Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology

Name: Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
Price: 7630 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: B. Ronald Frost; Carol D. Frost
ISBN: 9781108755313

Höfundar: B. Ronald Frost; Carol D. Frost (Útgáfa: 2)

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All Earth Science students need to understand the origins, environments, and basic processes that produce igneous and metamorphic rocks. This concise introductory textbook provides students with the essential knowledge needed to understand how petrology relates to other topics in the geologic sciences, and has been written specifically for one-semester courses. Throughout, the emphasis is on interpreting the mineralogy and petrology of rock suites in terms of origin and environment, with the first half of the book concentrating on igneous rocks, and the second half on metamorphic rocks.

This Second Edition has been thoroughly revised and brought completely up-to-date. It now includes a new chapter on the application of stable and radiogenic isotopes in petrology, introducing students to the concept of isotopic fractionation and describing the process of radioactive decay. The discussions of phase diagrams, connections between igneous and metamorphic rock suites, and convergent margin magmatism have also been expanded.

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Útgefandi: Cambridge University Press

ISBN: 9781108755313

Print ISBN: 9781108482516

Format: Page Fidelity (PDF)

Útgáfa: 2

Höfundar: B. Ronald Frost; Carol D. Frost

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2019-10-10

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 10

Flokkar: Náttúruvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Vísindi › Steindafræði

Kaflar

Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
What is New in the Second Edition
1 Introduction to Igneous Petrology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Scope of Igneous Petrology
1.3 Classification of Igneous Rocks
1.3.1 Preliminary Classification
1.3.2 IUGS Classification of Plutonic Rocks
1.3.3 IUGS Classification of Volcanic and Hypabyssal Rocks
1.4 Igneous Textures
1.4.1 The Crystallization of Igneous Melts
1.4.2 Crystal Size
1.4.3 Crystal Shape
1.5 Igneous Structures
1.5.1 Structures in Volcanic Flows
1.5.2 Structures in Pyroclastic Deposits
1.5.3 Structures in Hypabyssal Rocks
1.5.4 Structures in Plutonic Rocks
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Note
2 An Introduction to Igneous Phase Diagrams
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Phase Rule
2.3 The Lever Rule
2.4 Two-Component Systems Involving Melt
2.4.1 Binary Systems with a Eutectic
2.4.2 Binary Systems with a Peritectic
2.4.3 Binary Systems with a Thermal Barrier
2.4.4 Binary Systems with Solid Solution
2.4.5 Binary Systems with Partial Solid Solution
2.5 Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems
2.5.1 The Ternary System CaAl2Si2O8-CaMgSi2O6-Mg2SiO4
2.6 Implications for Petrology
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
3 Introduction to Silicate Melts and Magmas
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Role of Volatiles
3.2.1 Role of H2O
3.2.2 Role of CO2
3.3 Physical Properties of Magma
3.3.1 Temperature
3.3.2 Heat Capacity and Heat of Fusion
3.3.3 Viscosity
3.3.4 Density
3.4 Ascent of Magmas
3.5 Magmatic Differentiation
3.5.1 Partial Melting
3.5.2 Crystallization Processes
3.5.3 Liquid-Liquid Fractionation
3.5.4 Assimilation
3.5.5 Magma Mixing
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Note
4 Chemistry of Igneous Rocks
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Modal Mineralogy versus Normative Mineralogy
4.3 Variation Diagrams Based on Major Elements
4.4 Major-Element Indices of Differentiation
4.4.1 Modified Alkali-Lime Index
4.4.2 Iron-Enrichment Index
4.4.3 Aluminum-Saturation Index
4.4.4 Alkalinity Index
4.4.5 Feldspathoid Silica-Saturation Index
4.5 Identification of Differentiation Processes Using Trace Elements
4.5.1 Use of Trace Elements to Model Melting and Crystallization Processes
4.5.2 Graphical Representations of Trace-Element Compositions
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
5 Application of Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes in Petrology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Stable-Isotope Geochemistry
5.2.1 Stable-Isotope Geothermometry
5.2.2 Stable-Isotope Tracers of Magmatic Processes
5.3 Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry
5.3.1 Geochronology
The K–Ar System
The Isochron Method of Age Determination
The U–Pb System
5.3.2 Isotopic Petrogenesis
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
6 Basalts and Mantle Structure
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basalt Petrology
6.2.1 Classification
6.2.2 Chemistry and Petrography
6.3 Melt Generation from the Mantle
6.3.1 Mantle Composition
6.3.2 Crust and Mantle Structure
6.3.3 Mechanisms for Partial Melting of the Mantle
6.3.4 The Process of Mantle Melting
6.3.5 Origin of Tholeiitic versus Alkali Basalts
6.4 Environments where Magmas are Generated
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Note
7 Oceanic Magmatism
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Petrology and Structure of the Oceanic Crust
7.2.1 Ophiolites as a Model of the Oceanic Crust
7.2.2 Refinements of the Ophiolite Model
Fast-Spreading Centers
Slow- and Ultra-Slow-Spreading Centers
7.3 Petrography and Geochemistry of Oceanic Magmatism
7.3.1 Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt
7.3.2 Off-Ridge Magmatism
Hawaii: An Example of an Oceanic Island Volcano
Ontong Java: An Example of an Oceanic Plateau
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
8 Convergent-Margin Magmatism
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Oceanic and Continental Arcs
8.2.1 Island Arc Magmatism
8.2.2 Continental Arc Magmatism
8.2.3 Structure of Island and Continental Arcs
8.2.4 Examples of Island and Continental Arcs
Island Arc Volcano: Seguam, Aleutian Islands, Alaska
Island Arc Plutonic Complex: Tobago, West Indies
Continental Arc Volcano: Mount Saint Helens, Washington
Continental Arc (Cordilleran) Batholith: The Tuolumne Intrusive Suite
8.3 Petrographic Characteristics of Island and Continental Arc Rocks
8.3.1 Petrography of Island Arc Rocks
8.3.2 Petrography of Continental Arc Rocks
8.4 Geochemical Characteristics of Convergent-Margin Magma Series
8.4.1 Comparison of Oceanic and Arc Differentiation Trends
8.4.2 Comparison of Island and Continental Arc Magma Series
8.4.3 Comparison of Oceanic and Continental Arc (Cordilleran) Plutonic Complexes
8.4.4 Geochemical and Isotopic Identification of Contrasting Processes Forming Seguam and Mount Sain
8.5 Magma Generation at Convergent Margins
8.5.1 Primary Arc Magma-Forming Processes
8.5.2 Evolution of Arc Magmas During Ascent Through the Crust
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
9 Intracontinental Volcanism
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Continental Flood Basalt Provinces
9.2.1 The Columbia Plateau-Snake River Plain Province
Chemistry of the Columbia River Basalts
9.2.2 Petrography and Chemistry of Continental Flood Basalts
9.2.3 Models for the Generation of Continental Flood Basalts
9.3 Bimodal Volcanism
9.3.1 Bimodal Volcanism in the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain Province
9.3.2 Geochemistry of the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain Bimodal Suite
9.3.3 Models for the Generation of Bimodal Volcanism
9.4 Alkaline Volcanism
9.4.1 Sodic Alkaline Magmatism of the East African Rift
Trends on the Fe-Index and MALI Diagrams
Trends on the AI–FSSI Diagram
Implications for the Evolution of Boina, Nyambeni, and Suswa Volcanoes
9.4.2 Potassic Alkaline Volcanism
Mount Vesuvius and the Roman Province
Kimberlites and Lamproites
9.5 Origin of the Chemical Diversity of Intracontinental Basaltic Magmas
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
10 Intracontinental Plutonism
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Layered Mafic Intrusions
10.2.1 The Bushveld Intrusion
10.2.2 Mineralogical Variation in LMIs
10.2.3 Granitic Rocks Associated with LMIs
10.2.4 Tectonic Environments of LMIs
10.3 Anorthosites and Related Rocks
10.3.1 Archean Anorthosites
10.3.2 Massif Anorthosites
10.3.3 Lunar Anorthosites
10.4 Ferroan Granites
10.4.1 The Pikes Peak Batholith
10.4.2 Composition of Ferroan Granites
10.5 Alkaline Complexes
10.5.1 Geology of the Ilimaussaq Intrusion
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
11 Interpretation of Granitic Rocks
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification of Granitic Rocks
11.2.1 Mineralogical Classification
11.2.2 Classification Based on Opaque Oxides
11.2.3 Alphabetic Classification
11.2.4 Geochemical Classification
11.3 Peraluminous Leucogranites
11.3.1 Himalayan Leucogranites
11.3.2 Geochemistry of Peraluminous Leucogranites
11.4 Caledonian Granites
11.4.1 The Etive Granite
11.4.2 Geochemistry and Origin of Caledonian Granites
11.5 Review of the Four Main Granite Types
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
12 Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Scope of Metamorphism
12.3 Types of Metamorphism
12.3.1 Regional Metamorphism
12.3.2 Contact Metamorphism
12.3.3 Burial Metamorphism
12.3.4 Dynamic Metamorphism
12.3.5 Hydrothermal Metamorphism
12.3.6 Impact Metamorphism
12.4 Basic Goals of Metamorphic Petrology
12.5 Identification of Protolith
12.5.1 Rocks of Clearly Sedimentary Parentage
12.5.2 Rocks of Clearly Igneous Parentage
12.5.3 Rocks of Uncertain Parentage
12.6 Determination of Metamorphic Conditions
12.6.1 Stability Range of Single Minerals
12.6.2 Stability of Mineral Assemblages
12.6.3 Metamorphic Facies
12.6.4 Thermobarometry
12.7 Metamorphic Textures
12.7.1 Primary Textures
Sedimentary Textures
Igneous Textures
12.7.2 Metamorphic Textures
Static Textures
Tectonic Textures
12.8 Naming a Metamorphic Rock
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Note
13 Interpretation of Metamorphic Phase Diagrams
13.1 Introduction
13.2 A Little History
13.3 Use of Chemographic Projections
13.3.1 Chemographic Projections in a Two-Component System
13.3.2 Chemographic Projections in a Three-Component System
13.3.3 Chemographic Projections in Systems with Four and More Components
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
14 Metamorphic Facies and the Metamorphism of Mafic Rocks
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Definition of Metamorphic Facies
14.3 Facies of Regional Metamorphism
14.3.1 Greenschist Facies
14.3.2 Blueschist Facies
14.3.3 Amphibolite Facies
14.3.4 Very Low-Temperature Metamorphism
14.3.5 Granulite Facies
14.3.6 Eclogite Facies
14.4 Facies of Contact Metamorphism
14.5 Textural Changes during Metamorphism
14.6 Mafic Mineral Assemblages at Increasing Temperature and Pressure
14.6.1 Relations at Very Low Temperatures
14.6.2 Relations at Low Pressure with Increasing Temperature
14.6.3 Relations at Low Temperature with Increasing Pressure
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
15 Metamorphism of Peridotitic Rocks
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Process of Serpentinization
15.3 Prograde Metamorphism of Serpentinite: Reactions in the System CaO–MgO–SiO2–H2O
15.4 Role of Minor Components
15.4.1 Iron
15.4.2 Aluminum
15.5 Metaperidotites and Metamorphic Facies
15.6 Role of CO2 in Metamorphism of Peridotites
15.7 Metasomatism of Peridotites
15.8 Examples of Metaperidotites in the Field
15.8.1 Malenco Serpentinite
15.8.2 Ingalls Peridotite
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
16 Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Chemographic Projections for Pelitic Systems
16.2.1 Chemographic Projections for Continuous Reactions
16.2.2 AFM Projections for Pelitic Rocks
16.3 Progressive Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks: Barrovian Metamorphism
16.3.1 The Protolith: The Mineralogy of Shale
16.3.2 Low-Grade Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks
16.3.3 Barrovian Metamorphism of Pelitic Schists
Biotite Zone
Garnet Zone
Staurolite Zone
Kyanite Zone
Sillimanite Zone
16.4 Pressure–Temperature Conditions for Metamorphic Assemblages in Metapelitic Rocks
16.4.1 Metapelitic Assemblages and Metamorphic Facies
16.4.2 Pressure Information from Metapelitic Rocks
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
17 Metamorphism of Calcareous Rocks and the Role of Fluids in Metamorphism
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Metamorphism of Impure Dolomitic Marble
17.2.1 Stability of Metamorphic Assemblages in T–X Space
17.2.2 Examples of How Mineral Assemblages Can Monitor Fluid Flow in Aureoles
17.3 Buffering of Other Fluid Components
17.4 Buffering of pH
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
18 Thermobarometry and the Conditions of Metamorphism
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Review of Thermodynamics
18.2.1 Free Energy
18.2.2 Effect of Changes in Pressure and Temperature on ΔG
18.2.3 Equilibrium Constant
18.2.4 Activity–Composition Relations
18.3 Thermobarometers
18.3.1 Geothermometry
Ion-Exchange Thermometry
Solvus Thermometry
18.3.2 Geobarometry
18.3.3 Thermobarometry
18.3.4 Metamorphic Assemblage Diagrams (Pseudosections)
18.4 Conditions of Metamorphism
18.4.1 P–T Conditions for the Metamorphic Facies
18.4.2 Upper Temperature Limits to Metamorphism and Migmatites
18.4.3 Upper Pressure Limit of Metamorphism
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
19 Regional Occurrence and Tectonic Significance of Metamorphosed Rocks
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Metamorphism in Continental Collisions
19.2.1 Examples of Continental Collisions
19.3 Metamorphism along Convergent Plate Margins
19.3.1 Subduction-Zone Metamorphism
19.3.2 Metamorphism in Island Arcs
19.3.3 Metamorphism in Accretionary Prisms
19.3.4 Metamorphism in Continental Arcs
19.4 Metamorphism in Rifting Terrains
19.5 Sea-Floor Metamorphism
19.6 Burial Metamorphism
19.7 Metamorphism in Archean Terrains
19.7.1 Greenstone Belts
19.7.2 Gneiss Terrains
19.7.3 Tectonic Interpretation of Archean Metamorphic Belts
Summary
Questions and Problems
Further Reading
Appendix: Review of Mineralogy
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Leucocratic Rock-Forming Minerals
A.2.1 Quartz
A.2.2 Feldspars and Feldspathoids
Plagioclase Series
Alkali Feldspars
Feldspathoids
A.2.3 Carbonates
A.3 Ferromagnesian Minerals
A.3.1 Olivine
A.3.2 Pyroxenes
Quadrilateral Pyroxenes
Sodic Pyroxenes
A.3.3 Amphiboles
Quadrilateral Amphiboles
Sodic Amphiboles
Hornblende
A.3.4 Phyllosilicates
Serpentine
Greenalite
Talc
Minnesotaite
Chlorite
Micas
A.4 Aluminum-Excess Minerals
A.4.1 Aluminosilicates (Andalusite, Kyanite, and Sillimanite)
Andalusite
Sillimanite
Kyanite
A.4.2 Garnets
A.4.3 Staurolite
A.4.4 Cordierite
A.4.5 Chloritoid
A.5 Calcium-Aluminum Silicates
A.5.1 Clinozoisite-Epidote
A.5.2 Prehnite
A.5.3 Pumpellyite
A.5.4 Lawsonite
A.5.5 Laumontite
A.6 Oxide, Sulfide, and Other Nominally Opaque Phases
A.6.1 Iron-Titanium Oxides (Magnetite and Ilmenite)
A.6.2 Other Spinel Minerals
A.6.3 Iron Sulfides
A.6.4 Graphite
A.6.5 Rutile
A.7 Accessory Minerals
A.7.1 Zircon
A.7.2 Titanite (or Sphene)
A.7.3 Apatite
A.7.4 Monazite
Summary
Glossary
References
Index