English Legal System

Höfundar: Helen Rutherford; Birju Kotecha; Angela Macfarlane; Charlotte Emmett (Útgáfa: 7)
English Legal System

Kaup valmöguleikar

Straightforward explanations of key topics are paired with learning features showcasing the law in its everyday context to give students a firm grasp of the fundamentals of the legal system. Covers a wide range of topics without overwhelming students with detail, allowing students to feel confident in their understanding of the essentials An introductory chapter provides valuable advice on studying the English legal system and making the transition from school to university, helping students to adapt quickly to their new studies Carefully designed learning features encourage students to consider thought-provoking or controversial topics, and form their own views on potential areas of reform, giving them a good grounding for the rest of their course Examples throughout the text put the law in its everyday context and show students the practical implications of the concepts discussed Also available as an e-book enhanced with self-test questions and video content to offer a fully immersive experience and extra learning support New to this edition Major Legislative Updates: Coverage of the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill, Sentencing Bill, and Post Office (Horizon System) Offences Act—key developments shaping UK law and justice.

Criminal Justice Reform: Insight into the Leveson Review of the UK Criminal Courts, updated Criminal Procedure Rules, and new PACE Code I, reflecting evolving standards in criminal practice. Legal Profession & Diversity: Latest data on judicial appointments, legal profession composition, and Solicitors Qualifying Examination outcomes, with a focus on equality, diversity, and inclusion. Technology & Law: Exploration of the impact of AI on legal practice, including analysis of recent contempt cases and broader implications for legal ethics and procedure.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Oxford University Press Academic UK
ISBN
9780198954996
Print ISBN
9780198954989
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
7
Höfundar
Helen Rutherford; Birju Kotecha; Angela Macfarlane; Charlotte Emmett
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2026-09-07
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Title page
  • Copyright page
  • Preface
  • New to the edition
  • Guide to the features in English Legal System
  • Understand and clarify the topic at hand
  • Contextualise the English legal system and develop your critical thinking
  • Take your learning further
  • Test your knowledge and prepare for assessment
  • Detailed contents
  • Table of cases
  • Table of legislation
  • Table of Statutes
  • Table of statutory instruments
  • Table of european legislation
  • Treaties
  • Directives
  • Regulations
  • Table of International Instruments
  • 1 Studying the English legal system
  • Introduction
  • 1.1 Studying law in higher education
  • 1.2 Advice for studying the English legal system
  • 1.2.1 Aims and outcomes
  • 1.2.2 Syllabus
  • 1.2.3 Reading
  • 1.3 Teaching and Learning at University
  • 1.3.1 Lectures
  • 1.3.2 Note taking
  • 1.3.3 After the lecture
  • 1.3.4 Seminars
  • 1.4 Assessment
  • 1.4.1 Assessment criteria
  • 1.4.2 External examiners
  • 1.4.3 Written assignments
  • 1.4.4 Writing an assignment
  • 1.4.5 Referencing
  • 1.4.6 Finally …
  • 1.4.7 What to do after the return of your assignment
  • 1.5 Oral presentations
  • 1.6 Examinations
  • 1.6.1 Preparing for examinations
  • 1.6.2 The examination
  • 1.6.3 After the examination
  • 1.6.4 Learning Difference
  • Further reading
  • 2 An overview of the English legal system
  • Introduction
  • 2.1 What is law?
  • 2.1.1 Recognised as law
  • 2.1.2 Jurisdiction
  • 2.1.3 The commencement of Acts of Parliament
  • 2.1.4 Criminal offences and civil wrongs
  • 2.2 Common law and equity
  • 2.2.1 Common law
  • 2.2.2 Common law as case law
  • 2.2.3 Equity
  • 2.3 Parliamentary or legislative supremacy
  • 2.3.1 Relationship between the law of the UK and the law of the EU
  • 2.3.2 Relationship between the law of the UK and the ECHR
  • 2.4 Criminal law and civil law: terminology, differences, and themes
  • 2.4.1 Criminal
  • 2.4.2 Civil
  • 2.5 Classification of the courts
  • 2.5.1 Overview of the composition and jurisdiction of the courts
  • 2.5.2 Magistrates’ courts
  • Criminal jurisdiction
  • 2.5.3 The Crown Court
  • 2.5.4 The County Court
  • Commencing proceedings—the County Court or High Court?
  • 2.5.5 The Family Court
  • 2.5.6 The High Court
  • Appellate jurisdiction
  • Supervisory jurisdiction
  • 2.5.7 The Court of Appeal
  • 2.5.8 The Supreme Court
  • Membership and jurisdiction
  • 2.5.9 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
  • 2.5.10 The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
  • 2.5.11 The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
  • 2.6 Legal personnel and bodies
  • 2.6.1 The Ministry of Justice
  • 2.6.2 Lord Chancellor
  • 2.6.3 The Lady/Lord Chief Justice
  • 2.6.4 The Attorney General
  • 2.6.5 The Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) and the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
  • 2.6.6 The Legal Aid Agency
  • 2.6.7 The Law Commission
  • 2.6.8 Lawyers
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Further reading
  • 3 Legislation and the law-making process
  • Introduction
  • 3.1 Parliament
  • 3.1.1 The nature and functions of Parliament
  • 3.1.2 The House of Commons
  • Disqualification from membership of the House of Commons
  • Removal of MPs
  • 3.1.3 The House of Lords
  • Hereditary peers
  • Life peers
  • Judicial peers
  • The Lords Spiritual
  • Appointment of women bishops
  • The cross-benchers
  • The House of Lords Appointments Commission
  • Disqualifications from membership of the House of Lords
  • Retirement or resignation of members of the House of Lords
  • Removal of members of the House of Lords on grounds of non-attendance
  • Removal of members of the House of Lords following conviction of a serious offence
  • Expulsion or suspension of members of the House of Lords
  • 3.1.4 Reform of the House of Lords
  • Reform proposals to date
  • 3.2 Primary legislation
  • 3.2.1 Public, private, and hybrid legislation
  • Public legislation
  • Private (or local) legislation
  • Hybrid legislation
  • 3.2.2 ‘Constitutional’ and ‘ordinary’ legislation
  • 3.2.3 The origins of legislation
  • Government legislation
  • Implementation of EU directives
  • Private members’ bills
  • 3.3 The passage of legislation through Parliament
  • 3.3.1 Procedure for the passage of a public bill
  • Pre-legislative steps
  • The first reading
  • The second reading
  • Committee stage
  • Report stage
  • Third reading
  • The other House
  • Royal assent
  • Commencement
  • 3.3.2 Carrying over bills from one parliamentary session to another
  • 3.3.3 The effectiveness of parliamentary scrutiny of legislation
  • The government’s majority
  • The government’s control of the timetable
  • Programme motions
  • Limited power of MPs
  • The role of the opposition parties
  • The role of the House of Lords
  • 3.3.4 English Votes for English Laws (EVEL) (2015–21)
  • 3.4 Resolving inter-House conflicts using the Parliament Act procedure
  • 3.4.1 Money bills
  • 3.4.2 Other bills
  • The Jackson case: R (on the application of Jackson and Others) v Her Majesty’s Attorney General [2005] UKHL 56, [2006] 1 AC 262
  • 3.5 Secondary legislation
  • 3.5.1 Forms of delegated legislation
  • Statutory instruments
  • Specific types of statutory instrument
  • (a) Commencement orders
  • (b) Remedial orders
  • (c) Regulatory reform orders
  • (d) Orders in council
  • Byelaws
  • 3.5.2 Why is delegated legislation necessary?
  • Time constraints
  • Complexity
  • Flexibility
  • Emergencies
  • 3.5.3 Possible dangers inherent in secondary legislation
  • Lack of accountability
  • Potential for abuse
  • ‘Henry VIII clauses’
  • 3.5.4 Control over delegated legislation
  • The enabling Act
  • Laying before Parliament
  • The negative procedure
  • The affirmative procedure
  • Failure to comply with laying arrangements
  • Scrutiny by parliamentary committee
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 4 The interpretation of statutes
  • Introduction
  • 4.1 Problems of language
  • 4.2 Preliminary issues
  • 4.3 The approach to statutory interpretation
  • 4.3.1 The literal rule
  • 4.3.2 The golden rule
  • 4.3.3 The mischief rule
  • Purposive approach—Heydon’s Case and the purposive approach contrasted
  • 4.3.4 Application of the literal, golden, and mischief rules
  • 4.3.5 The modern contextual and purposive approach
  • Reading words in and out
  • 4.3.6 The rules of statutory interpretation in action
  • Arguments for the claimants
  • Arguments for the defendants
  • The reasoning in the House of Lords
  • 4.4 Aids to construction
  • 4.4.1 Aids to construction found within an Act of Parliament
  • The long title
  • The preamble
  • The short title
  • Cross-headings
  • Side or marginal notes
  • Punctuation
  • 4.4.2 Aids to construction found outside an Act of Parliament
  • Explanatory Notes
  • Interpretation Act 1978
  • Pre-parliamentary materials
  • Parliamentary materials—Hansard
  • Statutes in pari materia
  • Dictionaries
  • 4.5 Rules of language
  • 4.5.1 Expressio unius est exclusio alterius rule
  • 4.5.2 Ejusdem generis rule
  • 4.5.3 Noscitur a sociis rule
  • 4.6 Presumptions of statutory intent
  • 4.6.1 Presumptions of general application
  • 4.6.2 Presumptions of legislative intent in cases of doubt or ambiguity
  • Presumption in relation to penal statutes
  • Presumption against the retrospective operation of a statute
  • Presumption against ousting the jurisdiction of the courts
  • Presumption against Parliament being in breach of international law
  • 4.7 Interpretation of legislation and the EU
  • 4.8 Interpretation of legislation and the Human Rights Act 1998
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 5 The doctrine of judicial precedent
  • Introduction
  • 5.1 Judicial precedent and law reporting
  • 5.2 The nature of judge-made law
  • 5.3 Ratio decidendi
  • 5.3.1 Identification of the ratio decidendi of a case
  • 5.3.2 Cases on the interpretation of statutes
  • 5.3.3 Looking to later cases in determining the ratio decidendi of a case
  • 5.3.4 Finding the ratio decidendi: an illustration
  • The issues and the material facts
  • The arguments
  • The decision
  • The ratio decidendi
  • 5.3.5 More than one ratio
  • 5.3.6 The ratio decidendi of appellate courts
  • 5.4 Obiter dicta
  • 5.5 The nature of stare decisis
  • 5.5.1 The Court of Justice of the European Union (EU)
  • 5.5.2 The Supreme Court (formerly the House of Lords)
  • 5.5.3 The Court of Appeal
  • Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
  • (a) Conflicting decisions of the Court of Appeal
  • (b) A Court of Appeal decision, though not expressly overruled, cannot stand with a decision of the Supreme Court/House of Lords
  • (c) Per incuriam
  • Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)
  • 5.5.4 The High Court: Divisional Courts and at first instance
  • Appellate jurisdiction
  • Supervisory jurisdiction
  • High Court at first instance
  • 5.5.5 The Crown Court
  • 5.5.6 The County Court and magistrates’ courts
  • 5.5.7 The Family Court
  • 5.5.8 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
  • 5.5.9 Judicial precedent, the Human Rights Act 1998, and the European Court of Human Rights
  • 5.6 Methods of avoiding precedents
  • 5.6.1 Overruling
  • 5.6.2 Reversing
  • 5.6.3 Distinguishing
  • 5.7 The nature of the rules of judicial precedent
  • 5.8 Case analysis
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 6 The law and institutions of the European Union (EU)
  • Introduction
  • 6.1 The history of the EU
  • 6.1.1 The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
  • 6.1.2 The EEC
  • 6.1.3 Geographical enlargement and legal expansion
  • 6.1.4 The EU and other developments
  • 6.1.5 The state of the Union
  • 6.2 The institutions of the EU
  • 6.2.1 The European Council
  • 6.2.2 The Council of the EU
  • 6.2.3 The European Commission
  • 6.2.4 The European Parliament
  • 6.2.5 The Court of Justice of the EU
  • 6.2.6 The General Court
  • 6.2.7 The European Central Bank
  • 6.2.8 The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC)
  • 6.2.9 The Committee of the Regions (CoR)
  • 6.3 Sources of EU law
  • 6.3.1 The Treaties and the Charter
  • The Treaty on European Union (TEU)
  • The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
  • The Charter of Fundamental Rights
  • 6.3.2 Secondary legislation: an introduction
  • 6.3.3 Regulations
  • 6.3.4 Directives
  • Implementation of directives
  • Implications of failing to implement on time
  • 6.3.5 Decisions
  • 6.3.6 Recommendations and opinions
  • 6.3.7 Case law
  • 6.4 The preliminary rulings procedure
  • 6.4.1 Introduction
  • 6.4.2 Purpose
  • 6.4.3 Scope
  • 6.4.4 Who can seek a preliminary ruling?
  • 6.4.5 Discretionary and mandatory referral
  • 6.4.6 Avoiding mandatory referral
  • 6.4.7 Docket control
  • 6.4.8 Preliminary rulings on validity
  • 6.4.9 The urgent procedure
  • 6.4.10 Reform of the preliminary rulings procedure
  • 6.5 The supremacy of EU law
  • 6.6 Direct effect
  • 6.6.1 Introduction
  • 6.6.2 Direct effect and Treaty articles
  • 6.6.3 Direct effect and the Charter
  • 6.6.4 Direct effect and regulations
  • 6.6.5 Direct effect and directives
  • No ‘reverse’ vertical direct effect of directives
  • 6.6.6 The incidental direct effect of directives
  • 6.6.7 Indirect effect
  • 6.7 EU law in the UK post-Brexit: the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 and the Retained EU Law (Reform and Revocation) Act 2023
  • 6.7.1 Repeal of the European Communities Act 1972 (ECA 1972)
  • 6.7.2 Saving for EU-derived domestic legislation
  • 6.7.3 Incorporation of ‘direct EU legislation’
  • 6.7.4 Saving certain provisions in the Treaties—but not the Charter of Fundamental Rights
  • 6.7.5 The supremacy of EU law post-Brexit
  • 6.7.6 Interpretation of ‘retained EU law’
  • 6.7.7 Dealing with deficiencies arising from withdrawal
  • 6.7.8 The present position: the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 7 Human rights in the United Kingdom
  • Introduction
  • 7.1 The ECHR and the incorporation of Convention rights into UK law
  • 7.1.1 The Human Rights Act 1998 and the incorporation of Convention rights into UK law
  • Margin of appreciation
  • Proportionality
  • 7.1.2 Derogation from Convention rights
  • 7.1.3 Parliamentary sovereignty and the ECHR
  • 7.2 Interpretation of legislation under section 3
  • 7.3 Declaration of incompatibility
  • 7.4 Statements of compatibility in Parliament
  • 7.5 Remedying incompatibility
  • 7.5.1 Incompatible primary legislation
  • 7.5.2 Incompatible subordinate legislation
  • 7.6 The UK courts and the European Court of Human Rights
  • 7.7 Unlawful for a public authority to act incompatibly with Convention rights
  • 7.7.1 Vertical and horizontal rights
  • 7.7.2 The meaning of public authority
  • 7.7.3 A case study: determining what is a public authority
  • Facts
  • The issue
  • Lord Bingham
  • Lord Scott
  • 7.7.4 The enforcement of Convention rights
  • 7.7.5 Remedies
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 8 The judiciary
  • Introduction
  • 8.1 The judicial hierarchy
  • 8.1.1 The Lord Chancellor
  • 8.1.2 Justices of the Supreme Court
  • Appointment
  • House of Lords reform—the creation of the Supreme Court
  • 8.1.3 The Lady/Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
  • 8.1.4 The Master of the Rolls
  • 8.1.5 Heads of Division
  • 8.1.6 Judges in the Court of Appeal
  • 8.1.7 Lord Justices of Appeal
  • 8.1.8 High Court judges
  • 8.1.9 High Court Masters and Registrars
  • 8.1.10 Circuit judges
  • 8.1.11 Recorders
  • 8.1.12 District judges
  • 8.1.13 District judges (magistrates’ courts)
  • 8.1.14 Magistrates—Justices of the Peace (JPs)
  • 8.1.15 Coroners
  • 8.2 The appointment of the judiciary
  • 8.2.1 The Peach Report
  • 8.2.2 Diversity in judicial appointments
  • 8.2.3 Alternative methods of appointment
  • 8.3 Removal and retirement
  • 8.4 Judicial independence
  • 8.5 Governance of the judiciary
  • 8.5.1 Training the judiciary
  • 8.5.2 Judicial conduct
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 9 The legal profession
  • Introduction
  • 9.1 The legal profession
  • 9.2 Solicitors
  • 9.2.1 The work of solicitors
  • 9.2.2 Representation in court
  • 9.2.3 Sole practitioners, partnerships, and incorporated companies
  • 9.2.4 Qualification
  • 9.2.5 SQE: the qualification route for solicitors
  • 9.2.6 The composition of the solicitors’ profession
  • 9.2.7 The Law Society and the SRA
  • 9.2.8 Complaints about solicitors
  • 9.2.9 SRA Standards and Regulations
  • 9.2.10 The liability of solicitors
  • 9.3 Barristers
  • 9.3.1 The ‘cab rank’ rule
  • 9.3.2 Barristers’ direct access to clients
  • 9.3.3 Restrictions on partnerships
  • 9.3.4 Qualification
  • 9.3.5 The Inns of Court
  • 9.3.6 Deferral of call
  • 9.3.7 King’s Counsel (KCs)
  • 9.3.8 The composition of the barristers’ profession
  • 9.3.9 The Bar Council
  • 9.3.10 Complaints about barristers
  • 9.3.11 Barristers’ professional Code of Conduct
  • 9.3.12 The liability of barristers
  • 9.4 Regulation of the professions and reform: the Clementi Review
  • 9.4.1 The Legal Services Board
  • 9.4.2 The Office for Legal Complaints
  • 9.4.3 Alternative business structures (ABSs)
  • 9.5 Should the professions of barrister and solicitor be amalgamated?
  • 9.6 Additional legal professionals
  • 9.6.1 Chartered legal executives
  • 9.6.2 Licensed conveyancers
  • 9.6.3 Paralegals
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 10 Access to justice
  • Introduction
  • 10.1 The Legal Aid Agency
  • 10.2 The Civil Legal Advice Service
  • 10.2.1 The availability of funding
  • Official investigations of legal aid reform
  • Eligibility for funding for civil legal aid
  • 10.2.2 Community legal service partnerships
  • 10.2.3 Citizens Advice
  • 10.2.4 Law centres
  • 10.2.5 Student law clinics
  • 10.2.6 Pro bono schemes
  • 10.2.7 Conditional fee agreements
  • 10.2.8 Before-the-event insurance (BTE)
  • 10.3 Criminal legal aid
  • 10.3.1 Direct funding
  • Eligibility for funding
  • 10.3.2 The Public Defender Service
  • 10.4 The recent history of legal aid reform
  • Recent reviews and inquiries
  • The future of legal aid
  • Review of criminal legal aid
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 11 The criminal process: the suspect and the police
  • Introduction
  • 11.1 The structure and organisation of the police
  • 11.1.1 Police and Crime Commissioners
  • Voter Identification
  • 11.1.2 The Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC)
  • 11.2 The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and the Codes of Practice
  • 11.3 Police powers to search, seize property, and make arrests
  • 11.3.1 Powers to stop and search and seize articles
  • Serious Violence Reduction Orders—new type of ‘no suspicion’ stop and searches
  • 11.3.2 Powers to make arrests
  • 11.3.3 Power to enter and search premises and seize articles
  • 11.3.4 Power to search a person following arrest
  • 11.3.5 Policing protestors
  • 11.3.6 New criminal offences relating to protests
  • Public nuisance
  • Locking-on, tunnelling, and obstruction of major transport works
  • Serious disruption
  • Managing protests
  • Other public order offences
  • Serious Disruption Prevention Orders (SDPO)
  • 11.4 The suspect at the police station
  • 11.4.1 Arrival at the police station
  • 11.4.2 Detention conditions and care and treatment of detainees
  • 11.4.3 The police station interview
  • 11.4.4 Confessions made by the accused
  • Section 76(2)(a)
  • Section 76(2)(b)
  • 11.4.5 The accused’s silence at the police station
  • 11.4.6 Review and extension of detention
  • 11.4.7 Photographs, fingerprints, and samples
  • 11.5 Release under investigation, bail, or charge
  • 11.5.1 Release under investigation (RUI) or pre-charge bail
  • 11.5.2 Charging a detainee
  • 11.5.3 After charge
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 12 The criminal process: pre-trial and trial
  • Introduction
  • 12.1 The criminal courts of trial and the classification of offences
  • 12.2 Instituting criminal proceedings
  • 12.2.1 The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
  • 12.2.2 Commencing criminal proceedings
  • 12.2.3 Written charge and requisition
  • 12.2.4 Information and summons
  • 12.2.5 Time limits
  • 12.2.6 Fixed penalty notices for road traffic offences and penalty notices for disorder
  • 12.3 Reform of the criminal justice system
  • 12.3.1 The Criminal Procedure Rules 2025
  • 12.3.2 Live video and audio links
  • 12.4 First hearings
  • 12.4.1 First hearings: summary-only offences
  • 12.4.2 First hearings: either-way offences
  • 12.4.3 Plea before venue
  • 12.4.4 Allocation procedure
  • 12.4.5 Abolition of committal proceedings
  • 12.4.6 First hearings: indictable-only offences
  • 12.4.7 First appearance in the Crown Court
  • 12.5 Indictments
  • 12.6 Plea bargaining
  • 12.7 Bail
  • 12.7.1 Remand in custody
  • 12.7.2 Remand on bail
  • 12.8 Pre-trial issues: disclosure
  • 12.8.1 Section 9 of the Criminal Justice Act 1967
  • 12.8.2 Unused material
  • 12.9 Trial on indictment
  • 12.9.1 The case for the prosecution
  • 12.9.2 Defence submissions of no case to answer
  • 12.9.3 The case for the defence
  • 12.9.4 Closing speeches by prosecution and defence advocates
  • 12.9.5 The trial judge’s summing up
  • 12.10 Summary trial
  • 12.11 Evidential issues
  • 12.11.1 Burden and standard of proof
  • 12.11.2 Bad character
  • The bad character of the defendant
  • The bad character of non-defendants
  • 12.11.3 Good character
  • 12.11.4 Silence: failure of the defendant to testify
  • 12.12 Verdicts
  • 12.12.1 Trial on indictment
  • 12.12.2 Summary trial
  • 12.12.3 Retrials
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 13 The jury
  • Introduction
  • 13.1 The role of the jury
  • 13.1.1 The jury’s function in criminal trials
  • 13.1.2 Jury equity
  • 13.1.3 Appeals against decisions of the jury and the ‘confidentiality’ principle
  • Appeals by the prosecution
  • Appeals by the defence
  • Jury irregularity
  • 13.1.4 Majority verdicts
  • 13.1.5 The jury’s function in civil trials
  • 13.2 The selection of the jury
  • 13.2.1 Liability to serve
  • 13.2.2 Ineligibility
  • 13.2.3 Disqualifications
  • 13.2.4 Excusal
  • 13.2.5 The process of selection
  • 13.3 Challenges to jury membership
  • 13.3.1 Challenge ‘for cause’
  • 13.3.2 Challenge by the prosecution
  • 13.3.3 Abolition of the defence ‘peremptory challenge’
  • 13.3.4 Challenge to the array
  • 13.4 Jury vetting
  • 13.4.1 Police vetting
  • 13.4.2 Further vetting in ‘exceptional cases’
  • 13.5 The ethnic composition of the jury
  • 13.5.1 Objections in principle
  • 13.5.2 Objections in practice
  • The Auld Review proposal
  • 13.6 Jury intimidation or ‘tampering’
  • 13.6.1 Juries in England and Wales
  • The standard of proof
  • The Human Rights Act 1998 and the right to a fair trial
  • The first condition: ‘real and present danger’
  • The second condition: alternative measures to judge-only trial
  • Defence rights to challenge the trial judge
  • The implications for the trial judge
  • Twomey and Others: the aftermath
  • 13.6.2 Criminal juries in Northern Ireland
  • 13.7 Juries in serious fraud trials
  • 13.7.1 Exclusion of juries from serious fraud trials: summary of the arguments
  • 13.8 Jury waiver
  • 13.9 Jurors, social media, and the internet
  • 13.9.1 Power of the judge to order jurors to surrender electronic communications devices: section 15A, Juries Act 1974 (as amended)
  • 13.9.2 Offence of conducting research into a live case: section 20A, Juries Act 1974 (as amended)
  • 13.9.3 Offence of sharing information obtained during prohibited research with other jurors: section 20B, Juries Act 1974 (as amended)
  • 13.9.4 Offence of engaging in ‘prohibited conduct’: section 20C, Juries Act 1974 (as amended)
  • 13.10 Advantages of jury trials
  • 13.10.1 Public participation
  • 13.10.2 Juries are the best judges of facts
  • 13.10.3 Clear separation of responsibility
  • 13.10.4 Encourages openness and intelligibility
  • 13.11 Disadvantages of jury trials
  • 13.11.1 Cost and time
  • 13.11.2 Risk of perverse verdicts
  • Excessive damages awards in civil actions
  • Criminal trials
  • 13.11.3 Racist jurors in criminal trials
  • 13.11.4 Compulsory jury service
  • 13.11.5 Distress caused to jury members
  • 13.11.6 Lacking skill?
  • Jury trials, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the possibility of remote jury trials
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 14 Sentencing
  • Introduction
  • 14.1 Statutory provisions governing the sentencing of offenders
  • 14.1.1 The purposes of sentencing
  • 14.1.2 Maximum sentences
  • 14.2 Determining the appropriate sentence
  • 14.2.1 Sentencing guidelines
  • The Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022
  • 14.2.2 Offence seriousness: aggravating and mitigating factors
  • 14.2.3 Pre-sentence reports
  • 14.2.4 Newton hearings
  • 14.2.5 Offences taken into consideration
  • 14.3 Types of sentence
  • 14.3.1 Absolute and conditional discharges
  • 14.3.2 Fines
  • 14.3.3 Community orders
  • 14.3.4 Custodial sentences
  • Determinate custodial sentences
  • Minimum terms of imprisonment
  • Consecutive or concurrent prison sentences
  • Suspended sentence orders
  • Deferred sentences
  • Extended determinate sentences
  • Sentencing offenders of particular concern
  • Life sentences
  • Whole life orders
  • 14.3.5 Other sentences and orders upon sentence
  • 14.3.6 Costs and surcharges
  • 14.4 Sentencing children and young people
  • 14.4.1 Aims of youth sentencing
  • 14.4.2 Absolute and conditional discharges
  • 14.4.3 Fines
  • 14.4.4 Referral orders
  • 14.4.5 Youth rehabilitation orders
  • 14.4.6 Custodial sentences
  • Detention and training orders
  • Detention under s.250 of the Sentencing Code
  • Life imprisonment
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 15 The civil process
  • Introduction
  • 15.1 The nature of civil proceedings
  • 15.2 Pre-civil justice reform
  • 15.3 The Woolf reforms
  • 15.3.1 The Civil Procedure Rules
  • 15.3.2 The overriding objective and the court’s duty to manage cases
  • 15.3.3 Proportionate cost
  • 15.3.4 The Jackson Review
  • 15.4 The civil courts
  • 15.4.1 The County Court
  • 15.4.2 The High Court
  • 15.5 Case management powers
  • 15.6 Commencing civil proceedings
  • 15.6.1 Preliminary matters
  • 15.6.2 Pre-action protocols
  • 15.6.3 Claim forms
  • 15.7 Responding to particulars of claim, acknowledgement of service, admissions, and default judgments
  • 15.7.1 Filing a defence or a reply
  • 15.7.2 Filing an acknowledgement of service
  • 15.7.3 Default judgments
  • 15.7.4 Formal admissions
  • 15.7.5 Stay of proceedings
  • 15.8 Allocation and case management tracks
  • 15.8.1 The small claims track
  • 15.8.2 The fast track
  • 15.8.3 The intermediate track
  • 15.8.4 The multi-track
  • 15.9 The disclosure and inspection of documents
  • 15.9.1 Without prejudice communications
  • 15.10 Part 36 offers
  • 15.11 Qualified one-way costs shifting
  • 15.12 Applying for court orders
  • 15.13 Summary judgment
  • 15.14 Civil trial
  • 15.14.1 Burden and standard of proof in civil proceedings
  • 15.15 Evidence in civil proceedings
  • 15.15.1 Exclusionary discretion
  • 15.15.2 The evidence of witnesses in civil proceedings
  • 15.15.3 Witness summonses and the competence and compellability of witnesses
  • 15.15.4 Expert evidence in civil proceedings
  • 15.16 Costs
  • 15.16.1 Costs-only proceedings
  • 15.17 Enforcement of judgments and orders
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Blogs
  • 16 Alternative dispute resolution
  • Introduction
  • 16.1 Arbitration
  • 16.1.1 Commercial arbitration: general principles
  • 16.1.2 Arbitrators
  • 16.1.3 Appeals and judicial review
  • 16.2 Mediation
  • 16.2.1 The scope of mediation
  • Divorce and subsequent disputes
  • Negligence claims
  • Judicial review
  • Trust and probate disputes
  • Neighbour disputes
  • Landlord and tenant disputes
  • Contractual disputes
  • Commercial disputes
  • Medical disputes
  • Other areas
  • 16.2.2 The ‘cost consequences’ of a failure to mediate
  • 16.2.3 The overturning of the voluntary engagement with ADR
  • Key Changes to the Civil Procedure Rules:
  • 16.3 Other forms of ADR
  • 16.3.1 Adjudication
  • 16.3.2 Conciliation
  • 16.3.3 Med-arb
  • 16.3.4 Early neutral evaluation/expert determination
  • 16.3.5 Industry codes of conduct
  • 16.4 The court’s powers to ‘stay’ litigation
  • 16.5 Problems with court hearings
  • 16.5.1 High cost
  • 16.5.2 Adversarial procedure
  • 16.5.3 Inaccessible
  • 16.5.4 Inflexible
  • 16.5.5 Publicity
  • 16.5.6 Imposed solutions
  • 16.6 Advantages of ADR
  • 16.6.1 Low cost
  • 16.6.2 Speed
  • 16.6.3 Informality
  • 16.6.4 Accessibility
  • 16.6.5 Expertise
  • 16.6.6 Privacy
  • 16.6.7 Agreed solutions (mediation)
  • 16.6.8 Pressure eased on the courts
  • 16.7 Disadvantages of ADR
  • 16.7.1 No legal aid
  • 16.7.2 Lack of legal expertise
  • 16.7.3 Imbalance of power
  • 16.7.4 No system of precedent
  • 16.7.5 ‘Legalism’ in arbitration
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 17 Tribunals
  • Introduction
  • 17.1 Background
  • 17.2 What is a tribunal?
  • 17.3 The organisation of tribunals: the Tribunals Service
  • 17.3.1 Problems with the old tribunal system
  • Lack of independence
  • Lack of coherence
  • Inconsistency of appeals
  • 17.3.2 The First-Tier and Upper Tribunals
  • 17.4 Membership of tribunals
  • 17.5 Appointment of tribunal judges and lay members
  • 17.6 Access to the employment tribunal system: the Unison case
  • 17.7 Supervising the tribunal system
  • 17.8 Legalism in tribunals
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • 18 Criminal and civil appeals
  • Introduction
  • 18.1 Criminal appeals
  • 18.1.1 Appeals from magistrates’ courts
  • 18.1.2 Appeals to the Crown Court from magistrates’ courts
  • 18.1.3 Appeals by way of case stated from magistrates’ courts to the High Court
  • 18.1.4 Applications for judicial review of decisions made by magistrates’ courts
  • 18.1.5 Bail: appeals from magistrates’ courts
  • 18.1.6 Appeals from the Crown Court
  • Appeal against conviction
  • Appeal against sentence
  • 18.1.7 Miscarriages of justice and the Criminal Cases Review Commission
  • 18.1.8 Bail: appeals from the Crown Court
  • 18.1.9 Attorney General’s references
  • 18.1.10 Appeals by way of case stated from Crown Court decisions
  • 18.1.11 Applications for judicial review of decisions of the Crown Court
  • 18.1.12 Appeals to the Supreme Court
  • Appeal from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)
  • Appeal from the High Court
  • 18.2 Civil appeals
  • 18.2.1 Permission to appeal
  • 18.2.2 The nature and consequences of a civil appeal
  • 18.2.3 Avenues of appeal
  • 18.2.4 Composition of the Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
  • 18.2.5 Leapfrog appeals in civil courts
  • 18.2.6 ‘Second appeals’ to the Court of Appeal and appeals to the Supreme Court
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Index
  • List of Illustrations
  • List of Tables
  • Images
  • 1 Studying the English legal system
  • 2 An overview of the English legal system
  • 3 Legislation and the law-making process
  • 4 The interpretation of statutes
  • 5 The doctrine of judicial precedent
  • 6 The law and institutions of the European Union (EU)
  • 7 Human rights in the United Kingdom
  • 8 The judiciary
  • 9 The legal profession
  • 10 Access to justice
  • 11 The criminal process: the suspect and the police
  • 12 The criminal process: pre-trial and trial
  • 13 The jury
  • 14 Sentencing
  • 15 The civil process
  • 17 Tribunals
  • 18 Criminal and civil appeals