Endodontics
Kaup valmöguleikar
From renowned endodontics experts Mahmoud Torabinejad, Ashraf Fouad, and Alan Law comes Endodontics: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition. This focused and extensively revised new edition contains all the clinically relevant information needed to incorporate endodontics into general dentistry practice. Illustrated step-by-step guidelines and vivid online videos address the ins and outs of diagnosis, treatment planning, managing pulpal and periapical diseases, and performing basic root canal treatments.
Updated evidence-based coverage also includes topics such as the etiology of disease, local anesthesia, emergency treatment, cleaning and shaping, obturation, and temporization, as well as non-surgical and surgical retreatment and procedural accidents management and outcome assessment. It’s the perfect endodontics guide for entry-level dental students, endodontics residents, endodontists, and general dentists alike.
Trusted, visually supportive, and well-formatted content provides a foundational understanding of the complete scope of basic endodontic practice, including diagnosis, treatment, and identification of pulpal and periapical diseases, as well as pain and radiolucencies of non-pulpal originClinically relevant organization emphasizes the treatment and etiology of pulpal and periapical disease in real-life practiceMore than 1,000 color photos, illustrations, and radiographs clarify and enhance understanding of the concepts discussed throughout the textEnhanced ebook version, included with every new print purchase, features over 100 videos to support concepts throughout the text, plus access to all the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloudTools for promoting learning include mid-chapter questions to assess comprehension and theoretical and procedural learning objectives woven throughout the chaptersNEW chapters and updated content cover the latest in surgical advances, clinical applications, advancements in materials, 3D and design techniques, pain management approaches, and practice management, among other topicsNEW clinical images and illustrations visually reinforce key concepts and learning objectivesNEW videos, accessible in the enhanced ebook included with every new print purchase, add to an already stellar collection of videos to support contentNEW expert contributors bring the latest and most current knowledge to the text.
Nánar um bókina
- Elsevier Limited (UK)
- 9780443118869
- 9780443118852
- ePub
- 7
- Mahmoud Torabinejad, Ashraf F. Fouad, Alan S. Law
- English
- 2026-04-02
- 10
- 2
- 2
Kaflar
- Title of Book
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Preface
- List of Contributors
- 1. Biology of the Dental Pulp and Periradicular Tissues
- Development of the Dental Pulp
- Early Development of Pulp
- Root Formation
- Formation of Lateral Canals and Apical Foramen
- Lateral Canals
- Apical Foramen
- Formation of the Periodontium
- Anatomic Regions and Their Clinical Importance
- Pulp Function
- Induction
- Formation
- Nutrition
- Defense
- Sensation
- Morphology
- Cells of the Dental Pulp
- Odontoblasts
- Stem Cells (Preodontoblasts)
- Fibroblasts
- Cells of the Immune System
- Extracellular Components33
- Fibers
- Noncollagenous Matrix34
- Calcifications
- Blood Vessels
- Afferent Blood Vessels (Arterioles)
- Efferent Blood Vessels
- Lymphatics40,41
- Vascular Physiology
- Vascular Changes During Inflammation44
- Innervation
- Neuroanatomy
- Pulpal and Dentinal Nerves
- Developmental Aspects of Pulp Innervation
- Pathways of Transmission from Pulp to Central Nervous System
- Theories of Dentin Hypersensitivity
- Age-Related Changes in the Dental Pulp and Dentin
- Repair and Regeneration
- Periradicular Tissues
- Cementum
- Cementoenamel Junction
- Periodontal Ligament
- Alveolar Bone
- Acknowledgments
- 2. Pathogenesis of Pulp and Periapical Diseases
- Histology and Physiology of the Dental Pulp
- Etiology of Pulpal and Periapical Diseases
- Mechanical Irritants
- Chemical Irritants
- Microbial Irritants
- Microbiology of Root Canal Infections
- Routes of Root Canal Infection
- Endodontic Infections Are Biofilm Infections
- The Microbiome of Endodontic Infections
- Pulpal Diseases
- Host Response in the Dental Pulp
- Clinical Classification of Pulpal Conditions
- Normal Pulp
- Reversible Pulpitis
- Irreversible Pulpitis
- Pulp Necrosis
- Periapical Diseases
- Clinical Classification of Periapical (Apical) Conditions
- Normal Periapex
- Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis
- Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis
- Acute Apical Abscess
- Chronic Apical Abscess
- Condensing Osteitis
- Nonendodontic Pathosis
- Role of Residual Microorganisms in the Outcome of Endodontic Treatment
- Healing of Pulp and Periapical Tissues
- Process of Pulp Healing
- Process of Periapical Healing
- Factors Influencing Healing
- 3. Systemic Health Considerations in the Endodontic Patient and Geriatric Endodontics
- Health and Medical History
- The Systemic Health Assessment of the Endodontic Patient
- Physical Exam: Vital Signs/Preoperative Lab Values
- Systemic Considerations
- Endodontics and Systemic Disease
- Systemic Diseases that May Influence Endodontic Pathosis or Its Treatment
- Endodontic Disease May Initiate or Contribute to Systemic Diseases
- Acute Endodontic Infections
- Chronic Endodontic Infections
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Cardiovascular disease
- Hypertension
- Risk for Osteoradionecrosis or Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
- Autoimmune Disease
- Viral Infections
- HIV/AIDS
- Herpes Viruses
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Smoking
- Genetic Predisposition
- Presentation of Endodontic Disease in the Elderly
- Physical Limitations
- Restorative Considerations
- Biologic Considerations
- Anatomy
- Pulp Chamber
- Canal Calcification (Calcific Metamorphosis)
- Pulp Response
- Changes with Age
- Chronologic Versus Physiologic
- Structural
- Dimensional
- Nature of Response to Injury
- Irritation
- Systemic Conditions
- Periapical Response
- Additional Considerations
- Root Canal Treatment
- Treatment Considerations
- Time Required
- Anesthesia
- Primary Injections
- Supplemental Injections
- Procedures
- Isolation
- Access Preparation
- Working Length
- Cleaning and Shaping
- Intracanal Medicaments
- Obturation
- Impact of Restoration
- Retreatment
- Endodontic Surgery
- Medical Considerations
- Biologic and Anatomic Factors
- Healing After Surgery
- Identifying Patients for Referral
- 4. Endodontic Radiology
- Prologue
- Introduction
- Radiation Biology
- Equipment for 2D Image Capture
- Intraoral X-ray Units
- Standard Wall-Mounted Units
- Hand-Held X-Ray Units
- Intraoral Image Receptors
- Digital Image Receptors
- Dental Film
- Techniques for Intraoral Image Capture
- Periapical Imaging
- Tube Shift
- Endodontic Imaging Needs
- Disease Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Identifying Pathosis
- Moving Superimposed Structures
- Locating Roots and Canals
- Evaluating Treatment Progress
- Initial Estimation of Working Lengths
- Determining Working Length
- Master Cone
- Evaluating the Obturation (Intermediary Fill and Final Radiographs)
- Follow-up of Treatment Outcomes (Posttreatment Evaluation)
- Determining Root and Pulpal Anatomy
- Cone Beam Computed Tomography
- Equipment and Principles for 3D Image Capture
- Field of View
- Voxel Size and Bit Depth
- Volumetric Data and Projection Data
- Image File Format
- Scatter and Beam Hardening Artifact
- Indications and Special Applications
- C. Postprocessing Software Modifications
- Ultrasound Real-time Imaging
- Technology Overview
- Real-Time Ultrasound Imaging of Apical Periodontitis
- Short-Term Follow-Up
- Long-Term Follow-Up
- Summary
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Introduction
- MRI Technical Parameters
- Adapting MRI Technology for Dental Needs
- Magnetic Fields and Radiation Risk
- 5. Endodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
- Introduction
- Examination
- Subjective Examination
- Chief Complaint
- Dental History
- Medical History
- Objective Examination
- Vital Signs
- Extraoral Examination
- Intraoral Examination
- Cold Testing
- Heat Testing
- Electric Pulp Testing
- Adjunctive Tests
- Caries Removal
- Selective Anesthesia
- Radiographic Examination
- Selection of Appropriate Imaging Modality
- Periapical Lesions
- Pulpal Lesions
- Technological Advancements: Artificial Intelligence in Endodontic Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Developing a Diagnosis
- Endodontic Terminology
- Pulpal Diagnosis
- Periapical Diagnosis
- Adjuncts to the Endodontic Diagnosis
- Longitudinal Fractures
- Diagnosis of Longitudinal Fractures
- Longitudinal Fracture Types69
- Classification of Fracture Types
- Craze Lines
- Fractured Cusp
- Cracked Tooth
- Split Tooth
- Vertical Root Fracture79
- Traumatic Dental Injuries
- Resorption
- Internal Root Resorption
- External Root Resorption
- External Cervical Resorption
- Endodontic–Periodontic Interrelationships
- Classification and Differential Diagnosis of Endodontic–Periodontic Lesions
- Primary Periodontal Probing Defects of Endodontic Origin
- Primary Periodontal Probing Defects
- Primary Periodontal Probing Defects of Endodontic–Periodontic Origin (True Combined Lesions)
- Treatment Planning
- Phasing Treatment
- Emergency Treatment
- Definitive Treatment
- The Comprehensive Treatment Plan (Decorative iconVideo 5.14)
- Factors That May Alter the Treatment Plan
- 6. Differential Diagnosis of Orofacial Pain and Radiolucencies of Nonpulpal Origin
- Differential Diagnosis of Orofacial Pain of Nonpulpal Origin
- Introduction
- Myofascial and Temporomandibular Joint Pain
- Orofacial Pain Resembling Presentations of Primary Headaches
- Orofacial Pain Attributed to Lesion or Disease of the Cranial Nerves
- Idiopathic Orofacial Pain
- Other Pain Conditions with a Potential to Present as Endodontic Pain
- Radiolucencies of Nonpulpal Origin
- Introduction
- Normal Anatomic Structures and Developmental Entities
- Mental Foramen
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Incisive Foramen
- Stafne Defect
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Lateral and Submandibular Gland Fossae
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Maxillary Sinus
- Radiographic Features
- Neurovascular Canals
- Radiographic Features
- Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Benign Odontogenic and Nonodontogenic Cyst, Tumors, and Osseous Pathology
- Nasopalatine Duct Cyst
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Lateral Periodontal Cyst
- Radiographic Features
- Ameloblastoma
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Dentigerous Cyst
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Ameloblastic Fibroma
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Odontogenic Keratocyst
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Surgical Ciliated Cyst
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Simple Bone Cavity
- Radiographic Features
- Central Giant Cell Granuloma
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Buccal Bifurcation Cyst
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Odontogenic Myxoma
- Radiographic Features
- Glandular Odontogenic Cyst
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- Malignant Tumors and Related Entities
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Clinical Features
- Radiographic Features
- 7. Endodontic Case Complexity and Working With the Specialist
- Introduction
- Advanced Dental Education Programs in Endodontics
- Communication Between Endodontists and General Dentists
- What Is Expected of a General Practitioner
- What Is Expected of an Endodontist
- Standard of Care and Endodontic Case Documentation
- Case Difficulty Assessment—When to Treat and When to Refer
- Patient Considerations
- Medical History
- Anesthesia
- Patient Disposition
- Gag Reflex and Limited Ability to Open Mouth
- Emergency Condition
- Diagnostic and Treatment Considerations
- Diagnosis
- Radiographic Difficulties
- Tooth Isolation
- Position in the Arch
- Crown Morphology
- Canal and Root Morphology
- Radiographic Appearance of Canal(s)
- Resorption
- Additional Considerations
- Referral During Treatment
- Inter-appointment Pain/Swelling
- Procedural Accidents
- Referral After Treatment
- Pain
- Persistent Pathosis
- Sinus Tract
- Summary
- 8. Endodontic Armamentarium
- Introduction
- Examination and Diagnosis
- Clinical Examination
- Radiographic Examination
- Magnification
- Isolation
- Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment
- Nonsurgical Cassette
- Working Length Determination
- Instrumentation Armamentarium
- Endodontic Access
- Cleaning and Shaping Instruments
- Irrigants, Irrigation Devices, and Intracanal Medicaments
- Obturation Armamentarium
- Coronal Seal
- Surgical Armamentarium
- Incision and Drainage Armamentarium
- Root End Surgery (Apicoectomy) Armamentarium
- 9. Endodontic Dental Materials
- Introduction
- Understanding the Crucial Role of Dental Materials in Endodontics
- Evidence-Based Considerations in the Selection of Endodontic Materials
- Materials for Vital Pulp Therapy
- Traditional Materials
- Bioactive Materials
- Materials for Regeneration and Tissue Engineering
- Introduction
- Root Canal Disinfectants for the Regenerative Endodontic Procedure
- The Application of Tissue Engineering Strategies in Endodontics
- Scaffolds
- Stem Cells
- Morphogenic Factors
- Platelet-Rich Plasma
- Coronal Barrier Materials
- Materials for Root Canal Disinfection
- Disinfecting Solutions
- Chelating Agents
- Mixes
- Intracanal Medicaments
- Materials for Root Canal Filling
- Core Materials
- Sealer Materials
- Root-End Filling and Repair Materials
- Traditional Materials
- Bioactive Materials
- Materials for Bleaching and Restoration
- Materials for Internal Bleaching
- Materials for Restoration
- Endodontic Adhesive Materials
- Selecting Appropriate Materials for Durable Post-core Restorations
- 10. Local Anesthesia
- Factors Affecting Endodontic Anesthesia
- Apprehension and Anxiety
- Tissue Inflammation
- Previous Unsuccessful Anesthesia
- Initial Management
- Psychological Approach
- Topics Related to Injection Pain
- Obtaining the Patient’s Confidence
- Topical Anesthetic
- Needle Insertion
- Small-Gauge Needles
- Slow Injection
- Anesthetic Indications
- Adjunctive Pharmacologic Therapy
- Conventional Pulpal Anesthesia for Asymptomatic Patients
- Mandibular Anesthesia for Asymptomatic Patients
- Lidocaine with Epinephrine and Vasoconstrictors
- Anesthetic Factors Associated with the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
- Lip Numbness
- Soft Tissue Anesthesia
- Onset of Pulpal Anesthesia
- Duration
- Success
- Alternative Attempts to Increase Anesthetic Success
- Increasing the Volume
- Epinephrine Concentration
- Alternative Solutions
- 2% Mepivacaine with 1:20,000 Levonordefrin, 4% Prilocaine with 1:200,000 Epinephrine, and Plain Solutions (3% Mepivacaine and 4% Prilocaine)
- 4% Articaine with Epinephrine for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks
- Long-Acting Agents
- Buffered Lidocaine
- Alternative Injections and Locations
- Gow-Gates and Vazirani-Akinosi Techniques (Fig. 10.6)
- Incisive Nerve Block/Infiltration at the Mental Foramen
- Lidocaine Infiltration Injections
- Articaine Infiltration Injections
- Evaluating Mechanisms of Failure of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
- Accuracy of Needle Placement
- Needle Deflection and Needle Bevel
- Accessory Innervation
- Cross-Innervation
- Patient Position for an Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
- Methods to Increase Success of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
- Infiltrations of Articaine after an Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
- Intraosseous Anesthesia after an Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
- Periodontal Ligament Anesthesia after an Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
- Injection Speed and Success
- Pain and Inflammation
- Maxillary Anesthesia for Asymptomatic Patients
- Anesthesia-Related Factors
- Lip/Cheek Numbness
- Success
- Onset of Pulpal Anesthesia
- Duration of Pulpal Anesthesia
- Alternative Anesthetic Solutions
- Plain Solutions of Mepivacaine and Prilocaine
- 4% Prilocaine with 1:200,000 Epinephrine, 2% Mepivacaine with 1:20,000 Levonordefrin, and 4% Articaine with 1:100,000 Epinephrine
- Bupivacaine with Epinephrine
- Increasing the Duration of Pulpal Anesthesia
- Increasing the Volume of Solution
- Increasing the Epinephrine Concentration
- Repeating an Infiltration after 30 or 45Minutes
- Alternative Injection Techniques
- Pain, Inflammation, and Anxiety
- Supplemental Anesthesia for Restorative Dentistry in the Mandible and Maxilla
- Indications
- Infiltration
- Additional Infiltration of Lidocaine in the Maxilla
- Infiltration of Articaine in the Mandible
- Intraosseous Anesthesia
- Technique for the X-Tip System
- Success
- Failure
- Duration
- Postoperative Pain and Problems
- Systemic Effects
- Medical Contraindications
- Precautions
- Periodontal Ligament Injection
- Technique
- Mechanism of Action
- Injection Discomfort in Asymptomatic Patients
- Onset of Anesthesia
- Success in Asymptomatic Teeth
- Duration in Asymptomatic Teeth
- Postoperative Discomfort in Asymptomatic Teeth
- Selective Anesthesia
- Systemic Effects
- Other Factors
- Damage to the Periodontium
- Damage to the Pulp
- Damage to Primary Teeth
- Precautions
- Anesthesia Difficulties in Endodontics
- Success of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis
- Do Buffered Lidocaine Formulations Increase the Success of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Patients with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis?
- Effect of Preemptive Nitrous Oxide in Irreversible Pulpitis
- Success of Maxillary Molar Infiltration with Irreversible Pulpitis
- Asymptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis versus Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis
- Use of Preoperative Analgesic Medications to Increase the Success of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
- Adjunctive Pharmacologic Therapy
- Reversing Soft Tissue Numbness
- Supplemental Techniques for Mandibular Teeth in Endodontics
- Supplemental Buccal Infiltration of Articaine after an Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Patients Presenting with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis
- Supplemental Intraosseous Injections
- Supplemental Periodontal Ligament Injections
- Supplemental Intrapulpal Injection
- Indications
- Advantages and Disadvantages
- Mechanism of Action
- Technique
- What Is the Effect of No Endodontic Debridement on Postoperative Pain for Symptomatic Teeth with Pulpal Necrosis?
- Anesthetic Management of Pulpal or Periapical Pathosis
- Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis
- General Considerations
- Mandibular Posterior Teeth
- Mandibular Anterior Teeth
- Maxillary Posterior Teeth
- Maxillary Anterior Teeth
- Pulp Necrosis
- 11. Endodontic Emergencies and Pain Control
- Introduction
- Definition
- Categories
- Pretreatment Emergency
- Interappointment and Postobturation Emergency
- The Challenge
- Differentiation of Emergency and Urgency
- Development of a System
- Pain Perception and Pain Reaction
- System of Diagnosis
- Medical and Dental Histories
- Subjective Examination
- Objective Examination
- Physical Condition/Extraoral Examination
- Intraoral Examination
- Pulp Vitality Tests
- Periapical Tests
- Periodontal Examination
- Radiographic Examination
- Diagnostic Outcome
- Treatment Planning
- Pretreatment Emergencies
- Patient Management
- Profound Anesthesia
- Management of Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis
- With or Without Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis
- Management of Pulp Necrosis with Apical Pathosis
- Pulp Necrosis/Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis Without Swelling
- Postoperative Pharmacological Management
- Pulp Necrosis/Acute Apical Abscess with Localized Intraoral Swelling
- Pulp Necrosis with Diffuse Swelling
- Postoperative Pharmacological Management
- Postoperative Instructions
- Interappointment Emergencies
- Incidence
- Risk Factors
- Prevention
- Procedures
- Verbal Instructions
- Therapeutic Prophylaxis
- Diagnosis
- Treatment of Flare-Ups
- Previously Vital Pulps with Complete Debridement
- Previously Vital Pulps with Incomplete Debridement
- Previously Necrotic Pulps with No Swelling
- Previously Necrotic Pulps with Swelling
- Previously Treated Teeth With or Without Swelling
- Follow-up Care
- Prediction of Flare-ups
- Postobturation Emergencies
- Causative Factors
- Treatment
- 12. Management of the Vital Pulp and Immature Teeth
- The Pulp-Dentin Complex
- Pulp Defense Mechanisms
- Tertiary Dentinogenesis
- Pulp Necrosis and Root Development
- Etiological Factors of the Pulp-Dentin Complex Injury
- Caries
- Trauma
- Dental Anomalies
- Iatrogenic Factors
- Cavity Preparation Aspects and Remaining Dentin Thickness
- Dental Materials
- Diagnosis of the Pulp Status
- Vital Pulp Therapy (VPT)
- Vital Pulp Therapy for Teeth with Deep Carious Lesions
- Selective versus Nonselective Caries Removal
- Indirect Pulp Capping (IPC)
- Direct Pulp Capping (DPC)
- Partial Pulpotomy
- Full Pulpotomy
- Vital Pulp Therapy for Teeth with Traumatic Pulp Exposure
- Outcome Assessment
- Treatment of Immature Teeth with Pulp Necrosis
- Apexification
- Indications, Approach, and Limitations
- Clinical Protocol
- Regenerative Endodontic Procedures (REP)
- Indications, Approach, and Limitations
- Clinical Protocol
- Tissue Engineering Approaches
- Outcome Assessment
- Conclusions
- 13. Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries
- Examination and Diagnosis
- Mental Status
- History
- Medical History
- Clinical Examination
- Teeth and Supporting Structures
- Mobility
- Displacement
- Periodontal Damage
- Pulpal Injury
- Radiographic Examination
- Importance of Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Analysis in Trauma
- Injuries to the Hard Dental Tissues and Pulp
- Enamel Fractures
- Uncomplicated Crown Fractures
- Complicated Crown Fractures
- Treatment of Crown Fractures
- Vital Pulp Therapy
- Case Selection for Vital Pulp Therapy
- Technique
- Treatment Evaluation
- Endodontic Treatment
- Crown-Root Fractures
- Emergency Care and Treatment Planning
- Root Fractures
- Sequelae of Root Fractures
- Root Canal Treatment
- Injuries to the Periodontium
- Examination, Diagnosis, and Pulp Testing
- Radiographic Evaluation
- Crown Color Changes
- Concussion
- Treatment
- Subluxation
- Treatment
- Luxation
- Extrusive Luxation
- Lateral Luxation
- Treatment for Extrusive and Lateral Luxations
- Intrusive Luxation
- Open Apex
- Closed Apex
- Avulsion
- Treatment
- Immediate Replantation
- Replantation within 60 Minutes of Avulsion—Tooth with a Closed Apex
- Replantation within 60 Minutes of Avulsion—Tooth with an Open Apex
- Replantation with Dry Time Longer than 60 Minutes—Tooth with a Closed Apex
- Replantation with Dry Time Longer than 60 Minutes—Tooth with an Open Apex
- Patient Instructions
- Sequelae of Dental Trauma
- Pulp Necrosis
- Teeth with Open Apices
- Teeth with Closed Apices
- Pulp Canal Obliteration (Calcific Metamorphosis)
- Root Resorption
- Surface Resorption
- Inflammatory Resorption
- External Replacement (Periodontal Ligament–Related) Resorption
- Alveolar Fractures
- Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries in the Primary Dentition
- Enamel Fracture
- Crown Fractures Without Pulp Exposure
- Crown Fractures with Pulp Exposure
- Crown-Root Fractures
- Root Fractures
- Alveolar Fractures
- Luxation Injuries
- Concussion and Subluxation
- Extrusive Luxations
- Lateral Luxations
- Intrusive Luxations
- Avulsions
- Patient Instructions
- Prevention
- Primary Management
- Secondary Management
- 14. Root Canal Anatomy
- Introduction
- Gaining Knowledge and Comprehension of Root and Canal Anatomy
- Methods of Study to Learn Normal and Variations in Tooth Anatomy
- Root Canal Anatomy since the Age of Specialization in Endodontics
- Multiple Canals Within a Single Root
- Root Canal Components and Morphology
- Pulp Chamber
- Root Canal
- Isthmus
- Accessory Canals
- Apical Canal
- Canal Curvature and Size
- Root Canal Configuration Systems
- Root Canal Anomalies and Embryologic Malformations
- Taurodontism
- Dens Invaginatus and Dens Evaginatus
- Radix
- C-Shaped Canals
- Other Anomalies
- Aging
- Root Canal Anatomy of Maxillary and Mandibular Teeth
- Incisors
- Canines
- Premolars
- Molars
- Influence of Root Canal Anatomy in Endodontic Procedures
- Clinical Outcome Remarks
- Conclusions
- 15. Isolation, Access Preparation, Working Length Determination
- Rubber Dam Isolation
- Application
- Rubber Dam Retainers
- Types
- Universal Clamp Designs
- Preparation for Rubber Dam Placement
- Isolation of Teeth with Inadequate Coronal Structure
- Ligation
- Deep-Reaching Clamps
- Bonding
- Replacement of Coronal Structure
- Temporary Restorations
- Band Placement
- Provisional Crowns
- Rubber Dam Placement
- Placement as a Unit
- Placement of a Clamp, Followed by the Dam and Then the Frame
- Placement of the Rubber Dam and Frame and Then the Clamp
- Rubber Dam Leakage
- Disinfection of the Operating Field
- Access Openings
- General Principles
- Canal Morphologies
- General Considerations
- Access Openings and Canal Locationa
- Maxillary Central and Lateral Incisors
- Maxillary Canines
- Maxillary Premolars
- Maxillary Molars
- Mandibular Central and Lateral Incisors
- Mandibular Canines
- Mandibular Premolars
- Mandibular Molars
- Errors in Access
- Inadequate Preparation
- Excessive Removal of Tooth Structure
- Length Determination
- Radiographic Evaluation
- Electronic Apex Locators
- Cone Beam Computed Tomography
- 16. Cleaning and Shaping, Intra-canal Medications
- Principles of Cleaning and Shaping
- Steps for Root Canal Shaping
- Pretreatment Evaluation
- Root Canal Preparation
- Working Length Determination
- Root Canal Preparation
- Apical Canal Preparation
- Extent of Apical Preparation
- Degree of Apical Enlargement
- Achieving Apical Patency
- Evolution of Techniques and Instruments for Root Canal Shaping
- Preparation Techniques
- Hand Instrumentation
- Watch Winding
- Reaming
- Filing
- Circumferential Filing
- Standardized Preparation
- Step-Back Technique
- Step-Down Technique
- Passive Step-Back Technique
- Anticurvature Filing
- Balanced Force Technique
- Recapitulation
- Shaping Modifications
- Engine-Driven Instruments
- Gates–Glidden Drills
- Nickel–Titanium Rotary and Reciprocating Instruments
- Preparation Errors
- Root Canal Cleaning
- Lubricants
- Irrigants
- Solutions With Antimicrobial Effect
- Sodium Hypochlorite
- Chlorhexidine
- Solutions for Smear Layer Management
- Strong Chelating Irrigants: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, Citric Acid
- Mild Chelating Irrigants: Etidronic Acid or 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-Bisphosphonate (HEBP, HEDP, or Etidronate)
- Mixture of a Tetracycline Isomer, an Acid, and a Detergent
- QMix
- Use of Irrigation for Cryotherapy
- Activated Irrigation
- Intracanal Medicaments
- Calcium Hydroxide
- Phenols and Aldehydes
- Corticosteroids
- Chlorhexidine
- Guidelines and Criteria for Evaluating Cleaning and Shaping
- 17. Obturation and Temporization
- Objectives of Obturation
- When to Obturate
- One Versus Two Visits
- Smear Layer Removal
- Obturation Materials
- Ideal Properties of an Obturation Material
- Core Obturating Materials
- Gutta-Percha
- Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
- Silver Points
- Resin
- Pastes (Semisolids)
- Sealers
- Types of Sealers
- Zinc Oxide Eugenol Sealers
- Rickert’s Sealer
- Tubli-Seal
- Wach’s Cement
- Calcium Hydroxide Sealers
- Resin Sealers
- Bioceramic Sealers
- Silicone-Based Sealers
- Urethane Methacrylate Sealers
- Evaluation and Comparison of Sealers
- Obturation Techniques with Gutta-Percha
- Cold Lateral Condensation
- Warm Vertical Condensation
- Continuous Wave
- Formed Cones
- Formed Cone Technique
- Carrier-Based Obturation
- Single Cone Obturation (Hydraulic Condensation)
- Evaluation of Obturation
- How Obturation Materials and Techniques Are Evaluated in Research
- How Obturation is Evaluated Clinically—Radiographic Evaluation
- Length of Obturation—Outcomes Studies
- Temporization
- Intraorifice Barriers
- Temporary Filling Materials
- 18. Restoration and Bleaching of Endodontically Treated Teeth
- Protection through Restoration
- Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment Planning
- Prevention of Microbial Ingress and Coronal Leakage
- Preservation of Pulpal Health
- Denial of Microbial Admission or Readmission
- Dental Dam Isolation
- Provisional Restoration and Intracanal Medication
- Intracanal Medication
- Orifice Barriers
- Foundational Restorations or Build-Ups
- Consequences of Microbial Ingress
- Conservation of Tooth Structure
- Access Preparation
- Ferrule Concept
- Internal Bleaching of Discolored Nonvital Teeth
- Causes of Tooth Discoloration
- Acquired (Natural) Discolorations
- Pulp Necrosis
- Intrapulpal Hemorrhage
- Calcific Metamorphosis
- Age
- Developmental Defects and Drug Consumption
- Inflicted (Iatrogenic) Discolorations
- Endodontically Related Discolorations
- Obturating Materials
- Remnants of Pulpal Tissue
- Intracanal Medicaments
- Coronal Restorations
- Bleaching Procedures
- Bleaching Materials
- Sodium Perborate
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Carbamide Peroxide
- Mechanism of Tooth Bleaching
- Indications and Contraindications for Internal (Nonvital) Bleaching
- Walking Bleach
- Step-by-Step Walking Bleach Technique
- When to Bleach
- Foundation Restorations
- Restoration Timing
- Resin-Composite Restorations
- Coronoradicular Build-Ups
- Gingival Management
- Insufficient Resistance or Retention Forms
- Posts
- Coronal Coverage
- Overdenture Abutments
- Key Precepts
- 19. Common Errors and Procedural Accidents: Recognition, Prevention, and Management
- Introduction
- Errors in Patient Evaluation and Preparation before Starting Endodontic Treatment
- Errors in Evaluating Patients’ Documents and Radiographs
- Mishaps Following Anesthetic Agent Injection
- The Procedural Accidents during Rubber Dam Placement
- Procedural Errors and Accidents during Access Cavity Preparation
- Causes
- Recognition of Perforation and Treatment
- Prognosis
- Role of 3D Imaging in the Prevention of Access Cavity Perforation
- Accidents During Cleaning and Shaping
- Ledge Formation
- Prevention of a Ledge
- Preoperative Evaluation
- Curvatures
- Length
- Initial Size
- Instruments
- Technical Procedures
- Management of a Ledge
- Manual Hand Instrumentation Technique
- Ultrasonic Technique
- Reciprocating Motion Technique with Martensitic NiTi Rotary Instruments
- Surgical Approach
- Prognosis
- Creating an Artificial Canal
- Cause and Prevention
- Management
- Prognosis
- Root Perforations
- Apical Perforations
- Lateral (Midroot) Perforations
- Etiology and Treatment
- Prognosis
- Coronal Root Perforations
- Etiology and Indicators
- Treatment and Prognosis
- Instrument Separation
- Etiology
- Recognition
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Calcium Hydroxide Extrusion
- Sodium Hypochlorite Accident
- Role of 3D Imaging in the Prevention of Procedural Accidents during Cleaning and Shaping
- Accidents During Obturation
- Underfilling
- Etiology
- Treatment and Prognosis
- Overfilling
- Etiology
- Prevention
- Treatment and Prognosis
- Vertical Fracture
- Etiology
- Prevention
- Indicators
- Prognosis and Treatment
- Nerve Damage
- Extrusion to the Maxillary Sinus
- Other Errors and Accidents
- Emphysema
- Errors and Procedural Accidents following Completion of Root Canal Treatment
- Accidents During Post Space Preparation
- Indicators
- Treatment and Prognosis
- Other Errors
- 20. Non-surgical Retreatment
- Introduction
- Causes of Nonhealing of Initial Root Canal Treatment
- Diagnosis and Retreatment Options
- Indications for Nonsurgical Endodontic Retreatment
- Contraindications for Nonsurgical Endodontic Retreatment
- Treatment Planning for Nonsurgical Retreatment
- Risks and Benefits of Retreatment
- Endodontic Retreatment Procedures
- Access Through Full-Coverage or Preexisting Restorations
- Removal of Existing Restorations
- Removal of Canal Obstructions
- Post and Core Removal
- Removal of Gutta-Percha
- Removal of Carrier-Based Gutta-Percha Obturators
- Removal of Silver Cones (Points)
- Removal of Soft and Hard Pastes
- Removal of Calcifications
- Management of Biofilms
- Root Canal Preparation in Retreatment
- Irrigation in Retreatment
- Obturation in Retreatment
- Restorative Options
- Follow-Up Care and Posttreatment Complications
- Prognosis
- 21. Surgical Endodontics
- Introduction
- Indications
- Intraradicular Infections
- Root Canal Anatomy
- Restorative Reasons
- Extraradicular Infection and True Cysts
- Fracture Concerns
- Biopsy
- Contraindications
- Poor Coronal Restoration
- Medical Conditions and Medications
- Periodontal Disease and Poor Soft Tissue Structure
- High Risk of Damage to Vital Structures
- Steps in Apical Microsurgery
- Flap Design
- Full Mucoperiosteal Flap
- Submarginal Triangular and Rectangular Flaps
- Papilla Base Flap
- Incision
- Osteotomy
- Apical Resection and Resected Apex Evaluation
- Periapical Curettage and Biopsy
- Root-End Cavity Preparation
- Hemostasis
- Root-End Filling Materials
- Placing Root-End Filling Materials
- Flap Closure
- Postoperative Instructions
- Suture Removal
- Outcomes of Endodontic Microsurgery
- 22. Endodontic Treatment Outcomes
- Introduction
- Definitions of Success and Failure
- When to Evaluate
- Methods for Evaluation of Endodontic Outcomes
- Patient History
- Clinical Examination
- Radiographic Findings
- Histologic Examination
- Success Rates
- Survival Rates
- Patient-Based Outcomes
- Postoperative Complications
- Prognostic Indicators
- Causes of Nonhealed, Failed Endodontic Treatment
- Preoperative Causes
- Operative Causes
- Postoperative Causes
- Outcomes of Treatments After Failure of Initial Nonsurgical Endodontics
- Nonsurgical Retreatment
- Endodontic Surgery
- Replantation and Transplantation
- Extraction Without Replacement
- Reasons for Extraction of Endodontically Treated Teeth
- 23. Tooth Retention versus Tooth Extraction
- Introduction
- Endodontic Treatments: Considerations and Outcomes
- Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment and Outcome
- Nonsurgical Root Canal Retreatment and Outcome
- Surgical Endodontics and Outcome
- Adjunctive Procedures and Outcome
- Root Resection
- Hemisection
- Crown Lengthening
- Root Extrusion
- Tooth Replantation
- Transplantation
- Socket Preservation
- Surgical and Nonsurgical Endodontic Treatment Complications
- Periodontal Treatment: Considerations and Outcomes
- Guided Tissue Regeneration and Guided Bone Regeneration in Endodontics
- Periodontal Treatment Complications
- Single-Tooth Implant and Outcome
- Single-Implant Survival Rates
- Implant Complications
- Restorative/Prosthodontic Considerations and Complications
- Esthetic Consideration and Approximation of the Ideal Tooth
- Treatment Fees and Cost Effectiveness
- Other Considerations
- Biologic Factors
- Patient-Specific Factors
- Tooth Condition Factors
- Ethical Considerations (Richard E. Jones, DDS, MSD)
- Conclusions
- 24. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Endodontics
- Introduction
- What Is Artificial Intelligence and Its Types?
- History of Artificial Intelligence
- Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Marketplace
- Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
- Artificial Intelligence in Endodontics
- Scope of Endodontics
- Role of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosis
- Treatment Options
- Treatment Planning With Artificial Intelligence
- Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
- Artificial Intelligence Model Development Process
- Role of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Root Canal Prognosis
- Robotics in Endodontics
- Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Endodontics
- Robotics in Medicine and Dentistry
- Mechanisms of Robotic Systems
- Mechanical Mechanisms
- Electrical Mechanisms
- Application of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Endodontics
- Development of Software for Automated Root Canal Treatment
- Role of Artificial Intelligence in Endodontic Education
- Limitations and Challenges of Robots
- Future of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Endodontics
- Future Studies
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- Index