Forensic and Legal Psychology (International Edition)

Höfundar: Costanzo, Mark; Krauss, Daniel (Útgáfa: 5)
Forensic and Legal Psychology (International Edition)

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Mark Costanzo and Daniel Krauss reveal how psychological science can improve evidence gathering, aid legal decision making, lower crime rates, and promote justice. Drawing on compelling examples from real trials, landmark cases, and real-world legal procedures, Forensic and Legal Psychology explores how theory and research can deepen our understanding of key actors in the legal system. Accessible and wide-ranging, this text shows how key research findings in social, cognitive, clinical, and developmental psychology apply to virtually every aspect of the legal system that psychologists have studied.

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Útgefandi
Macmillan Learning
ISBN
9781319616038
Print ISBN
9781319615758
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
5
Höfundar
Costanzo, Mark; Krauss, Daniel
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
8/1/2025
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
10
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • About this Book
  • Cover Page
  • Accessibility
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • About the Authors
  • Brief Contents
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1 Psychology and Law: A Cautious Alliance
  • A Brief History of Psychology and Law
  • A Clash of Cultures
  • Goals: Approximate Truth Versus Approximate Justice
  • Methods: Rulings Versus Data
  • Style of Inquiry: Advocacy Versus Objectivity
  • The Importance of Bridging the Two Cultures
  • Roles Played by Psychologists Interested in Law
  • Psychologists as Advisors
  • Psychologists as Evaluators
  • Scientific American Spotlight 1.1: Does Tough Treatment of Troubled Teens Work? by Scott O. Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz
  • Psychologists as Reformers
  • Five Pathways for Influencing the Legal System
  • Expert Testimony
  • Scientific American Spotlight 1.2: Neuroscience in the Courtroom by Michael S. Gazzaniga
  • Cross-Disciplinary Education
  • Amicus Curiae Briefs
  • Broad Dissemination of Research Findings
  • Influencing Legislatures and Public Policy
  • How Much Has Psychology Influenced the Legal System?
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 2 Lie Detection
  • The Complexity and Pervasiveness of Deception
  • Can We Tell When Others Are Lying?
  • The Polygraph
  • Development of the Polygraph
  • Focus on Careers: Police and Forensic Psychologist Gregory DeClue, PhD, ABPP (Forensic)
  • The Process of Polygraphing
  • Research on the Polygraph
  • The Polygraph as Coercion Device
  • Legal Status of the Polygraph
  • Hot Topic 2.1: Postconviction Polygraphing of Sex Offenders
  • How Jurors Respond to Polygraph Evidence
  • An Alternative Technique: The Guilty Knowledge Test
  • Consider This 2.1: Lower-Tech Lie Detection: Words and Wizards
  • From Physiological Arousal to Cognitive Load
  • Some Emerging Technologies for Lie Detection
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 3 Interrogations and Confessions
  • The Power of a Confession
  • The Evolution of Interrogation Techniques
  • Inside the Modern Interrogation Room
  • Consider This 3.1: Core Principles of Social Influence
  • The Problem of False Confessions
  • The Prevalence of False Confessions
  • Types of False Confessions
  • Hot Topic 3.1: Ethics, the American Psychological Association, and the Use of Torture as an Interrogation Device
  • Should Interrogators Be Allowed to Lie?
  • From Accusatorial Interrogations to Information Gathering: HUMINT, SUE, and PEACE
  • Potential Solutions to the Problem of False Confessions
  • Video Recording of Interrogations
  • Require Independent Evidence to Conduct an Interrogation
  • Time Limits on Interrogations
  • The “Appropriate Adult” Safeguard for Vulnerable Suspects
  • Consider This 3.2: Should a Child Have a Parent in the Interrogation Room Instead of an Attorney?
  • Instructions to the Jury
  • Expert Testimony
  • Banning Problematic Interrogation Tactics: False Evidence Ploys and Minimization
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 4 The Psychology of Forensic Identification: DNA, Fingerprints, and Other Types of Physical Trace Evidence
  • Trace Evidence in Context
  • Hot Topic 4.1: Modern Biometrics: Beyond Fingerprints and DNA
  • When Does a Trace “Match” a Source?
  • Basic Principles of Scientific Measurement: Reliability and Validity
  • The Scientific Foundation of Forensic Identification
  • DNA Evidence
  • Consider This 4.1: Forensic Genetic Genealogy: Using Familial DNA Matches to Identify Criminal Suspects
  • Fingerprint Evidence
  • Techniques of Weak or Unknown Validity
  • Legal Spotlight 4.1: “Changed Science” Laws
  • Communicating the Similarity of a Trace and a Source
  • Hot Topic 4.2: Is There Really a “CSI Effect”?
  • Reducing Error and Bias
  • Science as the Solution to the Problem of Identification Bias
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 5 Criminal Profiling and Psychological Autopsies
  • The Process of Profiling
  • Three Famous Profiles
  • Jack the Ripper
  • The Olympic Bomber
  • The Mad Bomber
  • Characteristics of Serial Killers
  • Consider This 5.1: Some Differences Between Male and Female Serial Killers
  • Scientific American Spotlight 5.1: What “Psychopath” Means by Scott O. Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz
  • Research on Profiling
  • Scientific American Spotlight 5.2: Implicit Racial Bias and Police Shootings by Rachel Nuwer
  • Profiling Problems and Promise
  • Assumptions
  • Cross-Situational Consistency
  • The Utility of Inferences
  • Persistent Problems
  • Scientific American Spotlight 5.3: How George Floyd’s Death Exposed a Fake Syndrome: ‘Excited Delirium’ by Aisha M. Beliso-De Jesús
  • Geographic Profiling: An Alternative to Intuition
  • Precise Profiles or Sloppy Stereotypes?
  • Hot Topic 5.1: Racial Profiling
  • Psychological Autopsies
  • Legal Status of Psychological Autopsies
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 6 Eyewitness Identification and Testimony
  • Eyewitness Testimony and the Legal System
  • The Manson Criteria
  • How the Legal System Attempts to Expose Eyewitness Error
  • Legal Spotlight 6.1: Post-Manson Court Decisions on Eyewitness Identification
  • The Construction, Reconstruction, and Evaluation of Eyewitness Memories
  • Cross-Racial Identifications
  • Stress and Weapons Focus
  • Unconscious Transference
  • Preexisting Expectations
  • Leading or Suggestive Comments
  • Witness Confidence
  • When the Eyewitness Is a Child
  • Hot Topic 6.1: Cameras and Computers as “Eyewitnesses”
  • Using Research Findings to Improve Eyewitness Accuracy
  • Consider This 6.1: Translating Science Into Practice
  • 1. Pre-Lineup Interviews
  • 2. Evidence-Based Grounds for Putting Suspects in Lineups
  • 3. Double-Blind Lineups
  • 4. Appropriate Lineup Fillers
  • 5. Pre-Lineup Instructions to Eyewitnesses
  • 6. Obtaining an Immediate Post-Lineup Confidence Statement
  • 7. Video Recording
  • 8. Avoiding Repeated Identification Procedures With the Same Witness and Suspect
  • 9. Avoiding the Use of Showups
  • Expert Testimony
  • Techniques for Refreshing the Memories of Witnesses
  • Hypnosis
  • The Cognitive Interview
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 7 Child Sexual Abuse: Interviewing Children and Assessing the Recovered Memories of Adults
  • The Reported Memories of Young Children
  • The Day Care Center Cases
  • Hot Topic 7.1: The Use of Child Interviewing Props: Dolls and Diagrams
  • Effective Interviewing of Children
  • Hot Topic 7.2: Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome
  • Testimony by Children at Trial
  • Adults’ Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse
  • Were the Memories Created or Recovered?
  • Focus on Careers: Social Science Analyst Carrie Mulford, PhD, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice
  • The Ingram Case
  • Research on Implanting False Memories in Adults
  • Scientific American Spotlight 7.1: Recovered Memories: An Interview with Elizabeth Loftus by Andrea Krauss
  • Scientific American Spotlight 7.2: Traumatic Therapies Can Have Long-Lasting Effects on Mental Health by Kelly Lambert and Scott O. Lilienfeld
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 8 Competency to Stand Trial
  • The Meaning of Competency to Stand Trial
  • The Dusky Standard
  • Functional Elements of CST
  • CST Versus Competency to Plead Guilty and Competency to Waive an Attorney
  • How the Criminal Justice System Deals With Incompetent Defendants
  • Methods for Evaluating CST
  • CST Assessment Instruments
  • Feigning Response Style
  • CST Evaluations and Ultimate Issue Testimony by Experts
  • Legal Spotlight 8.1: Legal Issues in Competency for Execution
  • Restoration of CST
  • Hot Topic 8.1: National “Competency Crisis”
  • Treatment of Defendants Judged Incompetent
  • Right to Refuse Treatment and CST
  • Adolescents and CST
  • Consider This 8.1: Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court
  • Hot Topic 8.2: Juvenile Competency to Waive Miranda Rights
  • CST Evaluations for Adolescents
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 9 Plea Bargaining, Jury Selection, and Trial Procedure
  • The Hidden, Consequential World of Plea Bargaining
  • Plea Bargaining in Theory and Practice
  • Plea Bargaining and Vulnerable Defendants
  • Jury Selection
  • Assembling a Jury: Pools, Venires, and Voir Dire
  • From Jury Pool to Venire
  • Voir Dire
  • Cognizable Groups
  • Using Stereotypes and Science to Select Jurors
  • Legal Spotlight 9.1: Using Social Media to Select Jurors
  • The Use of Trial Consultants
  • Hot Topic 9.1: Jury Consulting and the Role of Money at Trial
  • Focus on Careers: Trial Consultant Jill Huntley Taylor, PhD, President & CEO, Taylor Trial Consulting
  • Scientific Jury Selection
  • Juror Characteristics and Attitudes as Predictors of Verdict
  • General Personality Tendencies
  • Attitudes About the Legal System
  • Defendant–Juror Similarity
  • Pretrial Publicity as a Source of Bias
  • An Overview of Trial Procedure
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 10 The Insanity Defense
  • The Trial of Andrea Yates
  • The Evolution of Insanity Law
  • Three Important Cases and Their Consequences
  • The M’Naghten Case
  • The Durham Case
  • The Hinckley Case
  • Hot Topic 10.1: Brain Scans as Evidence
  • Common Misconceptions About the Insanity Defense
  • Post-Hinckley Developments in Insanity Law
  • Guilty but Mentally Ill
  • Mens Rea Defenses and Diminished Capacity
  • Legal Spotlight 10.1: Is It Constitutional to Prohibit an Insanity Defense and Instead Allow Only a Mens Rea Defense?
  • How Jurors Define Insanity
  • Clinical Evaluations of Insanity
  • Methods for Assessing Insanity
  • MSE and R-CRAS
  • Feigning Response Style
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 11 Intimate Partner Violence, Battered Woman Syndrome, Rape Trauma Syndrome, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Courtroom
  • Intimate Partner Violence
  • Consider This 11.1: IPV in Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
  • Syndromes in Court
  • Battered Woman Syndrome
  • The Historical Development of BWS
  • Characteristics of Battered Women in BWS
  • BWS and the Legal System
  • The Scientific Validity of BWS
  • Rape Trauma Syndrome
  • The Historical Development of RTS
  • Recovery From Rape and Characteristics of RTS
  • RTS and the Legal System
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
  • Scientific American Spotlight 11.1: Trapped in a Cycle of Sexual Abuse by Sushma Subramanian
  • PTSD Versus BWS in the Courtroom
  • PTSD Versus RTS in the Courtroom
  • Scientific American Spotlight 11.2: How to Find Meaning in Suffering by Kasley Killam
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 12 Juries and Judges as Decision Makers
  • The Process of Jury Decision Making
  • Models of Decision Making
  • The Impact of Evidence
  • The Effects of Biasing Information
  • Defendant Characteristics
  • Inadmissible Evidence
  • Impeachment Evidence
  • Complex Evidence
  • The Group Dynamics of Jury Deliberations
  • Hot Topic 12.1: The Effects of Technology in and out of the Courtroom
  • Diversity and Deliberation
  • Strong Jurors and the Power of the Majority
  • Stages in the Deliberation Process
  • Other Characteristics of Deliberations
  • Size of the Jury
  • Decision Rules (Unanimous or Majority Rule)
  • Jury Nullification
  • Jury Reform
  • Hot Topic 12.2: Should We Use Professional Jurors?
  • Simplifying Instructions to the Jury
  • Allowing Jury Discussion During Trial
  • Judges Compared to Juries
  • Judges as Decision Makers
  • Agreement and Disagreement Between Juries and Judges
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 13 Child Custody Disputes
  • Varieties of Custody/Parenting Plan Arrangements
  • Legal Spotlight 13.1: Same-Sex Unions and Child Custody
  • History of Child Custody Legal Standards and the Best Interests of the Child Standard
  • The Tender Years Doctrine
  • Primary Caretaker Rule
  • Best Interests of the Child Standard
  • The Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act of 1976
  • Weaknesses of the BICS
  • Approximation Rule
  • Children’s Responses to Divorce
  • Mental Health Professionals’ Contributions to Custody Decisions
  • The Role of the Psychological Expert
  • Psychological Tests and Their Problems
  • Scientific American Spotlight 13.1: What’s Wrong With This Picture? by Scott O. Lilienfeld, James M. Wood, and Howard N. Garb
  • Judges’ Views of Experts
  • Focus on Careers: Child Custody Evaluator and Consultant to Attorneys in Family Law Matters Jonathan Gould, Ph.D., ABPP [Forensic]
  • Custody Mediation as an Alternative to Litigation
  • Parent Coordination and Other Parent–Child Contact Issues in Child Custody Evaluations
  • Parent–Child Contact Issues
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 14 Psychology and Law in the Workplace: Discrimination, Harassment, and Fairness
  • An Overview of Workplace Discrimination Law
  • Racial Discrimination in the Workplace
  • The Changing Nature of Racial Prejudice
  • Reducing Racial Bias
  • The Evolution of Gender Discrimination Law
  • Sexual Harassment: Prevalence and Perceptions
  • The Legal Boundaries of Sexual Harassment
  • Current Status of Harassment Law
  • Sexual Harassment Lawsuits
  • The Psychology of Sexual Harassment
  • Some Causes
  • Some Effects
  • Prevention
  • Scientific American Spotlight 14.1: Who Should Be a Cop? Selecting and Training Police Officers by Rachel Nuwer
  • The Psychology of Perceived Fairness
  • Three Models for Allocating Rewards
  • Research on Perceptions of Fairness
  • Consider This 14.1: The Gender Gap in Salaries
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 15 Predicting Violent Behavior: The Psychology of Risk Assessment
  • Sexually Violent Predators and the Law
  • Consider This 15.1: Sexual Offender Community Notification and Registration Laws
  • Risk Assessment and the Law
  • Future Dangerousness and the Death Penalty
  • Civil Commitment
  • Consider This 15.2: The Tarasoff and Ewing Cases
  • Hot Topic 15.1: Are People Who Experience Symptoms of Severe Mental Illness More Dangerous Than Other Individuals?
  • Sexually Violent Predator Civil Commitment
  • Methods and Outcomes of Risk Assessment
  • Unstructured Clinical Judgment and Ways to Improve It
  • Actuarial Prediction
  • Hot Topic 15.2: Pretrial Detention and the Use of Risk Algorithms: Are They Biased?
  • Scientific American Spotlight 15.1: A Widely Used Criminal Justice Algorithm For Assessing Child Pornography Recidivism Is Flawed by Nicholas Scurich and Daniel Krauss
  • Types of Risk Factors
  • Focus on Careers: Violence Risk Expert Joel A. Dvoskin, PhD, ABPP University of Arizona College of Medicine
  • Structured Professional Judgment Instruments
  • Jurors’ Reactions to Risk-Assessment Evidence
  • Treatments to Reduce the Risk of Violence
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 16 Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives
  • Sentencing Decisions
  • Consider This 16.1: Free Will and the Purpose of Prisons
  • Disparities
  • Guidelines
  • Types of Incarceration
  • Hot Topic 16.1: Modern Solitary Confinement in Supermax Prisons
  • The Goals of Incarceration
  • The Evolution of Prisons in the United States
  • The 1800s
  • The 1900s
  • Scientific American Spotlight 16.1: Mediation as Restorative Justice by Cara Tabachnick
  • Prisoner Rights and the Role of the Courts
  • Basic Statistics on Prisons and Prisoners
  • The Distinctive Culture of Prison
  • The Harshness of Prison Life
  • Focus on Careers: Correctional Psychologist Edward “Rhett” Landis, PhD, ABPP, Chief Psychologist, Federal Correctional Complex — Butner, NC
  • Does Prison Work?
  • Alternatives to Prison
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Chapter 17 The Death Penalty
  • Capital Punishment in Context
  • Supreme Court Decisions
  • Hot Topic 17.1: Too Old to Be Executed?
  • Research on Capital Murder Trials
  • Consider This 17.1: Victim Impact Statements and Execution Impact Statements
  • Hot Topic 17.2: Ethical Issues in Competency for Execution
  • Racial Disparities and the Death Penalty
  • Is the Death Penalty a Deterrent to Murder?
  • Errors and Mistakes in Death Penalty Cases
  • In Conclusion
  • Chapter Review
  • Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
  • Key Terms
  • Glossary
  • References
  • Text Credits
  • Name Index
  • Subject Index
  • Index of Cases and Acts
  • Notes
  • Back Cover