Energy Science: Principles, Technologies, and Impacts

Name: Energy Science: Principles, Technologies, and Impacts
Price: 4390 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: John Andrews; Nick Jelley
ISBN: 9780192596499

Höfundar: John Andrews; Nick Jelley (Útgáfa: 4)

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The only book to successfully integrate social, economic and environmental considerations with an accessible, quantitative approach to energy science. Energy Science introduces the latest energy technologies, explaining the physical principles underlying technology and discussing their environmental, economic, and social impacts. With a focus on the transition from fossil fuels to low-carbon sources of energy, the text enables students to evaluate the key sources of energy available, and introduces potential solutions to the energy problems facing us today.

A core text in the field, Energy Science is full of topical case studies and examples using current data to highlight the practical application of relevant theory. Discussion questions throughout the text encourage the development of deep critical thinking skills, ensuring that students are properly equipped to approach the energy challenges that lie ahead. Digital formats and resources The book is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by online resources: · The e-book offers a mobile experience and convenient access along with functionality tools, naviigation features, and links that offer extra learning support: www.

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Útgefandi: Oxford University Press Academic UK

ISBN: 9780192596499

Print ISBN: 9780198854401

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 4

Höfundar: John Andrews; Nick Jelley

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2021-11-23

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Náttúruvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Vísindi › Orka

Kaflar

Cover
Constants, Symbols, and Conversion Factors
Title Page
Copyright page
Preface
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
1 An Introduction to Energy Science
1.1 A Brief History of Energy Technology
1.2 Global Energy Usage
1.2.1 Clean Energy: Renewables
1.2.2 Present Energy Demand
1.3 Global Warming and Climate Change
1.3.1 Global Warming and Cumulative CO2 Emissions
1.3.2 Rise in Global Surface Temperatures
1.3.3 Climate Change
1.4 Implications for Society
1.4.1 Decarbonization
1.4.2 Sustainable Development
1.5 Characteristics of Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy Sources
1.5.1 Life-cycle Analysis (LCA) and External Costs (Externalities)
1.5.2 Capacity Factor
1.5.3 Area Requirement
1.5.4 Variable Sources
1.5.5 Resource Potential
1.5.6 Levelized Cost of Energy
1.5.7 Learning curve estimation
1.6 Energy Concepts and Units
1.7 Dimensional Analysis
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
2 Essentials of Thermal, Chemical, and Fluid Energy
2.1 Heat and Temperature
2.2 Heat Transfer
2.2.1 Conduction
2.2.2 Convection
2.2.3 Radiative Heat Transfer
2.3 The Greenhouse Effect
2.3.1 Radiative Forcing
2.3.2 Global Mean Surface Temperature
2.3.3 Surface Warming Proportional to Cumulative Emissions of CO2
2.4 Laws of Thermodynamics and the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle
2.5 Useful Thermodynamic Quantities
2.5.1 Internal Energy
2.5.2 Enthalpy
2.5.3 Entropy
2.6 Maximum Available Work: Exergy
2.7 Chemical Reactions: Gibbs Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
2.7.1 Reactions in Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle
2.7.2 Maximum Amount of Work in a Chemical Reaction
2.7.3 Dependence of the Gibbs Energy on Concentration
2.7.4 Rate of Chemical Reactions and Catalysts
2.7.5 Combustion
2.8 Basic Physical Properties of Fluids
2.8.1 The Bulk Physical Properties of a Fluid
2.9 Streamlines and Stream-tubes
2.9.1 Mass Continuity
2.10 Energy Conservation in an Ideal Fluid: Bernoulli’s Equation
2.11 Dynamics of a Viscous Fluid
2.12 Lift and Circulation
2.13 Flow over an Aerofoil
2.14 Lift and Drag Forces on an Aerofoil
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
3 Energy from Fossil Fuels
3.1 Coal
3.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas
3.3 Unconventional Oil and Unconventional Gas
3.4 Fossil Fuel Production and Reserves
3.5 Oil and Fossil Fuel Prices
3.6 Combustion
3.7 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
3.8 Costs for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
3.8.1 Outlook for Carbon Capture and Storage
3.9 Thermodynamics of Steam Power Plants
3.10 Disadvantages of a Carnot Cycle for a Steam Power Plant
3.11 Rankine Cycle for Steam Power Plants
3.11.1 Rankine Cycle without Reheat
3.11.2 Rankine Cycle with Reheat
3.12 Gas Turbines and the Brayton (or Joule) Cycle
3.13 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
3.14 Efficiency of Power Plant Allowing for Heat Transfer Loss
3.15 Fluidized Beds
3.16 Supercritical and Ultrasupercritical Plants
3.17 Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs)
3.18 Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels
3.19 Economics of Fossil Fuels
3.20 Fossil Fuel Outlook
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
4 Bioenergy
4.1 Photosynthesis and Crop Yields
4.1.1 Efficiency of Photosynthesis
4.1.2 Crop Yields
4.2 Biomass Resource
4.2.1 Biomass for Food
4.2.2 Traditional Biomass for Cooking and Heating
4.3 Biomass for Heat and Power
4.3.1 Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion
4.3.2 Biomass Combustion and Gasification
4.3.3 Municipal Solid Waste
4.4 Liquid Biofuels
4.4.1 Bioethanol
Bioethanol from sugar feedstocks
Bioethanol from starch feedstocks
Bioethanol from cellulosic feedstocks
4.4.2 Biodiesel from Plant Oils
Renewable diesel from biomass
Biodiesel from microalgae
Renewable fuels from (bio)gas-to-liquid (Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process)
4.4.3 Liquid Biofuel Yields and Energy Budgets (FERs)
4.5 Environmental Impact of Biomass
4.6 Global Potential and Economics of Biomass
4.7 Biomass Outlook
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
5 Solar Thermal and Geothermal Energy
5.1 Solar Thermal Energy
5.1.1 Global Solar Thermal Heating Capacity
5.2 Ground- and Air-source Heat Pumps
5.2.1 Principle of a Heat Pump
5.2.2 Outlook for Heat Pumps
5.3 Concentrated Solar Thermal Power (CSP) Plants
5.3.1 Solar Tower (Central Receiver) Plants
5.3.2 Parabolic Trough Plants
5.3.3 Solar Receivers
5.3.4 CSP Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
5.3.5 Economics of CSP
5.3.6 Environmental Impact of CSP
5.3.7 Outlook for CSP
5.4 Thermoelectric Generation (TEG)
5.5 Solar Chimneys
5.6 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
5.7 Geothermal Energy
5.7.1 Geothermal Power Plants
5.7.2 Heat Extraction from an Aquifer
5.7.3 Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
5.7.4 Geothermal Energy Production and Economics
5.7.5 Environmental Impact of Geothermal Power
5.7.6 Potential and Outlook for Geothermal Power
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
6 Hydropower, Tidal Power, and Wave Power
6.1 Hydropower
6.2 Power Output from a Dam
6.3 Measurement of Volume Flow Rate using a Weir
6.4 Water Turbines
6.4.1 Choice of Water Turbine
6.5 Micro-hydro
6.6 Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH)
6.7 Environmental and Social Impact of Hydropower
6.7.1 Rainfall Requirement for Large Hydropower Plants
6.8 Economics of Hydropower
6.9 Global Hydropower Potential
6.10 Current Global Hydropower Capacity
6.11 Outlook for Hydropower
6.12 Tidal Power
6.13 Tidal Resonance
6.14 Tidal Barrages
6.15 Tidal Lagoons
6.16 Power from a Tidal Barrage or Lagoon
6.17 Tidal Current (Stream) Plants
6.18 Ecological and Environmental Impact of Tidal Power
6.19 Tidal Resource
6.20 Economics of Tidal Power
6.21 Outlook for Tidal Power
6.22 Wave Energy
6.23 Wave Power Devices
6.23.1 Floating Devices
6.23.2 Spill-over Devices
6.23.3 Oscillating Water Columns
6.23.4 Submerged Devices
6.24 Environmental Impact of Wave Power
6.25 Potential Resource of Wave Power
6.26 Economics of Wave Power
6.27 Outlook for Wave Power
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
7 Wind Power
7.1 Source of Wind Energy
7.2 Global Wind Patterns
7.3 Modern Wind Turbines
7.3.1 Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)
7.3.2 Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs)
7.4 Kinetic Energy of Wind
7.5 Principles of a Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine
7.6 Wind Turbine Blade Design
7.7 Dependence of the Tip-speed Ratio for Maximum Power Extraction on the Lift-to-drag Ratio
7.8 Dependence of the Power Coefficient CP on the Tip-speed Ratio λ
7.9 Design of a Modern Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine
7.9.1 Turbine Generator Size and Capacity Factor
7.10 Turbine Control and Operation
7.11 Wind Characteristics
7.12 Average Power Output of a Wind Turbine
7.13 Wind Farms
7.13.1 Onshore Wind Farms
7.13.2 Offshore Wind Farms
7.13.3 Hybrid Wind Farms
7.14 Developments in Wind Technology
7.14.1 Low-induction rotors
7.14.2 Multi-rotor designs
7.14.3 Airborne designs
7.15 Environmental Impact and Public Acceptance
7.16 Economics of Wind Power
7.17 Wind Variability
7.18 Global Wind Potential
7.19 Outlook for Wind Power
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
8 Photovoltaics
8.1 The Solar Spectrum
8.2 Solar Photocells
8.3 p-n Junction
8.4 Silicon Photocell
8.5 Efficiency of a Solar Cell
8.6 Commercial Solar Cells
8.6.1 Thin-film Cells
GaAs cells
CdTe and CIGS solar cells
Amorphous silicon solar cells
8.7 Multilayer Thin-film Cells
8.8 Developing Technologies
8.8.1 Perovskite Solar Cells
8.8.2 Organic Photocells
8.8.3 Thermo-photovoltaic Cells (TPVs)
8.8.4 Thermo-radiative Photovoltaics
8.8.5 Concentrated Photovoltaics (CPV)
8.9 Solar Modules, Panels, and Solar Farms
8.9.1 Solar Farms
8.9.2 Distributed Generation with Photovoltaics
8.9.3 Hybrid Solar Farms
8.10 Environmental Impact of Photovoltaics (PV)
8.11 Economics of Photovoltaics
8.12 Global Solar Photovoltaic Potential
8.13 Outlook for Photovoltaics (PV)
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
9 Nuclear Power
9.1 Binding Energy and Stability of Nuclei
9.2 Neutron-induced Fission of Uranium
9.2.1 Energy Release in Fission
9.3 Chain Reactions
9.3.1 Neutron Moderation
9.4 Thermal Reactors
9.4.1 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
9.4.2 Criticality
9.4.3 Four-factors Formula for the Multiplication Constant k∞
9.4.4 Reactor Core Design
9.4.5 Reactor Control
9.4.6 Reactor Stability
9.4.7 Reactor Fissile Inventory
9.4.8 Power Output of a Thermal Reactor
9.4.9 Fission Products
9.4.10 Radiation Shielding
9.5 Fast Reactors
9.6 Thermal Reactor Designs
9.6.1 Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors
9.6.2 Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMR)
9.7 Safety of Nuclear Power
9.8 Economics of Nuclear Power
9.9 Environmental Impact of Nuclear Power
9.10 Nuclear Waste Disposal
9.11 Outlook for Nuclear Power
9.12 Energy from Fusion
9.12.1 D–T Fuel Resources
9.13 D–T Fusion
9.14 Plasmas
9.14.1 Plasmas in a Toroidal Magnetic Field
9.15 Tokamaks
9.15.1 Plasma Containment in a Tokamak
9.15.2 Energy Confinement Time
9.16 Outlook for Controlled Fusion
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
10 Electricity and Energy Storage
10.1 Generators of Electricity
10.2 High Voltage Power Transmission
10.3 High Voltage AC (HVAC) Transmission
10.4 High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission
10.5 National Electricity Grids
10.6 Integrating Renewable Energy Supplies
10.6.1 Electricity Mainly from Renewables
10.7 Demand Response and Smart Grids
10.7.1 Grid Electricity Storage
10.8 Economics of Renewable Electricity
10.9 Energy Storage
10.10 Basic Principles of Batteries
10.10.1 The Standard Potential and the Nernst Equation
10.11 Pb, Na-S, NiMH, and Liquid Metal Batteries
10.11.1 Pb: Lead–acid Batteries
10.11.2 Na-S: Sodium–sulphur Batteries
10.11.3 NiMH: Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery
10.11.4 Liquid Metal Batteries
10.12 Lithium-ion Batteries
10.12.1 Economics of Lithium-ion Batteries
10.12.2 Lithium–air Batteries
10.13 Flow Batteries
10.14 Supercapacitors
10.15 Specific Energy and the Ragone Plot
10.16 Energy Storage in Hydrogen
10.16.1 Hydrogen for Transport
10.16.2 Large-scale Hydrogen Storage and Distribution
10.17 Pumped Storage
10.17.1 Gravitational Storage
10.18 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
10.19 Thermal Storage
10.19.1 Liquid-air Thermal Energy Storage
10.19.2 Reversible Thermal Energy Storage
10.20 Flywheels
10.21 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
11 Energy Demand in Buildings, Industry, and Transport
11.1 Energy Demand in Buildings
11.1.1 Energy-efficient Buildings
11.1.2 Thermal Insulation
11.1.3 Ventilation
11.1.4 Heat Loss in Domestic Houses
11.1.5 Degree-days and the Performance Line
11.1.6 The Transition to Passive Buildings
11.1.7 Retrofitting Existing Buildings
11.1.8 Energy Storage in Buildings
11.1.9 Low-carbon Hydrogen as a Source of Heat
11.1.10 Summary of Actions Needed to Reduce the CO2 Emissions and Energy Use of Buildings
11.2 Energy Demand in Industry
11.2.1 Power-to-gas
11.2.2 Electrification of Heat
11.2.3 Carbon Capture in Industrial Processes
11.2.4 Steel Industry
11.2.5 Cement Industry
11.2.6 Chemical Industry
11.2.7 Summary of Industrial Emissions and Demand Reduction
11.3 Energy Demand in Transport
11.3.1 Electric Vehicles
11.3.2 Electric Cars
11.3.3 Future of Electric Vehicles
11.3.4 Biofuels and Fuel Cells
Biofuels
Fuel cells
11.3.5 Summary of Transport Emissions Reduction
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
12 Energy and Society: Making the Transition from Fossil Fuels to Renewables
12.1 The Likely Impact of Continued Fossil Fuel Emissions
12.1.1 What Would a World 3 Degrees Warmer Be Like?
12.1.2 Could the Global Climate Reach a Tipping Point?
12.2 Economic Policies to Promote Renewable Energy
12.2.1 Feed-in Tariffs (FITs)
12.2.2 Tradeable Green Certificates (TGCs)
12.2.3 Renewable Energy Auctions
12.2.4 Contracts for Difference (CfD)
12.3 How to Put a Price on Carbon Emissions
12.4 Carbon Abatement Policies
12.4.1 Why the Kyoto Protocol Was Ineffective
12.4.2 Why Progress on Curbing CO2 Emissions Has Been so Slow
12.4.3 The Paris Agreement in 2015 and the Revised Target of 1.5°C
12.5 Estimating Future CO2 Emissions: The Kaya Identity
12.5.1 Current Global Energy–related CO2 Emissions
12.6 Lowering Energy Demand
12.6.1 Economic Considerations
12.6.2 Energy Intensity Improvement
12.7 Decarbonizing the Global Energy Supply
12.7.1 Nature-based Solutions and Negative Emissions Technologies
12.8 Economics of Global Decarbonization
12.8.1 Carbon Price of Mitigation Policies
12.8.2 Investment Required for the Transition
12.9 Adaptation and Geo-engineering
12.9.1 Adaptation
12.9.2 Geoengineering
12.10 Current Global Situation
12.11 Actions Required to Contain Temperature Rise
12.11.1 Reducing Fossil Fuels
12.11.2 Reducing Consumption
12.11.3 Practical Actions to Promote Decarbonization
Summary
Further Reading
Exercises
Numerical answers
Combined list of symbols and acronyms
Index