Essentials of Oceanography

Höfundar: Alan P. Trujillo; Harold V. Thurman (Útgáfa: 13)
Essentials of Oceanography

Kaup valmöguleikar

For courses in oceanography. Dive into oceanography with engaging and trusted content Essentials of Oceanography combines dynamic visuals and a friendly narrative that bring oceanography to life. This brief oceanography text offers engaging features that keep students interested and excited about the material An emphasis on the process of science throughout the text provides students with an understanding of how scientists think and work.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Pearson Education (US)
ISBN
9780135487228
Print ISBN
9780134891521
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
13
Höfundar
Alan P. Trujillo; Harold V. Thurman
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2019-02-08
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Brief Contents
  • Cover Photo Description
  • Contents
  • Bonus Online Content
  • Preface
  • To the Student
  • To the Instructor
  • What’s New in This Edition?
  • For the Student
  • For the Instructor
  • SmartFigures
  • SmartTables
  • 1 Introduction To Planet “Earth”
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 1.1 How Are Earth’s Oceans Unique?
  • Earth’s Amazing Oceans
  • How Many Oceans Exist on Earth?
  • The Four Principal Oceans, Plus One
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Arctic Ocean
  • Southern Ocean, or Antarctic Ocean
  • Oceans versus Seas
  • Comparing the Oceans to the Continents
  • 1.2 How Was Early Exploration of the Oceans Achieved?
  • Early History
  • Pacific Navigators
  • European Navigators
  • The Middle Ages
  • The Age of Discovery in Europe
  • The Beginning of Voyaging for Science
  • History of Oceanography . . . To Be Continued
  • 1.3 What Fields of Science Does Oceanography Include?
  • 1.4 What Is the Process of Science and the Nature of Scientific Inquiry?
  • Observations
  • Hypotheses
  • Testing
  • Theory
  • Theories and the Truth
  • 1.5 How Were Earth and the Solar System Formed?
  • The Nebular Hypothesis
  • Proto-Earth
  • Density and Density Stratification
  • Earth’s Internal Structure
  • Chemical Composition Versus Physical Properties
  • Chemical Composition
  • Physical Properties
  • Near the Surface
  • Lithosphere
  • Oceanic versus Continental Crust
  • Asthenosphere
  • Isostatic Adjustment
  • 1.6 How Were Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans Formed?
  • Origin of Earth’s Atmosphere
  • Origin of Earth’s Oceans
  • The Development of Ocean Salinity
  • 1.7 Did Life Begin in the Oceans?
  • The Importance of Oxygen to Life
  • Stanley Miller’s Experiment
  • Evolution and Natural Selection
  • Plants and Animals Evolve
  • Photosynthesis and Respiration
  • The Great Oxidation Event/Oxygen Crisis
  • Changes to Earth’s Atmosphere
  • 1.8 How Old Is Earth?
  • Radiometric Age Dating
  • The Geologic Time Scale
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 1.1 How are Earth’s oceans unique?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 1.2 How was early exploration of the oceans achieved?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 1.3 What fields of science does oceanography include?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 1.4 What is the process of science and the nature of scientific inquiry?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 1.5 How were Earth and the solar system formed?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 1.6 How were Earth’s atmosphere and oceans formed?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 1.7 Did life begin in the oceans?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 1.8 How old is Earth?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 2.1 What Evidence Supports Continental Drift?
  • Testing the Idea: Matching Sequences of Rocks and Mountain Chains
  • More Observations: Glacial Ages and Other Climate Evidence
  • Evidence from Fossils: Distribution of Organisms
  • Objections to the Continental Drift Model
  • 2.2 What Additional Observations Led to the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
  • Earth’s Magnetic Field and Paleomagnetism
  • Rocks Affected by Earth’s Magnetic Field
  • Paleomagnetism
  • Magnetic Polarity Reversals
  • True Polar Wandering
  • Paleomagnetism and the Ocean Floor
  • Sea Floor Spreading and Features of the Ocean Basins
  • Other Evidence from the Ocean Basins
  • Age of the Ocean Floor
  • Heat Flow
  • Worldwide Earthquakes
  • Detecting Plate Motion with Satellites
  • The Acceptance of a Theory
  • 2.3 What Features Occur at Plate Boundaries?
  • Divergent Boundary Features
  • Oceanic Rises Versus Oceanic Ridges
  • Earthquakes Associated with Divergent Boundaries
  • Convergent Boundary Features
  • Oceanic–Continental Convergence
  • Oceanic–Oceanic Convergence
  • Continental–Continental Convergence
  • Earthquakes Associated with Convergent Boundaries
  • Transform Boundary Features
  • Oceanic Versus Continental Transform Faults
  • Earthquakes Associated with Transform Boundaries
  • 2.4 Testing the Model: Can Plate Tectonics Explain Other Features in the Ocean and on Land?
  • Hotspots and Mantle Plumes
  • Seamounts and Tablemounts
  • Coral Reef Distribution
  • 2.5 How Has Earth Changed in the Past, and How Will It Look in the Future?
  • The Past: Paleogeography
  • The Future: Some Bold Predictions
  • A Predictive Model: The Wilson Cycle
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 2.1 What evidence supports continental drift?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 2.2 What observations led to the theory of plate tectonics?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 2.3 What features occur at plate boundaries?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 2.4 Testing the model: Can plate tectonics explain other features in the ocean and on land?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 2.5 How has Earth changed in the past, and how will it look in the future?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 3 Marine Provinces
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 3.1 What Techniques Are Used to Determine Ocean Bathymetry?
  • Soundings
  • Echo Soundings
  • Using Satellites to Map Ocean Properties from Space
  • Seismic Reflection Profiles
  • 3.2 What Features Exist on Continental Margins?
  • Passive versus Active Continental Margins
  • Continental Shelf
  • Continental Slope
  • Submarine Canyons and Turbidity Currents
  • Continental Rise
  • 3.3 What Features Exist in the Deep-Ocean Basins?
  • Abyssal Plains
  • Volcanic Peaks of the Abyssal Plains
  • Ocean Trenches and Volcanic Arcs
  • The Pacific Ring of Fire
  • 3.4 What Features Exist along the Mid-Ocean Ridge?
  • Volcanic Features
  • Hydrothermal Vents
  • Fracture Zones and Transform Faults
  • Oceanic Islands
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 3.1 What techniques are used to determine ocean bathymetry?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 3.2 What features exist on continental margins?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 3.3 What features exist in the deep-ocean basins?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 3.4 What features exist along the mid-ocean ridge?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 4 Marine Sediments
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected, and What Historical Events Do They Reveal?
  • Collecting Marine Sediments
  • Environmental Conditions Revealed by Marine Sediments
  • Paleoceanography
  • 4.2 What Are the Characteristics of Lithogenous Sediment?
  • Origin of Lithogenous Sediment
  • Composition of Lithogenous Sediment
  • Texture of Lithogenous Sediment
  • Distribution of Lithogenous Sediment
  • Neritic Deposits
  • Beach Deposits
  • Continental Shelf Deposits
  • Turbidite Deposits
  • Glacial Deposits
  • Pelagic Deposits
  • Abyssal Clay
  • 4.3 What Are the Characteristics of Biogenous Sediment?
  • Origin of Biogenous Sediment
  • Composition of Biogenous Sediment
  • Silica
  • Calcium Carbonate
  • Distribution of Biogenous Sediment
  • Neritic Deposits
  • Carbonate Deposits
  • Stromatolites
  • Pelagic Deposits
  • Siliceous Ooze
  • Calcareous Ooze and the CCD
  • 4.4 What Are the Characteristics of Hydrogenous Sediment?
  • Origin of Hydrogenous Sediment
  • Composition and Distribution of Hydrogenous Sediment
  • Metal Sulfides
  • Manganese Nodules
  • Phosphates
  • Carbonates
  • Evaporites
  • 4.5 What Are the Characteristics of Cosmogenous Sediment?
  • Origin, Composition, and Distribution of Cosmogenous Sediment
  • 4.6 How Are Pelagic and Neritic Deposits Distributed?
  • Mixtures of Marine Sediment
  • Neritic Deposits
  • Pelagic Deposits
  • Do Sea Floor Sediments Represent Surface Conditions?
  • Worldwide Thickness of Marine Sediments
  • 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
  • Energy Resources
  • Petroleum
  • Gas Hydrates
  • Other Resources
  • Sand and Gravel
  • Evaporative Salts
  • Phosphorite (Phosphate Minerals)
  • Manganese Nodules and Crusts
  • Rare-Earth Elements
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 4.1 How are marine sediments collected, and what historical events do they reveal?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 4.2 What are the characteristics of lithogenous sediment?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 4.3 What are the characteristics of biogenous sediment?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 4.4 What are the characteristics of hydrogenous sediment?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 4.5 What are the characteristics of cosmogenous sediment?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 4.6 How are pelagic and neritic deposits distributed?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 4.7 What resources do marine sediments provide?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 5 Water and Seawater
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 5.1 Why Does Water Have Such Unusual Chemical Properties?
  • Atomic Structure
  • The Water Molecule
  • Geometry
  • Polarity
  • Interconnections of Molecules
  • Water: The Universal Solvent
  • 5.2 What Important Physical Properties Does Water Possess?
  • Water’s Thermal Properties
  • Heat, Temperature, and Changes of State
  • Water’s Freezing and Boiling Points
  • Water’s Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
  • Water’s Latent Heats
  • Latent Heat of Melting
  • Latent Heat of Vaporization
  • Latent Heat of Evaporation
  • Latent Heat of Condensation
  • Latent Heat of Freezing
  • Global Thermostatic Effects
  • Water Density as a Result of Thermal Expansion and Contraction
  • 5.3 Why Is Seawater Salty?
  • Salinity
  • Determining Salinity
  • Comparing Pure Water and Seawater
  • 5.4 Why Does Seawater Salinity Vary?
  • Salinity Variations
  • Processes Affecting Seawater Salinity
  • Processes That Decrease Seawater Salinity
  • Processes That Increase Seawater Salinity
  • The Hydrologic Cycle
  • Dissolved Components Added to and Removed from Seawater
  • 5.5 How Does Seawater Salinity Vary at the Surface and with Depth?
  • Surface Salinity Variation
  • Salinity Variation with Depth
  • Halocline
  • 5.6 How Does Seawater Density Vary with Depth?
  • Factors Affecting Seawater Density
  • Temperature and Density Variation with Depth
  • Thermocline and Pycnocline
  • 5.7 Is the Ocean Acidic or Basic?
  • The pH Scale
  • The Carbonate Buffering System
  • 5.8 What Factors Control the Distribution of Carbon and Oxygen in the Ocean?
  • The Solubility and Distribution of Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean
  • The Solubility and Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in the Ocean
  • How Does Dissolved Carbon and Oxygen in the Ocean Affect Climate?
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 5.1 Why does water have such unusual chemical properties?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 5.2 What important physical properties does water possess?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 5.3 Why is seawater salty?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 5.4 Why does seawater salinity vary?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 5.5 How does seawater salinity vary at the surface and with depth?
  • Selected Key Term
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 5.6 How does seawater density vary with depth?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 5.7 Is the ocean acidic or basic?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 5.8 What factors control the distribution of carbon and oxygen in the ocean?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 6 Air–Sea Interaction
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 6.1 What Causes Variations in Solar Radiation on Earth?
  • What Causes Earth’s Seasons?
  • How Latitude Affects the Distribution of Solar Radiation
  • Oceanic Heat Flow
  • 6.2 What Physical Properties Does the Atmosphere Possess?
  • Composition of the Atmosphere
  • Temperature Variation in the Atmosphere
  • Density Variation in the Atmosphere
  • Atmospheric Water Vapor Content
  • Atmospheric Pressure
  • Movement of the Atmosphere
  • An Example: A Nonspinning Earth
  • 6.3 How Does the Coriolis Effect Influence Moving Objects?
  • Example 1: Perspectives and Frames of Reference on a Merry-Go-Round
  • Example 2: A Tale of Two Missiles
  • Changes in the Coriolis Effect with Latitude
  • 6.4 What Global Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Exist?
  • Circulation Cells
  • Pressure
  • Wind Belts
  • Boundaries
  • Circulation Cells: Idealized or Real?
  • 6.5 How Does the Ocean Influence Global Weather Phenomena and Climate Patterns?
  • Weather versus Climate
  • Winds
  • Sea and Land Breezes
  • Storms and Fronts
  • Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes)
  • Origin
  • Movement
  • Impact of Other Factors
  • Types of Destruction
  • Historic Destruction on the U.S. Mainland
  • The Record-Breaking 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season: Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma
  • The Historic 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season: Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria
  • Historic Destruction in Other Regions
  • Future Threat to Life and Property
  • The Ocean’s Climate Patterns
  • 6.6 Can Power from Wind Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 6.1 What causes variations in solar radiation on Earth?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 6.2 What physical properties does the atmosphere possess?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 6.3 How does the Coriolis effect influence moving objects?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 6.4 What global atmospheric circulation patterns exist?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 6.5 How does the ocean influence global weather phenomena and climate patterns?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 6.6 Can power from wind be harnessed as a source of energy?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 7 Ocean Circulation
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 7.1 How Are Ocean Currents Measured?
  • Surface Current Measurement
  • Direct Methods
  • Indirect Methods
  • Deep Current Measurement
  • 7.2 What Creates Ocean Surface Currents and How Are They Organized?
  • Origin of Surface Currents
  • Main Components of Ocean Surface Circulation
  • Subtropical Gyres
  • Equatorial Currents
  • Western Boundary Currents
  • Northern or Southern Boundary Currents
  • Eastern Boundary Currents
  • Equatorial Countercurrents
  • Subpolar Gyres
  • Other Factors Affecting Ocean Surface Circulation
  • Ekman Spiral and Ekman Transport
  • Geostrophic Currents
  • Western Intensification of Subtropical Gyres
  • Ocean Currents and Climate
  • 7.3 What Causes Upwelling and Downwelling?
  • Diverging Surface Water
  • Converging Surface Water
  • Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling
  • Other Causes of Upwelling
  • 7.4 What Are the Main Surface Circulation Patterns in Each Ocean Basin?
  • Antarctic Circulation
  • Antarctic Circumpolar Current
  • Antarctic Convergence and Divergence
  • Atlantic Ocean Circulation
  • The North and South Atlantic Subtropical Gyres
  • The Gulf Stream
  • The Sargasso Sea
  • Warm- and Cold-Core Rings
  • Other North Atlantic Currents
  • Climatic Effects of North Atlantic Currents
  • Indian Ocean Circulation
  • Monsoons
  • Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre
  • Leeuwin Current
  • Pacific Ocean Circulation
  • Normal Conditions
  • North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
  • South Pacific Subtropical Gyre
  • Fisheries and The Peru Current
  • Walker Circulation
  • Pacific Warm Pool
  • El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Conditions
  • ENSO Warm Phase (El Niño)
  • ENSO Cool Phase (La Niña)
  • How Often Do El Niño Events Occur?
  • Effects of El Niños and La Niñas
  • Examples from Recent El Niños
  • The 1982–1983 El Niño
  • The 1997–1998 El Niño
  • The 2015–2016 El Niño
  • Predicting El Niño Events
  • 7.5 How Do Sea Ice and Icebergs Form?
  • Formation of Sea Ice
  • Formation of Icebergs
  • Shelf Ice
  • 7.6 How Do Deep-Ocean Currents Form?
  • Origin of Thermohaline Circulation
  • Sources of Deep Water
  • Worldwide Deep-Water Circulation
  • Conveyor-Belt Circulation
  • Dissolved Oxygen in Deep Water
  • Conveyor-Belt Circulation and Climate Change
  • 7.7 Can Power from Currents Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 7.1 How are ocean currents measured?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 7.2 What creates ocean surface currents and how are they organized?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 7.3 What causes upwelling and downwelling?
  • Active 7.3 Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 7.4 What are the main surface circulation patterns in each ocean basin?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 7.5 How do sea ice and icebergs form?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 7.6 How do deep-ocean currents form?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 7.7 Can power from currents be harnessed as a source of energy?
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 8 Waves and Water Dynamics
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 8.1 How Are Waves Generated, and How Do They Move?
  • Disturbances Generate Ocean Waves
  • Wave Movement
  • 8.2 What Characteristics Do Waves Possess?
  • Wave Terminology
  • Circular Orbital Motion
  • Deep-Water Waves
  • Shallow-Water Waves
  • Transitional Waves
  • 8.3 How Do Wind-Generated Waves Develop?
  • Wave Development
  • Capillary Waves, Gravity Waves, and the “Sea”
  • Factors Affecting Wave Energy
  • How High Can Waves Be?
  • Fully Developed Sea
  • Swell
  • Interference Patterns
  • Constructive Interference
  • Destructive Interference
  • Mixed Interference
  • Rogue Waves
  • 8.4 How Do Waves Change in the Surf Zone?
  • Physical Changes as Waves Approach Shore
  • Breakers and Surfing
  • Wave Refraction
  • Wave Reflection
  • The Wedge: A Case Study of Wave Reflection and Constructive Interference
  • Standing Waves, Nodes, and Antinodes
  • 8.5 How Are Tsunami Created?
  • Coastal Effects
  • Some Examples of Historic and Recent Tsunami
  • The Cascadia Earthquake and Tsunami (1700)
  • The Eruption of Krakatau (1883)
  • Indian Ocean (2004)
  • Japan (2011)
  • Tsunami Warning System
  • Tsunami Watches and Tsunami Warnings
  • Effectiveness of Tsunami Warnings
  • 8.6 Can Power from Waves Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?
  • Wave Power Plants and Wave Farms
  • Global Coastal Wave Energy Resources
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 8.1 How are waves generated, and how do they move?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 8.2 What characteristics do waves possess?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 8.3 How do wind-generated waves develop?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 8.4 How do waves change in the surf zone?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 8.5 How are tsunami created?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 8.6 Can power from waves be harnessed as a source of energy?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 9 Tides
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 9.1 What Causes Ocean Tides?
  • Tide-Generating Forces
  • Gravitational and Centripetal Forces in the Earth–Moon System
  • Resultant Forces
  • Tide-Generating Forces
  • Tidal Bulges: The Moon’s
  • Tidal Bulges: The Sun’s Effect
  • Earth’s Rotation and the Tides
  • 9.2 How Do Tides Vary during a Monthly Tidal Cycle?
  • The Monthly Tidal Cycle
  • Complicating Factors
  • Declination of The Moon and Sun
  • Effects of Elliptical Orbits
  • Idealized Tide Prediction
  • 9.3 What Do Tides Look Like in the Ocean?
  • Amphidromic Points and Cotidal Lines
  • Effect of the Continents
  • Other Considerations
  • 9.4 What Types of Tidal Patterns Exist?
  • Diurnal Tidal Pattern
  • Semidiurnal Tidal Pattern
  • Mixed Tidal Pattern
  • 9.5 What Tidal Phenomena Occur in Coastal Regions?
  • An Example of Tidal Extremes: The Bay of Fundy
  • Coastal Tidal Currents
  • Whirlpools: Fact or Fiction?
  • Grunion: Doing What Comes Naturally on the Beach
  • 9.6 Can Tidal Power Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?
  • Tidal Power Plants
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 9.1 What causes ocean tides?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 9.2 How do tides vary during a monthly tidal cycle?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 9.3 What do tides look like in the ocean?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 9.4 What types of tidal patterns exist?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 9.5 What tidal phenomena occur in coastal regions?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 9.6 Can tidal power be harnessed as a source of energy?
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 10 Beaches, Shoreline Processes, and the Coastal Ocean
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 10.1 How Are Coastal Regions Defined?
  • Beach Terminology
  • Beach Composition
  • 10.2 How Does Sand Move on the Beach?
  • Movement Perpendicular to the Shoreline
  • Mechanism
  • Light Versus Heavy Wave Activity
  • Summertime and Wintertime Beaches
  • Movement Parallel to the Shoreline
  • Mechanism
  • Longshore Current and Longshore Drift (Longshore Transport) 
  • Longshore drift
  • The Beach: A River of Sand
  • 10.3 What Features Are Typical of Erosional and Depositional Shores?
  • Features of Erosional Shores
  • Features of Depositional Shores
  • Barrier Islands
  • Human Impact on Barrier Islands
  • Features of Barrier Islands
  • Barrier Island Migration
  • Deltas
  • Beach Compartments
  • Beach Starvation
  • 10.4 How Do Changes in Sea Level Produce Emerging and Submerging Shorelines?
  • Features of Emerging Shorelines
  • Features of Submerging Shorelines
  • Changes in Sea Level
  • Movement of Earth’s Crust
  • Tectonic Movements
  • Isostatic Adjustment
  • Worldwide (Eustatic) Changes in Sea Level
  • Changes to Sea Level during Ice Ages
  • 10.5 How Does Hard Stabilization Affect Coastlines?
  • Groins and Groin Fields
  • Jetties
  • Breakwaters
  • Seawalls
  • Alternatives to Hard Stabilization
  • Construction Restrictions
  • Beach Replenishment
  • Relocation
  • 10.6 What are the Characteristics and Types of Coastal Waters?
  • Characteristics of Coastal Waters
  • Salinity
  • Temperature
  • Coastal Geostrophic Currents
  • Estuaries
  • Origin of Estuaries
  • Water Mixing in Estuaries
  • Estuaries and Human Activities
  • Columbia River Estuary
  • Chesapeake Bay Estuary
  • Lagoons
  • Laguna Madre
  • Marginal Seas
  • A Case Study: The Mediterranean Sea
  • Mediterranean Circulation
  • 10.7 What Issues Face Coastal Wetlands?
  • Types of Coastal Wetlands
  • Characteristics of Coastal Wetlands
  • Serious Loss of Valuable Wetlands
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 10.1 How are coastal regions defined?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 10.2 How does sand move on the beach?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 10.3 What features are typical of erosional and depositional shores?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 10.4 How do changes in sea level produce emerging and submerging shorelines?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 10.5 How does hard stabilization affect coastlines?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 10.6 What are the characteristics and types of coastal waters?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 10.7 What issues face coastal wetlands?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 11 Marine Pollution
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 11.1 What Is Pollution?
  • Marine Pollution: A Definition
  • Environmental Bioassay
  • The Issue of Waste Disposal in the Ocean
  • 11.2 What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Petroleum Pollution?
  • The 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
  • Other Oil Spills
  • How Damaging Is Oil Pollutant in the Ocean?
  • Other Concerns about Oil in the Ocean
  • Cleaning Oil Spills
  • Preventing Oil Spills
  • 11.3 What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Non-Petroleum Chemical Pollution?
  • Sewage Sludge
  • New York’s Sewage Sludge Disposal at Sea
  • Boston Harbor Sewage Project
  • DDT and PCBs
  • DDT and Eggshells
  • DDT and PCBs Linger in the Environment
  • Mercury and Minamata Disease
  • Minamata Disease
  • Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
  • How Much Mercury-Rich Seafood is Safe to Eat?
  • Other Types of Chemical Pollutants
  • 11.4 What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Non-point Source Pollution, Including Trash?
  • Non-point Source Pollution and Trash
  • Plastics as Marine Debris
  • A Brief History of Plastics
  • Plastic Nurdles in The Marine Environment
  • Microplastics
  • The Issue of Plastics in the Ocean
  • Reducing the Amount of Plastics in the Ocean
  • 11.5 What Can You Do to Help Prevent Marine Pollution?
  • 11.6 What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Biological Pollution?
  • The Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia
  • Zebra Mussels
  • Other Notable Examples of Marine Biological Pollution
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 11.1 What is pollution?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 11.2 What marine environmental problems are associated with petroleum pollution?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 11.3 What marine environmental problems are associated with non-petroleum chemical pollution?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 11.4 What marine environmental problems are associated with non-point source pollution, including trash?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 11.5 What can you do to help prevent marine pollution?
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 11.6 What marine environmental problems are associated with biological pollution?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 12 Marine Life and the Marine Environment
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 12.1 What Are Living Things, and How Are They Classified?
  • A Working Definition of Life
  • The Three Domains of Life
  • The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
  • Linnaeus and Taxonomic Classification
  • 12.2 How Are Marine Organisms Classified?
  • Plankton (Drifters)
  • Types of Plankton
  • Nekton (Swimmers)
  • Benthos (Bottom Dwellers)
  • Hydrothermal Vent Biocommunities
  • 12.3 How Many Marine Species Exist?
  • Why Are There So Few Marine Species?
  • Species in Pelagic and Benthic Environments
  • 12.4 How Are Marine Organisms Adapted to the Physical Conditions of the Ocean?
  • Need for Physical Support
  • Water’s Viscosity
  • The Importance of Organism Size
  • Viscosity and Streamlining
  • Reproduction
  • Temperature
  • Comparing Cold- and Warm-Water Species
  • Salinity
  • Extraction of Salinity Components
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • An Example of Osmosis: Saltwater Versus Freshwater Fish
  • Dissolved Gases
  • Water’s High Transparency
  • Transparency
  • Camouflage and Countershading
  • Daily Vertical Migration: The Deep Scattering Layer (DSL)
  • Disruptive Coloration
  • Pressure
  • 12.5 What Are the Main Divisions of the Marine Environment?
  • Pelagic (Open Sea) Environment
  • Epipelagic Zone
  • Mesopelagic Zone
  • Bathypelagic and Abyssopelagic Zones
  • Benthic (Sea Bottom) Environment
  • Subneritic Province
  • Suboceanic Province
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 12.1 What are living things, and how are they classified?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 12.2 How are marine organisms classified?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 12.3 How many marine species exist?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 12.4 How are marine organisms adapted to the physical conditions of the ocean?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 12.5 What are the main divisions of the marine environment?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 13 Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 13.1 What Is Primary Productivity?
  • Measurement of Primary Productivity
  • Factors Affecting Primary Productivity
  • Availability of Nutrients
  • Availability of Solar Radiation
  • Light Transmission in Ocean Water
  • The Electromagnetic Spectrum
  • The Color of Objects
  • Water Color and Life in The Oceans
  • Why Are the Margins of the Oceans So Rich in Life?
  • Upwelling and Nutrient Supply
  • 13.2 What Kinds of Photosynthetic Marine Organisms Exist?
  • Seed-Bearing Plants (Anthophyta)
  • Macroscopic (Large) Algae
  • Green Algae
  • Red Algae
  • Brown Algae
  • Microscopic (Small) Algae
  • Golden Algae
  • Diatoms
  • Coccolithophores
  • Dinoflagellates
  • Red Tides
  • Dinoflagellate Toxins
  • Ocean Eutrophication and Dead Zones
  • Photosynthetic Bacteria
  • 13.3 How Does Regional Primary Productivity Vary?
  • Productivity in Polar (High-Latitude) Oceans: 60 to 90 degrees North and South Latitude
  • Productivity in Tropical (Low-Latitude) Oceans: 0 to 30 degrees North and South Latitude
  • Productivity in Temperate (Middle Latitude) Oceans: 30 to 60 degrees North and South Latitude
  • Winter
  • Spring
  • Summer
  • Fall
  • Comparing Regional Productivity
  • 13.4 How Are Energy and Nutrients Passed Along in Marine Ecosystems?
  • Flow of Energy in Marine Ecosystems
  • Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
  • Flow of Nutrients in Marine Ecosystems
  • Biogeochemical Cycling
  • Oceanic Feeding Relationships
  • Feeding Strategies
  • Trophic Levels
  • Transfer Efficiency
  • Food Chains, Food Webs, and The Biomass Pyramid
  • Food Chains
  • Food Webs
  • Biomass Pyramid
  • 13.5 What Issues Affect Marine Fisheries?
  • Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries
  • Overfishing
  • Ecosystem Effects of Overfishing Large Predators
  • The End of Fish?
  • Recreational Fishing
  • World Fish Production
  • Incidental Catch
  • Tuna and Dolphins
  • Driftnets
  • Ghost Fishing
  • Fisheries Management
  • Regulation of Fishing Vessels
  • A Case Study: Fisheries in The Northwest Atlantic
  • Deep-Water Fisheries
  • Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management
  • Effectiveness of Fisheries Management
  • Effect of Global Climate Change on Marine Fisheries
  • Seafood Choices
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 13.1 What is primary productivity?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 13.2 What kinds of photosynthetic marine organisms exist?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 13.3 How does regional primary productivity vary?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 13.4 How are energy and nutrients passed along in marine ecosystems?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 13.5 What issues affect marine fisheries?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 14.1 How Are Marine Organisms Able to Stay above the Ocean Floor?
  • Use of Gas Containers
  • Rigid Gas Containers
  • Ability to Float
  • Ability to Swim
  • The Diversity of Planktonic Animals
  • Examples of Microscopic Zooplankton
  • Examples of Macroscopic Zooplankton
  • Examples of Swimming Organisms
  • Types of Fins and Their Usage in Fish
  • 14.2 What Adaptations Do Pelagic Organisms Possess for Seeking Prey?
  • Mobility: Lungers versus Cruisers
  • Swimming Speed
  • Swimming Speed in Cold-Blooded Versus Warm-Blooded Fish
  • Adaptations of Deep-Water Nekton
  • 14.3 What Adaptations Do Pelagic Organisms Possess to Avoid Becoming Prey?
  • Schooling
  • Symbiosis
  • Other Adaptations
  • 14.4 What Characteristics Do Marine Mammals Possess?
  • Mammalian Characteristics
  • Order Carnivora
  • Order Sirenia
  • Order Cetacea
  • Modifications to Increase Swimming Speed
  • Modifications to Allow Deep Diving
  • Oxygen Usage
  • Muscular Adaptations
  • Do Cetaceans Suffer from the Effects of Deep Diving?
  • Suborder Odontoceti
  • Characteristics of Toothed Whales
  • Differences between Dolphins and Porpoises
  • Echolocation and Hearing in Toothed Whales
  • How Intelligent Are Toothed Whales?
  • Suborder Mysticeti
  • Use of Baleen
  • Baleen Whales and Sounds
  • Baleen Whale Families
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 14.1 How are marine organisms able to stay above the ocean floor?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 14.2 What adaptations do pelagic organisms possess for seeking prey?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 14.3 What adaptations do pelagic organisms possess to avoid becoming prey?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 14.4 What characteristics do marine mammals possess?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 15 Animals of the Benthic Environment
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 15.1 What Communities Exist along Rocky Shores?
  • Intertidal Zonation
  • The Spray (Supratidal) Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations
  • The High Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations
  • The Middle Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations
  • The Low Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations
  • 15.2 What Communities Exist along Sediment-Covered Shores?
  • Physical Environment of the Sediment
  • Intertidal Zonation
  • Sandy Beaches: Organisms and Their Adaptations
  • Bivalve Mollusks
  • Annelid Worms
  • Crustaceans
  • Echinoderms
  • Meiofauna
  • Mud Flats: Organisms and Their Adaptations
  • 15.3 What Communities Exist on the Shallow Offshore Ocean Floor?
  • Rocky Bottoms (Subtidal): Organisms and Their Adaptations
  • Kelp and Kelp Forests
  • Lobsters
  • Oysters
  • Coral Reefs: Organisms and Their Adaptations
  • Conditions Necessary for Coral Reef Development
  • Symbiosis of Coral and Algae
  • Coral Reef Development
  • Coral Reef Zonation
  • The Importance of Coral Reefs
  • Coral Reefs and Nutrient Levels
  • The Crown-of-Thorns Phenomenon
  • Coral Bleaching and Other Diseases
  • Coral Reefs in Decline
  • 15.4 What Communities Exist on the Deep-Ocean Floor?
  • The Physical Environment
  • Food Sources and Species Diversity
  • Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Biocommunities: Organisms and Their Adaptations
  • Discovery of Hydrothermal Vent Biocommunities
  • Chemosynthesis
  • Discovery of Other Hydrothermal Vent Fields?
  • Life Span of Hydrothermal Vents
  • Hydrothermal Vents and the Origin of Life
  • Low-Temperature Seep Biocommunities: Organisms and Their Adaptations
  • Hypersaline Seeps
  • Hydrocarbon Seeps
  • Subduction Zone Seeps
  • The Deep Biosphere: A New Frontier
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 15.1 What communities exist along rocky shores?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 15.2 What communities exist along sediment-covered shores?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 15.3 What communities exist on the shallow offshore ocean floor?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 15.4 What communities exist on the deep-ocean floor?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 16 The Oceans and Climate Change
  • Essential Learning Concepts
  • 16.1 What Comprises Earth’s Climate System?
  • The Carbon Cycle
  • The Ocean’s Biological Pump
  • 16.2 Earth’s Recent Climate Change: Is It Natural or Caused by Human Activities?
  • The IPCC: Documenting Human-Caused Climate Change
  • The IPCC Assessment Reports
  • Other Scientific Reports Confirm IPCC Findings
  • 16.3 What Causes the Atmosphere’s Greenhouse Effect?
  • Earth’s Heat Budget and Changes in Wavelength
  • Which Gases Contribute to the Greenhouse Effect?
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Methane
  • Other Greenhouse Gases
  • Greenhouse Gases: Past and Future
  • Other Considerations: Aerosols
  • What Documented Changes Are Occurring Because of Global Warming?
  • 16.4 What Changes Are Occurring in the Oceans as a Result of Global Warming?
  • Increasing Ocean Temperatures
  • Have Increased Ocean Temperatures Caused Increased Hurricane Activity?
  • Changes in Deep-Water Circulation
  • Melting of Polar Ice
  • Ocean Acidification
  • Rising Sea Level
  • Other Predicted and Observed Changes
  • Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater
  • Wind Speeds and Wave Heights
  • Migration of Mangroves
  • Oceanic Productivity
  • Effect on Marine Organisms
  • 16.5 What Can Be Done to Reduce Greenhouse Gases?
  • Approach #1: Renewable Clean Energy
  • Approach #2: Solutions for Reducing Greenhouse Gases—Changing Behavior
  • Approach #3: Global Engineering Solutions for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
  • The Iron Hypothesis
  • Marine Permaculture
  • Sequestering Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Oceans
  • Thinking Like a Scientist: What’s Next?
  • Essential Concepts Review
  • 16.1 What comprises Earth’s climate system?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 16.2 Earth’s recent climate change: Is it natural or caused by human activities?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 16.3 What causes the atmosphere’s greenhouse effect?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 16.4 What changes are occurring in the oceans as a result of global warming?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • 16.5 What can be done to reduce greenhouse gases?
  • Selected Key Terms
  • Critical Thinking Question
  • Active Learning Exercise
  • Afterword
  • Glossary
  • Credits and Acknowledgments
  • Chapter 1
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 11
  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 13
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 15
  • Chapter 16
  • Index
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  • Inside Back Cover