Foundations of Clinical Research
Höfundur:
Leslie G. Portney (Útgáfa: 4)
Kaup valmöguleikar
Become a successful evidence-based practitionerHow do you evaluate the evidence? Is the information accurate, relevant and meaningful for clinical decision making? Did the design fit the research questions and was the analysis and interpretation of data appropriate?Here are all the materials you need to take your first steps as evidence-based practitioners…how to use the design, data and analysis of research as the foundation for effective clinical decision making.
You’ll find support every step of the way as you progress from the foundations of clinical research and concepts of measurement through the processes of designing studies and analyzing data to writing their own research proposal. Five Stars. “Best book I have read explaining research. Not too complicated - but very thorough. ”—Amazon ReviewerSimply the best. “This is such a valuable resource.
Bought it for the DPT program I am enrolled in. I will keep it as an excellent resource. So well written. ”—Amazon Reviewer… this is a great book. “ It explains concepts so well! Our professor changed to this book the next year. All the OTs and PTs in my PhD program have bought this book. This is in my keep forever collection. Everyone in my department has the book and only loans it out with strict instructions for its return.
Nánar um bókina
- F. A. Davis Company
- 9781719642477
- 9780803661134
- ePub
- 4
- Leslie G. Portney
- English
- 2020-01-17
- 100
Kaflar
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication
- Preface
- Contributors
- Reviewers
- Acknowledgments
- About the Author
- How to Use This Book
- Contents
- Online Supplements
- PART 1 Foundations of Research and Evidence
- 1 Frameworks for Generating and Applying Evidence
- The Research Imperative
- The Research Process
- Frameworks for Clinical Research
- Types of Research
- 2 On the Road to Translational Research
- The Translation Gap
- The Translation Continuum
- Effectiveness Research
- Outcomes Research
- Implementation Studies
- 3 Defining the Research Question
- Selecting a Topic
- The Research Problem
- The Research Rationale
- Types of Research
- Framing the Research Question
- Independent and Dependent Variables
- Research Objectives and Hypotheses
- What Makes a Good Research Question?
- 4 The Role of Theory in Research and Practice
- Defining Theory
- Purposes of Theories
- Components of Theories
- Models
- Theory Development and Testing
- Characteristics of Theories
- Theory, Research, and Practice
- Scope of Theories
- 5 Understanding Evidence-Based Practice
- Why Is Evidence-Based Practice Important?
- How Do We Know Things?
- What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
- The Process of Evidence-Based Practice
- Levels of Evidence
- Implementing Evidence-Based Practice
- 6 Searching the Literature
- Where We Find Evidence
- Databases
- The Search Process
- Keyword Searching
- Getting Results
- Medical Subject Headings
- Refining the Search
- Expanding Search Strategies
- Choosing What to Read
- Accessing Full Text
- Staying Current and Organized
- When Is the Search Done?
- 7 Ethical Issues in Clinical Research
- The Protection of Human Rights
- The Institutional Review Board
- Informed Consent
- Research Integrity
- PART 2 Concepts of Measurement
- 8 Principles of Measurement
- Why We Take Measurements
- Quantification and Measurement
- The Indirect Nature of Measurement
- Rules of Measurement
- Levels of Measurement
- 9 Concepts of Measurement Reliability
- Concepts of Reliability
- Measuring Reliability
- Understanding Reliability
- Types of Reliability
- Reliability and Change
- Methodological Studies: Reliability
- 10 Concepts of Measurement Validity
- Defining Validity
- Types of Evidence for Validity
- Construct Validity
- Norm and Criterion Referencing
- Interpreting Change
- Methodological Studies: Validity
- 11 Designing Surveys and Questionnaires
- Purposes of Surveys
- Survey Formats
- Planning the Survey
- Designing the Survey
- Types of Survey Questions
- Writing Good Questions
- Formatting the Survey
- Selecting a Sample
- Contacting Respondents
- Analysis of Questionnaire Data
- Ethics of Survey Administration
- 12 Understanding Health Measurement Scales
- Understanding the Construct
- Summative Scales
- Visual Analog Scale
- Cumulative Scales
- Rasch Analysis
- PART 3 Designing Clinical Research
- 13 Choosing a Sample
- Populations and Samples
- Sampling
- Probability Sampling
- Nonprobability Sampling
- 14 Principles of Clinical Trials
- Types of Clinical Trials
- Manipulation of Variables
- Random Assignment
- Control Groups
- Blinding
- Ideal Versus Pragmatic
- Phases of Clinical Trials
- Comparing Treatments: Better or No Worse?
- 15 Design Validity
- Validity Questions
- Statistical Conclusion Validity
- Internal Validity
- Construct Validity
- External Validity
- Strategies to Control for Subject Variability
- Non-compliance and Missing Data
- Handling Missing Data
- 16 Experimental Designs
- Design Classifications
- Selecting a Design
- Pretest–Posttest Control Group Designs
- Posttest-Only Control Group Design
- Factorial Designs for Independent Groups
- Repeated Measures Designs
- Sequential Clinical Trials
- 17 Quasi-Experimental Designs
- Validity Concerns
- Time Series Designs
- Nonequivalent Group Designs
- 18 Single-Subject Designs
- Focus on the Individual
- Structure of Single-Subject Designs
- Defining the Research Question
- Measuring the Target Behavior
- Limitations of the A–B Design
- Withdrawal Designs
- Multiple Baseline Designs
- Designs With Multiple Treatments
- N-of-1 Trials
- Visual Data Analysis
- Statistical Analysis
- Generalization
- 19 Exploratory Research: Observational Designs
- Exploring Relationships
- Longitudinal Studies
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Cohort Studies
- Case-Control Studies
- 20 Descriptive Research
- Developmental Research
- Normative Studies
- Descriptive Surveys
- Case Reports
- Historical Research
- 21 Qualitative Research
- Human Experience and Evidence
- The Research Question: Beyond “What” to “Why”
- Perspectives in Qualitative Research
- Methods of Qualitative Data Collection
- Sampling
- Data Analysis and Interpretation
- Mixed Methods
- PART 4 Analyzing Data
- 22 Descriptive Statistics
- Frequency Distributions
- Shapes of Distributions
- Measures of Central Tendency
- Measures of Variability
- The Normal Distribution
- 23 Foundations of Statistical Inference
- Probability
- Sampling Error
- Confidence Intervals
- Statistical Hypothesis Testing
- Errors in Hypothesis Testing
- Type I Error and Significance
- Type II Error and Power
- Concepts of Statistical Testing
- Parametric Versus Nonparametric Statistics
- 24 Comparing Two Means: The t-Test
- The Conceptual Basis for Comparing Means
- The Independent Samples t-Test
- Paired Samples t-Test
- Power and Effect Size
- Inappropriate Use of Multiple t-Tests
- 25 Comparing More Than Two Means: Analysis of Variance
- ANOVA Basics
- One-Way Analysis of Variance
- Two-Way Analysis of Variance
- Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
- Mixed Designs
- 26 Multiple Comparison Tests
- Corrections and Adjustments
- Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons
- Post Hoc Tests for Factorial Designs
- Post Hoc Tests for Repeated Measures
- Planned Comparisons
- 27 Nonparametric Tests for Group Comparisons
- Criteria for Choosing Nonparametric Tests
- Procedure for Ranking Scores
- Tests for Independent Samples
- Tests for Related Samples
- 28 Measuring Association for Categorical Variables: Chi-Square
- Testing Proportions
- Goodness of Fit
- Tests of Independence
- Power and Effect Size
- McNemar Test for Correlated Samples
- 29 Correlation
- Concepts of Correlation
- Linear and Curvilinear Relationships
- Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient
- Correlation of Ranked Data
- Correlation of Dichotomies
- Interpreting Correlation Coefficients
- Partial Correlation
- 30 Regression
- The Basics of Regression
- Simple Linear Regression
- Multiple Regression
- Power and Effect Size for Regression
- Stepwise Multiple Regression
- Dummy Variables
- Nonlinear Regression
- Logistic Regression
- Analysis of Covariance
- 31 Multivariate Analysis
- Exploratory Factor Analysis
- Structural Equation Modeling
- Cluster Analysis
- Multivariate Analysis of Variance
- Survival Analysis
- 32 Measurement Revisited: Reliability and Validity Statistics
- Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
- Standard Error of Measurement
- Agreement
- Internal Consistency
- Limits of Agreement
- Measuring Change
- 33 Diagnostic Accuracy
- Validity of Diagnostic Tests
- Pretest and Posttest Probabilities
- Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves
- Clinical Prediction Rules
- 34 Epidemiology: Measuring Risk
- The Scope of Epidemiology
- Descriptive Epidemiology
- Analytic Epidemiology: Measures of Risk
- Analytic Epidemiology: Measures of Treatment Effect
- PART 5 Putting It All Together
- 35 Writing a Research Proposal
- Purposes of the Research Proposal
- The Research Team
- Components of a Proposal
- Plan for Administrative Support
- Writing the Proposal
- Funding
- Submitting the Proposal
- 36 Critical Appraisal: Evaluating Research Reports
- Levels of Evidence
- The Appraisal Process
- Core Questions
- Intervention Studies
- Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy
- Studies of Prognosis
- Qualitative Studies
- Critically Appraised Topics
- 37 Synthesizing Literature: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
- Purpose of Systematic Reviews
- The Research Question
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion and Conclusions
- Meta-Analysis
- Appraisal of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
- Scoping Reviews
- 38 Disseminating Research
- Choosing a Journal
- Authorship
- Standards for Reporting
- Structure of the Written Research Report
- Submitting the Manuscript
- Presentations
- Promoting Your Work
- Appendices
- A Statistical Tables
- B Relating the Research Question to the Choice of Statistical Test
- C Management of Quantitative Data
- Glossary
- Index