches
  • Functionalist Explanations
  • Institutional Approaches
  • International and Transnational Dependencies
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • 17 The Future of the Democratic State
  • States and Sovereignty
  • Conventional States, Proto-States and Supranational States
  • Conventional States
  • Proto-states
  • Supranational States
  • Challenges to the State
  • Concentration of Commercial Power
  • NGOs and QUANGOs
  • Globalisation
  • Changing Nature of Conflicts
  • Importance of International Governmental Organisations
  • The Retreat of the State?
  • Democracy without Borders
  • The Quality of Democracy
  • Reform of State and Government
  • A Crisis of Democracy?
  • Post-Democracy
  • Populism
  • The Future of Democracy
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Lessons of Comparison
  • Further Reading
  • Postscript: How and What to Compare?
  • Comparing Many or a Few Countries?
  • Comparing Many Cases
  • Comparing a Few Cases
  • Selecting Comparable Countries
  • How Many Countries Is Enough?
  • Comparing Apples and Oranges
  • Looking for More Abstract Concepts
  • Looking for Equivalent Concepts
  • What Have We Learned?
  • Further reading
  • Glossary of Key Terms
  • Index