English Legal System

Höfundar: Helen Rutherford; Birju Kotecha; Angela Macfarlane (Útgáfa: 6)
English Legal System

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The strongest foundation for students: clear, complete, contextualised. Straightforward explanations of key topics are paired with learning features showcasing the law in its everyday context to give students a firm grasp of the fundamentals of the legal system. - Covers a wide range of topics without overwhelming students with detail, allowing students to feel confident in their understanding of the essentials - An introductory chapter provides valuable advice on studying the English legal system and making the transition from school to university, helping students to adapt quickly to their new studies - Carefully designed learning features encourage students to consider thought-provoking or controversial topics, and form their own views on potential areas of reform, giving them a good grounding for the rest of their course - Examples throughout the text put the law in its everyday context and show students the practical implications of the concepts discussed - Also available as an e-book enhanced with self-test questions and video content to offer a fully immersive experience and extra learning support.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Oxford University Press Academic UK
ISBN
9780198898528
Print ISBN
9780198898504
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
6
Höfundar
Helen Rutherford; Birju Kotecha; Angela Macfarlane
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2024-06-24
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Title page
  • Copyright page
  • Preface
  • New to this edition
  • Guide to the features in English Legal System
  • Understand and clarify the topic at hand
  • Contextualise the English legal system and develop your critical thinking
  • Take your learning further
  • Test your knowledge and prepare for assessment
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of cases
  • Table of legislation
  • Table of Statutes
  • Table of statutory instruments
  • Table of European legislation
  • Treaties
  • Directives
  • Regulations
  • Table of International Conventions
  • Chapter 1 Studying the English legal system
  • Introduction
  • 1.1 Studying law in higher education
  • 1.2 Advice on studying the English legal system
  • 1.2.1 Aims and outcomes
  • 1.2.2 Syllabus
  • 1.2.3 Reading
  • 1.3 Lectures
  • 1.3.1 Note taking
  • 1.3.2 After the lecture
  • 1.4 Preparing for seminars
  • 1.5 Assessment
  • 1.5.1 Assessment criteria
  • 1.5.2 Written assignments
  • 1.5.3 Writing an assignment
  • 1.5.4 Referencing
  • 1.5.5 Finally …
  • 1.5.6 What to do after the return of your assignment
  • 1.6 Advice on oral presentations
  • 1.7 Examinations
  • 1.7.1 Preparing for examinations
  • 1.7.2 The examination
  • 1.7.3 Post-examination
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 2 An overview of the English legal system
  • Introduction
  • 2.1 What is law?
  • 2.1.1 Recognised as being law
  • 2.1.2 Jurisdiction
  • 2.1.3 The commencement of Acts of Parliament
  • 2.1.4 Criminal offences and civil wrongs
  • 2.2 Common law and equity
  • 2.2.1 Common law
  • 2.2.2 Common law as case law
  • 2.2.3 Equity
  • 2.3 Parliamentary or legislative supremacy
  • 2.3.1 Relationship between the law of the UK and the law of the EU
  • 2.3.2 Relationship between the law of the UK and the ECHR
  • 2.4 Criminal law and civil law: terminology, differences, and themes
  • 2.4.1 Criminal
  • 2.4.2 Civil
  • 2.5 Classification of the courts
  • 2.5.1 Overview of the composition and jurisdiction of the courts
  • 2.5.2 Magistrates’ courts
  • Criminal jurisdiction
  • 2.5.3 The Crown Court
  • 2.5.4 The County Court
  • Commencing proceedings—the County Court or High Court?
  • 2.5.5 The Family Court
  • 2.5.6 The High Court
  • Appellate jurisdiction
  • Supervisory jurisdiction
  • 2.5.7 The Court of Appeal
  • 2.5.8 The Supreme Court
  • Membership and jurisdiction
  • 2.5.9 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
  • 2.5.10 The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
  • 2.5.11 The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
  • 2.6 Legal personnel and bodies
  • 2.6.1 The Ministry of Justice
  • 2.6.2 Lord Chancellor
  • 2.6.3 The Lady/Lord Chief Justice
  • 2.6.4 The Attorney General
  • 2.6.5 The Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) and the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
  • 2.6.6 The Legal Aid Agency
  • 2.6.7 The Law Commission
  • 2.6.8 Lawyers
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 3 Legislation and the law-making process
  • Introduction
  • 3.1 Parliament
  • 3.1.1 The nature and functions of Parliament
  • 3.1.2 The House of Commons
  • Disqualification from membership of the House of Commons
  • Removal of MPs
  • 3.1.3 The House of Lords
  • Hereditary peers
  • Life peers
  • Judicial peers
  • The Lords Spiritual
  • Appointment of women bishops
  • The cross-benchers
  • The House of Lords Appointments Commission
  • Disqualifications from membership of the House of Lords
  • Retirement or resignation of members of the House of Lords
  • Removal of members of the House of Lords on grounds of non-attendance
  • Removal of members of the House of Lords following conviction of a serious offence
  • Expulsion or suspension of members of the House of Lords
  • 3.1.4 Reform of the House of Lords
  • Reform proposals to date
  • 3.2 Primary legislation
  • 3.2.1 Public, private, and hybrid legislation
  • Public legislation
  • Private (or local) legislation
  • Hybrid legislation
  • 3.2.2 ‘Constitutional’ and ‘ordinary’ legislation?
  • 3.2.3 The origins of legislation
  • Government legislation
  • Implementation of EU directives
  • Private members’ bills
  • 3.3 The passage of legislation through Parliament
  • 3.3.1 Procedure for the passage of a public bill
  • Pre-legislative steps
  • The first reading
  • The second reading
  • Committee stage
  • Report stage
  • Third reading
  • The other House
  • Royal assent
  • Commencement
  • 3.3.2 Carrying over bills from one parliamentary session to another
  • 3.3.3 The effectiveness of parliamentary scrutiny of legislation
  • The government’s majority
  • The government’s control of the timetable
  • Programme motions
  • Limited power of MPs
  • The role of the opposition parties
  • The role of the House of Lords
  • 3.3.4 English Votes for English Laws (EVEL) (2015–21)
  • 3.4 Resolving inter-House conflicts using the Parliament Act procedure
  • 3.4.1 Money bills
  • 3.4.2 Other bills
  • The Jackson case: R (on the application of Jackson and Others) v Her Majesty’s Attorney General [2005] UKHL 56, [2006] 1 AC 262
  • 3.5 Secondary legislation
  • 3.5.1 Forms of delegated legislation
  • Statutory instruments
  • Specific types of statutory instrument
  • (a) Commencement orders
  • (b) Remedial orders
  • (c) Regulatory reform orders
  • (d) Orders in council
  • Byelaws
  • 3.5.2 Why is delegated legislation necessary?
  • Time constraints
  • Complexity
  • Flexibility
  • Emergencies
  • Incorporation of EU directives
  • 3.5.3 Possible dangers inherent in secondary legislation
  • Lack of accountability
  • Potential for abuse
  • ‘Henry VIII clauses’
  • 3.5.4 Control over delegated legislation
  • The enabling Act
  • Laying before Parliament
  • The negative procedure
  • The affirmative procedure
  • Failure to comply with laying arrangements
  • Scrutiny by parliamentary committee
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 4 The interpretation of statutes
  • Introduction
  • 4.1 Problems of language
  • 4.2 Preliminary issues
  • 4.3 The approach to statutory interpretation
  • 4.3.1 The literal rule
  • 4.3.2 The golden rule
  • 4.3.3 The mischief rule
  • Purposive approach—Heydon’s case and the purposive approach contrasted
  • 4.3.4 Application of the literal, golden, and mischief rules
  • 4.3.5 The contextual and purposive approach
  • Reading words in and out
  • 4.3.6 The rules of statutory interpretation in action
  • Arguments for the claimants
  • Arguments for the defendants
  • The reasoning in the House of Lords
  • 4.4 Aids to construction
  • 4.4.1 Aids to construction found within an Act of Parliament
  • The long title
  • The preamble
  • The short title
  • Cross-headings
  • Side or marginal notes
  • Punctuation
  • 4.4.2 Aids to construction found outside an Act of Parliament
  • Explanatory Notes
  • Interpretation Act 1978
  • Pre-parliamentary materials
  • Parliamentary materials—Hansard
  • Statutes in pari materia
  • Dictionaries
  • 4.5 Rules of language
  • 4.5.1 Expressio unius est exclusio alterius rule
  • 4.5.2 Ejusdem generis rule
  • 4.5.3 Noscitur a sociis rule
  • 4.6 Presumptions of statutory intent
  • 4.6.1 Presumptions of general application
  • 4.6.2 Presumptions of legislative intent in cases of doubt or ambiguity
  • Presumption in relation to penal statutes
  • Presumption against the retrospective operation of a statute
  • Presumption against ousting the jurisdiction of the courts
  • Presumption against Parliament being in breach of international law
  • 4.7 Interpretation of legislation and the EU
  • 4.8 Interpretation of legislation and the Human Rights Act 1998
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 5 The doctrine of judicial precedent
  • Introduction
  • 5.1 Judicial precedent and law reporting
  • 5.2 The nature of judge-made law
  • 5.3 Ratio decidendi
  • 5.3.1 Identification of the ratio decidendi of a case
  • 5.3.2 Cases on the interpretation of statutes
  • 5.3.3 Looking to later cases in determining the ratio decidendi of a case
  • 5.3.4 Finding the ratio decidendi: an illustration
  • The issues and the material facts
  • The arguments
  • The decision
  • The ratio decidendi
  • 5.3.5 More than one ratio
  • 5.3.6 The ratio decidendi of appellate courts
  • 5.4 Obiter dicta
  • 5.5 The nature of stare decisis
  • 5.5.1 The Court of Justice of the European Union (EU)
  • 5.5.2 The Supreme Court (formerly the House of Lords)
  • 5.5.3 The Court of Appeal
  • Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
  • (a) Conflicting decisions of the Court of Appeal
  • (b) A Court of Appeal decision, though not expressly overruled, cannot stand with a decision of the Supreme Court/House of Lords
  • (c) Per incuriam
  • Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)
  • 5.5.4 The High Court: Divisional Courts and at first instance
  • Appellate jurisdiction
  • Supervisory jurisdiction
  • High Court at first instance
  • 5.5.5 The Crown Court
  • 5.5.6 The County Court and magistrates’ courts
  • 5.5.7 The Family Court
  • 5.5.8 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
  • 5.5.9 Judicial precedent, the Human Rights Act 1998, and the European Court of Human Rights
  • 5.6 Methods of avoiding precedents
  • 5.6.1 Overruling
  • 5.6.2 Reversing
  • 5.6.3 Distinguishing
  • 5.7 The nature of the rules of judicial precedent
  • 5.8 Case analysis
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 6 The law and institutions of the European Union (EU)
  • Introduction
  • 6.1 The history of the EU
  • 6.1.1 The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
  • 6.1.2 The EEC
  • 6.1.3 Geographical enlargement and legal expansion
  • 6.1.4 The EU and other developments
  • 6.1.5 The state of the Union
  • 6.2 The institutions of the EU
  • 6.2.1 The European Council
  • 6.2.2 The Council of the EU
  • 6.2.3 The European Commission
  • 6.2.4 The European Parliament
  • 6.2.5 The Court of Justice of the EU
  • 6.2.6 The General Court
  • 6.2.7 The European Central Bank
  • 6.2.8 The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC)
  • 6.2.9 The Committee of the Regions (CoR)
  • 6.3 Sources of EU law
  • 6.3.1 The Treaties and the Charter
  • The Treaty on European Union (TEU)
  • The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
  • The Charter of Fundamental Rights
  • 6.3.2 Secondary legislation: an introduction
  • 6.3.3 Regulations
  • 6.3.4 Directives
  • Implementation of directives
  • Implications of failing to implement on time
  • 6.3.5 Decisions
  • 6.3.6 Recommendations and opinions
  • 6.3.7 Case law
  • 6.4 The preliminary rulings procedure
  • 6.4.1 Introduction
  • 6.4.2 Purpose
  • 6.4.3 Scope
  • 6.4.4 Who can seek a preliminary ruling?
  • 6.4.5 Discretionary and mandatory referral
  • 6.4.6 Avoiding mandatory referral
  • 6.4.7 Docket control
  • 6.4.8 Preliminary rulings on validity
  • 6.4.9 The urgent procedure
  • 6.4.10 Reform of the preliminary rulings procedure
  • Possible causes of the CJEU’s workload problem
  • 6.5 The supremacy of EU law
  • 6.6 Direct effect
  • 6.6.1 Introduction
  • 6.6.2 Direct effect and Treaty articles
  • 6.6.3 Direct effect and the Charter
  • 6.6.4 Direct effect and regulations
  • 6.6.5 Direct effect and directives
  • Application of Foster v British Gas in UK courts and tribunals
  • No ‘reverse’ vertical direct effect of directives
  • 6.6.6 The incidental direct effect of directives
  • 6.6.7 Indirect effect
  • 6.7 EU law in the UK post-Brexit: the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 and the Retained EU Law (Reform and Revocation) Act 2023
  • 6.7.1 Repeal of the European Communities Act 1972 (ECA 1972)
  • 6.7.2 Saving for EU-derived domestic legislation
  • 6.7.3 Incorporation of ‘direct EU legislation’
  • 6.7.4 Saving certain provisions in the Treaties—but not the Charter of Fundamental Rights
  • 6.7.5 The supremacy of EU law post-Brexit
  • 6.7.6 Interpretation of ‘retained EU law’
  • 6.7.7 Dealing with deficiencies arising from withdrawal
  • 6.7.8 The present position: the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 7 Human rights in the United Kingdom
  • Introduction
  • 7.1 The ECHR and the incorporation of Convention rights into UK law
  • 7.1.1 The Human Rights Act 1998 and the incorporation of Convention rights into UK law
  • Margin of appreciation
  • Proportionality
  • 7.1.2 Derogation from Convention rights
  • 7.1.3 Parliamentary sovereignty and the ECHR
  • 7.2 Interpretation of legislation under section 3
  • 7.3 Declaration of incompatibility
  • 7.4 Statements of compatibility in Parliament
  • 7.5 Remedying incompatibility
  • 7.5.1 Incompatible primary legislation
  • 7.5.2 Incompatible subordinate legislation
  • 7.6 The UK courts and the European Court of Human Rights
  • 7.7 Unlawful for a public authority to act incompatibly with Convention rights
  • 7.7.1 Vertical and horizontal rights
  • 7.7.2 The meaning of public authority
  • 7.7.3 A case study: determining what is a public authority
  • Facts
  • The issue
  • Lord Bingham
  • Lord Scott
  • 7.7.4 The enforcement of Convention rights
  • 7.7.5 Remedies
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 8 The judiciary
  • Introduction
  • 8.1 The judicial hierarchy
  • 8.1.1 The Lord Chancellor
  • 8.1.2 Justices of the Supreme Court
  • Appointment
  • House of Lords reform—the creation of the Supreme Court
  • 8.1.3 The Lady/Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
  • 8.1.4 The Master of the Rolls
  • 8.1.5 Heads of Division
  • 8.1.6 Judges in the Court of Appeal
  • 8.1.7 Lords Justices of Appeal
  • 8.1.8 High Court judges
  • 8.1.9 High Court Masters and Registrars
  • 8.1.10 Circuit judges
  • 8.1.11 Recorders
  • 8.1.12 District judges
  • 8.1.13 District judges (magistrates’ courts)
  • 8.1.14 Magistrates—justices of the peace (JPs)
  • 8.1.15 Coroners
  • 8.2 The appointment of the judiciary
  • 8.2.1 The Peach Report
  • 8.2.2 Diversity in judicial appointments
  • 8.2.3 Alternative methods of appointment
  • 8.3 Removal and retirement
  • 8.4 Judicial independence
  • 8.5 Governance of the judiciary
  • 8.5.1 Training the judiciary
  • 8.5.2 Judicial conduct
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 9 The legal profession
  • Introduction
  • 9.1 The legal profession
  • 9.2 Solicitors
  • 9.2.1 The work of solicitors
  • 9.2.2 Representation in court
  • 9.2.3 Sole practitioners and partnerships
  • 9.2.4 Qualification
  • 9.2.5 SQE: the qualification route for solicitors
  • 9.2.6 The composition of the solicitors’ profession
  • 9.2.7 The Law Society and the SRA
  • 9.2.8 Complaints about solicitors
  • 9.2.9 SRA Standards and Regulations
  • 9.2.10 The liability of solicitors
  • 9.3 Barristers
  • 9.3.1 The ‘cab rank’ rule
  • 9.3.2 Barristers’ direct access to clients
  • 9.3.3 Restrictions on partnerships
  • 9.3.4 Qualification
  • 9.3.5 The Inns of Court
  • 9.3.6 Deferral of call
  • 9.3.7 King’s Counsel (KCs)
  • 9.3.8 The composition of the barristers’ profession
  • 9.3.9 The Bar Council
  • 9.3.10 Complaints about barristers
  • 9.3.11 Barristers’ professional Code of Conduct
  • 9.3.12 The liability of barristers
  • 9.4 Regulation of the professions and reform: the Clementi Review
  • 9.4.1 The Legal Services Board
  • 9.4.2 The Office for Legal Complaints
  • 9.4.3 Alternative business structures (ABS)
  • 9.5 Should the professions of barrister and solicitor be amalgamated?
  • 9.6 Additional legal professionals
  • 9.6.1 Chartered legal executives
  • 9.6.2 Licensed conveyancers
  • 9.6.3 Paralegals
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 10 Access to justice
  • Introduction
  • 10.1 The Legal Aid Agency
  • 10.2 The Civil Legal Advice Service
  • 10.2.1 The availability of funding
  • Official investigations of legal aid reform
  • Eligibility for funding for civil legal aid
  • 10.2.2 Community legal service partnerships
  • 10.2.3 Citizens Advice
  • 10.2.4 Law centres
  • 10.2.5 Student law clinics
  • 10.2.6 Pro bono schemes
  • 10.2.7 Conditional fee agreements
  • 10.2.8 Before-the-event insurance (BTE)
  • 10.3 Criminal legal aid
  • 10.3.1 Direct funding
  • Eligibility for funding
  • 10.3.2 The Public Defender Service
  • 10.4 The recent history of legal aid reform
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 11 The criminal process: the suspect and the police
  • Introduction
  • 11.1 The structure and organisation of the police
  • 11.1.1 Police and Crime Commissioners
  • 11.1.2 The Independent Office of Police Conduct (IOPC)
  • 11.2 The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and the Codes of Practice
  • 11.3 Police powers to search, seize property, and make arrests
  • 11.3.1 Powers to stop and search and seize articles
  • Serious Violence Reduction Orders—new type of ‘no suspicion’ stop and searches
  • 11.3.2 Powers to make arrests
  • 11.3.3 Power to enter and search premises and seize articles
  • 11.3.4 Power to search a person following arrest
  • 11.3.5 Policing protestors
  • 11.3.6 New criminal offences relating to protests
  • Public nuisance
  • Locking-on, tunnelling, and obstruction of major transport works
  • Serious disruption
  • Managing protests
  • Other public order offences
  • Reform—Serious Disruption Prevention Orders (SDPO)
  • Stop-and-search powers for protest-related offences
  • 11.4 The suspect at the police station
  • 11.4.1 Arrival at the police station
  • 11.4.2 Detention conditions and care and treatment of detainees
  • 11.4.3 The police station interview
  • 11.4.4 Confessions made by the accused
  • Section 76(2)(a)
  • Section 76(2)(b)
  • 11.4.5 The accused’s silence at the police station
  • 11.4.6 Review and extension of detention
  • 11.4.7 Photographs, fingerprints, and samples
  • 11.5 Release under investigation, bail, or charge
  • 11.5.1 Release under investigation (RUI) or pre-charge bail
  • 11.5.2 Charging a detainee
  • 11.5.3 After charge
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Stop and search
  • Arrest
  • Detention
  • Interview
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 12 The criminal process: pre-trial and trial
  • Introduction
  • 12.1 The criminal courts of trial and the classification of offences
  • 12.2 Instituting criminal proceedings
  • 12.2.1 The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
  • 12.2.2 Commencing criminal proceedings
  • 12.2.3 Written charge and requisition
  • 12.2.4 Information and summons
  • 12.2.5 Time limits
  • 12.2.6 Fixed penalty notices for road traffic offences and penalty notices for disorder
  • 12.3 Reform of the criminal justice system
  • 12.3.1 The Criminal Procedure Rules 2020
  • 12.3.2 Live video and audio links
  • 12.4 First hearings
  • 12.4.1 First hearings: summary-only offences
  • 12.4.2 First hearings: either-way offences
  • 12.4.3 Plea before venue
  • 12.4.4 Allocation procedure
  • 12.4.5 Abolition of committal proceedings
  • 12.4.6 First hearings: indictable-only offences
  • 12.4.7 First appearance in the Crown Court
  • 12.5 Indictments
  • 12.6 Plea bargaining
  • 12.7 Bail
  • 12.7.1 Remand in custody
  • 12.7.2 Remand on bail
  • 12.8 Pre-trial issues: disclosure
  • 12.8.1 Section 9 of the Criminal Justice Act 1967
  • 12.8.2 Unused material
  • 12.9 Trial on indictment
  • 12.9.1 The case for the prosecution
  • 12.9.2 Defence submissions of no case to answer
  • 12.9.3 The case for the defence
  • 12.9.4 Closing speeches by prosecution and defence advocates
  • 12.9.5 The trial judge’s summing up
  • 12.10 Summary trial
  • 12.11 Evidential issues
  • 12.11.1 Burden and standard of proof
  • 12.11.2 Bad character
  • The bad character of the defendant
  • The bad character of non-defendants
  • 12.11.3 Good character
  • 12.11.4 Silence: failure of the defendant to testify
  • 12.12 Verdicts
  • 12.12.1 Trial on indictment
  • 12.12.2 Summary trial
  • 12.12.3 Retrials
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 13 The jury
  • Introduction
  • 13.1 The role of the jury
  • 13.1.1 The jury’s function in criminal trials
  • 13.1.2 Jury equity
  • 13.1.3 Appeals against decisions of the jury and the ‘confidentiality’ principle
  • Appeals by the prosecution
  • Appeals by the defence
  • 13.1.4 Majority verdicts
  • 13.1.5 The jury’s function in civil trials
  • 13.2 The selection of the jury
  • 13.2.1 Liability to serve
  • 13.2.2 Ineligibility
  • 13.2.3 Disqualifications
  • 13.2.4 Excusal
  • 13.2.5 The process of selection
  • 13.3 Challenges to jury membership
  • 13.3.1 Challenge ‘for cause’
  • 13.3.2 Challenge by the prosecution
  • 13.3.3 Abolition of the defence ‘peremptory challenge’
  • 13.3.4 Challenge to the array
  • 13.4 Jury vetting
  • 13.4.1 Police vetting
  • 13.4.2 Further vetting in ‘exceptional cases’
  • 13.5 The ethnic composition of the jury
  • 13.5.1 Objections in principle
  • 13.5.2 Objections in practice
  • The Auld Review proposal
  • 13.6 Jury intimidation or ‘tampering’
  • 13.6.1 Juries in England and Wales
  • The standard of proof
  • The Human Rights Act 1998 and the right to a fair trial
  • The first condition: ‘Real and present danger’
  • The second condition: Alternative measures to judge-only trial
  • Defence rights to challenge the trial judge
  • The implications for the trial judge
  • Twomey and Others: the aftermath
  • 13.6.2 Criminal juries in Northern Ireland
  • 13.7 Juries in serious fraud trials
  • 13.7.1 Exclusion of juries from serious fraud trials: summary of the arguments
  • 13.8 Jury waiver
  • 13.9 Jurors, social media, and the internet
  • 13.9.1 Power of the judge to order jurors to surrender electronic communications devices: section 15A, Juries Act 1974 (as amended)
  • 13.9.2 New offence of conducting research into a live case: section 20A, Juries Act 1974 (as amended)
  • 13.9.3 New offence of sharing information obtained during prohibited research with other jurors: section 20B, Juries Act 1974 (as amended)
  • 13.9.4 New offence of engaging in ‘prohibited conduct’: section 20C, Juries Act 1974 (as amended)
  • 13.10 Advantages of jury trials
  • 13.10.1 Public participation
  • 13.10.2 Juries are the best judges of facts
  • 13.10.3 Clear separation of responsibility
  • 13.10.4 Encourages openness and intelligibility
  • 13.11 Disadvantages of jury trials
  • 13.11.1 Cost and time
  • 13.11.2 Risk of perverse verdicts
  • Excessive damages awards in civil actions
  • Criminal trials
  • 13.11.3 Racist jurors in criminal trials
  • 13.11.4 Compulsory jury service
  • 13.11.5 Distress caused to jury members
  • 13.11.6 Lacking skill?
  • Jury trials, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the possibility of remote jury trials
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 14 Sentencing
  • Introduction
  • 14.1 Statutory provisions governing the sentencing of offenders
  • 14.1.1 The purposes of sentencing
  • 14.1.2 Maximum sentences
  • 14.2 Determining the appropriate sentence
  • 14.2.1 Sentencing guidelines
  • The Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022
  • 14.2.2 Offence seriousness: aggravating and mitigating factors
  • 14.2.3 Pre-sentence reports
  • 14.2.4 Newton hearings
  • 14.2.5 Offences taken into consideration
  • 14.3 Types of sentence
  • 14.3.1 Absolute and conditional discharges
  • 14.3.2 Fines
  • 14.3.3 Community orders
  • 14.3.4 Custodial sentences
  • Determinate custodial sentences
  • Minimum terms of imprisonment
  • Consecutive or concurrent prison sentences
  • Suspended sentence orders
  • Deferred sentences
  • Extended determinate sentences
  • Sentencing offenders of particular concern
  • Life sentences
  • Whole life orders
  • 14.3.5 Other sentences and orders upon sentence
  • 14.3.6 Costs and surcharges
  • 14.4 Sentencing children and young people
  • 14.4.1 Aims of youth sentencing
  • 14.4.2 Absolute and conditional discharges
  • 14.4.3 Fines
  • 14.4.4 Referral orders
  • 14.4.5 Youth rehabilitation orders
  • 14.4.6 Custodial sentences
  • Detention and training orders
  • Detention under s.250 of the Sentencing Code
  • Life imprisonment
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Introduction
  • Maximum sentences
  • Determining the appropriate sentence
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 15 The civil process
  • Introduction
  • 15.1 The nature of civil proceedings
  • 15.2 Pre-civil justice reform
  • 15.3 The Woolf reforms
  • 15.3.1 The Civil Procedure Rules
  • 15.3.2 The overriding objective and the court’s duty to manage cases
  • 15.3.3 Proportionate cost
  • 15.3.4 The Jackson Review
  • 15.4 The civil courts
  • 15.4.1 The County Court
  • 15.4.2 The High Court
  • 15.5 Case management powers
  • 15.6 Commencing civil proceedings
  • 15.6.1 Preliminary matters
  • 15.6.2 Pre-action protocols
  • 15.6.3 Claim forms
  • 15.7 Responding to particulars of claim, acknowledgement of service, admissions, and default judgments
  • 15.7.1 Filing a defence or a reply
  • 15.7.2 Filing an acknowledgement of service
  • 15.7.3 Default judgments
  • 15.7.4 Formal admissions
  • 15.7.5 Stay of proceedings
  • 15.8 Allocation and case management tracks
  • 15.8.1 The small claims track
  • 15.8.2 The fast track
  • 15.8.3 The intermediate track
  • 15.8.4 The multi-track
  • 15.9 The disclosure and inspection of documents
  • 15.9.1 Without prejudice communications
  • 15.10 Part 36 offers
  • 15.11 Qualified one-way costs shifting
  • 15.12 Applying for court orders
  • 15.13 Summary judgment
  • 15.14 Civil trial
  • 15.14.1 Burden and standard of proof in civil proceedings
  • 15.15 Evidence in civil proceedings
  • 15.15.1 Exclusionary discretion
  • 15.15.2 The evidence of witnesses in civil proceedings
  • 15.15.3 Witness summonses and the competence and compellability of witnesses
  • 15.15.4 Expert evidence in civil proceedings
  • 15.16 Costs
  • 15.16.1 Costs-only proceedings
  • 15.17 Enforcement of judgments and orders
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Blogs
  • Chapter 16 Alternative dispute resolution
  • Introduction
  • 16.1 Arbitration
  • 16.1.1 Commercial arbitration: general principles
  • 16.1.2 Arbitrators
  • 16.1.3 Appeals and judicial review
  • 16.2 Mediation
  • 16.2.1 The scope of mediation
  • Divorce and subsequent disputes
  • Negligence actions
  • Judicial review
  • Trust and probate disputes
  • Neighbour disputes
  • Landlord and tenant disputes
  • Contractual disputes
  • Commercial disputes
  • Medical disputes
  • Other areas
  • 16.2.2 The ‘cost consequences’ of a failure to mediate
  • 16.2.3 The importance of the voluntary nature of mediation
  • 16.3 Other forms of ADR
  • 16.3.1 Adjudication
  • 16.3.2 Conciliation
  • 16.3.3 Med-arb
  • 16.3.4 Early neutral evaluation/expert determination
  • 16.3.5 Industry codes of conduct
  • 16.4 The court’s powers to ‘stay’ litigation
  • 16.5 Problems with court hearings
  • 16.5.1 High cost
  • 16.5.2 Adversarial procedure
  • 16.5.3 Inaccessible
  • 16.5.4 Inflexible
  • 16.5.5 Publicity
  • 16.5.6 Imposed solutions
  • 16.6 Advantages of ADR
  • 16.6.1 Low cost
  • 16.6.2 Speed
  • 16.6.3 Informality
  • 16.6.4 Accessibility
  • 16.6.5 Expertise
  • 16.6.6 Privacy
  • 16.6.7 Agreed solutions (mediation)
  • 16.6.8 Pressure eased on the courts
  • 16.7 Disadvantages of ADR
  • 16.7.1 Non-availability of legal aid
  • 16.7.2 Lack of legal expertise
  • 16.7.3 Imbalance of power
  • 16.7.4 No system of precedent
  • 16.7.5 ‘Legalism’ in arbitration
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 17 Tribunals
  • Introduction
  • 17.1 Background
  • 17.2 What is a tribunal?
  • 17.3 The organisation of tribunals: the Tribunals Service
  • 17.3.1 Problems with the old tribunal system
  • Lack of independence
  • Lack of coherence
  • Inconsistency of appeals
  • 17.3.2 The First-Tier and Upper Tribunals
  • 17.4 Membership of tribunals
  • 17.5 Appointment of tribunal judges and lay members
  • 17.6 Access to the employment tribunal system: the Unison case
  • 17.7 Supervising the tribunal system
  • 17.8 Legalism in tribunals
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 18 Criminal and civil appeals
  • Introduction
  • 18.1 Criminal appeals
  • 18.1.1 Appeals from magistrates’ courts
  • 18.1.2 Appeals to the Crown Court from magistrates’ courts
  • 18.1.3 Appeals by way of case stated from magistrates’ courts to the High Court
  • 18.1.4 Applications for judicial review of decisions made by magistrates’ courts
  • 18.1.5 Bail: appeals from magistrates’ courts
  • 18.1.6 Appeals from the Crown Court
  • Appeal against conviction
  • Appeal against sentence
  • 18.1.7 Miscarriages of justice and the Criminal Cases Review Commission
  • 18.1.8 Bail: appeals from the Crown Court
  • 18.1.9 Attorney General’s references
  • 18.1.10 Appeals by way of case stated from Crown Court decisions
  • 18.1.11 Applications for judicial review of decisions of the Crown Court
  • 18.1.12 Appeals to the Supreme Court
  • Appeal from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)
  • Appeal from the High Court
  • 18.2 Civil appeals
  • 18.2.1 Permission to appeal
  • 18.2.2 The nature and consequences of a civil appeal
  • 18.2.3 Avenues of appeal
  • 18.2.4 Composition of the Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
  • 18.2.5 Leapfrog appeals in civil courts
  • 18.2.6 ‘Second appeals’ to the Court of Appeal and appeals to the Supreme Court
  • Summary
  • Questions
  • Sample question and outline answer
  • Question
  • Outline answer
  • Further reading
  • Index
  • List of Illustrations
  • List of Tables
  • Images
  • Chapter 2 An overview of the English legal system
  • Chapter 3 Legislation and the law-making process
  • Chapter 4 The interpretation of statutes
  • Chapter 5 The doctrine of judicial precedent
  • Chapter 6 The law and institutions of the European Union (EU)
  • Chapter 7 Human rights in the United Kingdom
  • Chapter 8 The judiciary
  • Chapter 9 The legal profession
  • Chapter 10 Access to justice
  • Chapter 11 The criminal process: the suspect and the police
  • Chapter 12 The criminal process: pre-trial and trial
  • Chapter 13 The jury
  • Chapter 14 Sentencing
  • Chapter 15 The civil process
  • Chapter 17 Tribunals
  • Chapter 18 Criminal and civil appeals