Exploring Research, Global Edition

Höfundur: Neil J. Salkind (Útgáfa: 10)
Exploring Research, Global Edition

Kaup valmöguleikar

For courses in experimental methods and research methods in the social and behavioral sciences    This book presents an unintimidating look at the basics of research, describing how to collect and analyze data and providing thorough instruction on how to prepare and write research proposals and manuscripts. It covers the research process, problem selection, sampling and generalizability, and the measurement process, as well as the most common types of research models used in the social and behavioral sciences, including qualitative methods.

The 10th edition explores the use of electronic sources for research with more information about conducting research and literature reviews online and includes new information on how social media can be used in a research context and places a strong emphasis on ethics. Information about the use of the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is contained in several chapters.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Pearson International Content
ISBN
9781292364339
Print ISBN
9781292364315
Format
Page Fidelity (PDF)
Útgáfa
10
Höfundar
Neil J. Salkind
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2021-11-11
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Title Page
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • New to the Edition
  • How This Book Is Organized
  • What’s Special about This Book?
  • A Note to the Instructor
  • How to Use This Book
  • Available Instructor Resources
  • A Big Thanks
  • Global Edition Acknowledgments
  • Chapter 1. The Role and Importance of Research
  • Say Hello to Research!
  • What Research Is and What It Isn’t
  • A Model of Scientific Inquiry
  • Asking the Question
  • Identifying the Important Factors
  • Formulating a Hypothesis
  • Collecting Relevant Information
  • Testing the Hypothesis
  • Working with the Hypothesis
  • Reconsidering the Theory
  • Asking New Questions
  • Different Types of Research
  • Nonexperimental Research
  • Experimental Research
  • True Experimental Research
  • Quasi-Experimental Research
  • What Research Method to Use When?
  • Basic Research versus Applied Research
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 2. The Research Process: Coming to Terms
  • From Problem to Solution
  • The Language of Research
  • All about Variables
  • Dependent Variables
  • Independent Variables
  • The Relationship between Independent and Dependent Variables
  • Other Important Types of Variables
  • Hypotheses
  • The Null Hypothesis
  • The Research Hypothesis
  • Differences between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
  • What Makes a Good Hypothesis?
  • Samples and Populations
  • The Concept of Significance
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 3A. Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research
  • Selecting a Problem
  • Defining Your Interests
  • Ideas, Ideas, Ideas (and What to Do with Them)
  • From Idea to Research Question to Hypothesis
  • Reviewing the Literature
  • Using General Sources
  • Using Secondary Sources
  • Using Primary Sources
  • Reading and Evaluating Research
  • What Does a Research Article Look Like?
  • Criteria for Judging a Research Study
  • Using Electronic Tools in Your Research Activities
  • Searching Online
  • Using Google Scholar for Your Literature Review
  • Using Bibliographic Database Programs
  • Using the Internet: Beyond Searches
  • Research Activities and the Internet
  • A Bit about E-Mail
  • Open-Access Journal Articles
  • Using Social Media in Research
  • Writing the Literature Review
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 3B. The Importance of Practicing Ethics in Research
  • A Bit of History
  • Basic Principles of Ethical Research
  • Protection from Risk
  • Maintenance of Privacy
  • Voluntary Participation
  • Informed Consent
  • Confidentiality
  • Debriefing
  • Sharing Benefits
  • Key Principles of Research Ethics
  • A Summary of Ethical Guidelines
  • Ethics and Children
  • Ethics Regarding Online Research
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 4. Sampling and Generalizability
  • Populations and Samples
  • Probability Sampling Strategies
  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Systematic Sampling
  • Stratified Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
  • Nonprobability Sampling Strategies
  • Convenience Sampling
  • Quota Sampling
  • Samples, Sample Size, and Sampling Error
  • How Big Is Big?
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 5. Measurement, Reliability, and Validity
  • The Measurement Process
  • Levels of Measurement
  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
  • Ratio
  • Continuous versus Discrete Variables
  • What Is All the Fuss?
  • Reliability and Validity: Why They Are Very, Very Important
  • A Conceptual Definition of Reliability
  • Increasing Reliability
  • How Reliability Is Measured
  • Types of Reliability
  • Establishing Reliability: An Example
  • Calculating Internal Consistency Reliability with SPSS
  • Validity
  • A Conceptual Definition of Validity
  • Types of Validity
  • Establishing Validity: An Example
  • The Relationship between Reliability and Validity
  • Closing (and Very Important) Thoughts
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 6. Methods of Measuring Behavior
  • Tests and Their Development
  • Why Use Tests?
  • What Tests Look Like
  • Types of Tests
  • Achievement Tests
  • Multiple-Choice Achievement Items
  • Personality Tests
  • Attitude Methods
  • Reaction-Time Tests
  • Observational Techniques
  • Techniques for Recording Behavior
  • Developing Effective Questionnaires
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 7. Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
  • Getting Ready for Data Collection
  • The Data Collection Process
  • Developing Your Datafile
  • Coding Data
  • The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
  • Getting Ready for Data Analysis
  • Descriptive Statistics
  • Distributions of Scores
  • Comparing Distributions of Scores
  • Measures of Central Tendency
  • Computing Measures of Central Tendency in IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Measures of Variability
  • The Range
  • The Standard Deviation
  • You and IBM SPSS Statistics—Computing Measures of Variability
  • Understanding Distributions
  • The Normal (Bell-Shaped) Curve
  • The Mean and the Standard Deviation
  • Standard Scores: Computing and Using z Scores
  • Computing z Scores in SPSS
  • What z Scores Really, Really Mean
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 8. Introducing Inferential Statistics
  • Say Hello to Inferential Statistics!
  • How Inference Works
  • The Role of Chance
  • The Central Limit Theorem
  • The Idea of Statistical Significance
  • Tests of Significance
  • How a Test of Significance Works
  • t-Test for Independent Means
  • How to Select the Appropriate Test
  • You and SPSS—Computing a t-Value for a Test of Independent Means Using IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Some Other Tests of Significance
  • Working with More Than One Dependent Variable
  • Significance versus Meaningfulness
  • Meta-Analysis
  • How Meta-Analyses Are Done
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 9. Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Correlational Methods
  • Descriptive Research
  • Survey Research
  • How to Conduct Survey Research
  • Correlational Research
  • The Relationship between Variables
  • What Correlation Coefficients Look Like
  • Computing the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
  • You and Excel—Computing a Correlation Using the ToolPak
  • Interpreting the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 10. Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research: Qualitative Methods
  • Conducting Qualitative Research
  • How Qualitative Research Differs
  • Research Sources
  • Documentation
  • Archival Records
  • Social Media and Online Content
  • Physical Artifacts
  • Direct Observation
  • Participant Observation
  • Focus Groups
  • One-to-one Interviews
  • Case Studies
  • Some Advantages of the Case Study Method
  • Some Disadvantages of the Case Study Method
  • Ethnographies
  • Historical Research
  • Conducting Historical Research
  • The Steps in Historical Research
  • Sources of Historical Data
  • Primary or Secondary Sources: Which Are Best?
  • Authenticity and Accuracy
  • The Limitations of Historical Research
  • Mixed Methods Research
  • Qualitative Data Analysis Software
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 11. Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods
  • Experimental Designs
  • Pre-Experimental Designs
  • True Experimental Designs
  • Internal and External Validity and Experimental Design
  • Threats to Internal Validity
  • Threats to External Validity
  • Increasing Internal and External Validity
  • Internal and External Validity: A Trade-Off?
  • Controlling Extraneous Variables
  • Matching
  • Use of Homogeneous Groups
  • Analysis of Covariance
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 12. Quasi-Experimental Research: A Close Cousin to Experimental Research
  • The Quasi-Experimental Method
  • Quasi-Experimental Designs
  • The Nonequivalent Control Group Design
  • The Static Group Comparison
  • Single-Subject Designs
  • Multiple Baseline Designs
  • Evaluating Single-Subject Designs
  • Developmental Research
  • The Utility of Follow-Up Studies
  • The Role of Age in Studying Development
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 13. Writing a Research Proposal
  • The Format of a Research Proposal
  • Appearance
  • Evaluating the Studies You Read
  • Criteria for Judging a Research Study
  • Planning the Actual Research
  • Selecting Appropriate Dependent Variable Measures
  • Reviewing a Test
  • Basic Information
  • General Test Information
  • Design and Appearance
  • Reliability
  • Validity
  • Norms
  • Evaluation
  • Selecting a Sample
  • Data Collection and Analysis
  • Selecting an Inferential Statistic
  • Maintaining High Research Ethics Standards
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Chapter 14. Writing a Research Manuscript
  • What a Manuscript Looks Like
  • Title Page
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Method
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
  • Appendices
  • Author Notes
  • Footnotes
  • Table Captions
  • Tables
  • Figure Captions
  • Figures
  • Nuts and Bolts
  • Summary
  • Appendix A: Fifty Excel Shortcuts for Mac and Windows
  • Appendix B: Sample Data Set
  • Appendix C: Answers to End-of-Chapter Exercises
  • Appendix D: Setting Up an IBM SPSS Datafile
  • Bibliography
  • Glossary
  • Credits
  • Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Y
  • Z