Ecology

Höfundar: William D. Bowman; Sally D. Hacker (Útgáfa: 5)
Ecology

Kaup valmöguleikar

The bestselling textbook for undergraduate ecology courses, Ecology is an easy-to-read and well-organized text for instructors and students to explore the basics of the field. Bowman and Hacker motivate students with an engaging case study-driven, conceptual approach that highlights relevant applications and data-driven examples. The new fifth edition is available in a dynamic and interactive Enhanced eBook at an affordable price.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Oxford University Press Academic US
ISBN
9781605359939
Print ISBN
9781605359281
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
5
Höfundar
William D. Bowman; Sally D. Hacker
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2020-07-20
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Title page
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • About the Authors
  • Brief Contents
  • Preface
  • Reviewers
  • Media and Supplements to accompany Ecology, International Fifth Edition
  • Contents
  • 1 The Web of Life
  • Deformity and Decline in Amphibian Populations: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 1.1: Events in the natural world are interconnected.
  • Connections in Nature
  • CONCEPT 1.2: Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
  • What Is Ecology?
  • CONCEPT 1.3: Ecologists evaluate competing hypotheses about natural systems with observations, experiments, and models.
  • Answering Ecological Questions
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: APPROACHES USED TO STUDY GLOBAL WARMING
  • ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 1.1: Designing Ecological Experiments
  • ANALYZING DATA 1.1: Are Introduced Predators a Cause of Amphibian Decline?
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Deformity and Decline in Amphibian Populations
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: MISSION IMPOSSIBLE?
  • Unit 1: Organisms and Their Environment
  • 2 The Physical Environment
  • Climate Variation and Salmon Abundance: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 2.1: Climate is the most fundamental component of the physical environment.
  • Climate
  • CONCEPT 2.2: Winds and ocean currents result from differences in solar radiation across Earth’s surface.
  • Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation
  • CONCEPT 2.3: Large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns establish global patterns of temperature and precipitation.
  • Global Climate Patterns
  • CONCEPT 2.4: Regional climates reflect the influence of oceans and continents, mountains, and vegetation.
  • Regional Climate Influences
  • ANALYZING DATA 2.1: How Do Changes in Vegetation Cover Influence Climate?
  • CONCEPT 2.5: Seasonal and decadal climate variation are associated with changes in Earth’s position relative to the sun and the strength of atmospheric pressure cells.
  • Climate Variation over Time
  • CONCEPT 2.6: Salinity, acidity, and oxygen concentrations are major determinants of the chemical environment.
  • The Chemical Environment
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Climate Variation and Salmon Abundance
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: CLIMATE VARIATION AND ECOLOGY
  • 3 The Biosphere
  • The American Serengeti—Twelve Centuries of Change in the Great Plains: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 3.1: Terrestrial biomes are characterized by the growth forms of the dominant vegetation.
  • Terrestrial Biomes
  • ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 3.1: Climate Diagrams
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: TROPICAL FORESTS AND GREENHOUSE GASES
  • ANALYZING DATA 3.1: How Will Climate Change Affect the Grasslands Biome?
  • CONCEPT 3.2: Biological zones in freshwater ecosystems are associated with the velocity, depth, temperature, clarity, and chemistry of the water.
  • Freshwater Biological Zones
  • CONCEPT 3.3: Marine biological zones are determined by ocean depth, light availability, and the stability of the bottom substrate.
  • Marine Biological Zones
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: The American Serengeti—Twelve Centuries of Change in the Great Plains
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH
  • 4 Coping with Environmental Variation: Temperature and Water
  • Frozen Frogs: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 4.1: Each species has a range of environmental tolerances that determines its potential geographic distribution.
  • Responses to Environmental Variation
  • CONCEPT 4.2: The temperature of an organism is determined by exchanges of energy with the external environment.
  • Variation in Temperature
  • ANALYZING DATA 4.1: How Does Fur Thickness Influence Metabolic Activity in Endotherms?
  • CONCEPT 4.3: The water balance of an organism is determined by exchanges of water and solutes with the external environment.
  • Variation in Water Availability
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Frozen Frogs
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: DESICCATION TOLERANCE, BODY SIZE, AND RARITY
  • 5 Coping with Environmental Variation: Energy
  • Toolmaking Crows: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 5.1: Organisms obtain energy from sunlight, from inorganic chemical compounds, or through the consumption of organic compounds.
  • Sources of Energy
  • CONCEPT 5.2: Radiant and chemical energy captured by autotrophs is converted into stored energy in carbon–carbon bonds.
  • Autotrophy
  • ANALYZING DATA 5.1: How Does Acclimatization Affect Plant Energy Balance?
  • CONCEPT 5.3: Environmental constraints have resulted in the evolution of biochemical pathways that improve the efficiency of photosynthesis.
  • Photosynthetic Pathways
  • ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 5.1: Stable Isotopes
  • CONCEPT 5.4: Heterotrophs have adaptations for acquiring and assimilating energy efficiently from a variety of organic sources.
  • Heterotrophy
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Toolmaking Crows
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: TOOL USE: ADAPTATION OR LEARNED BEHAVIOR?
  • Unit 2: Evolutionary Ecology
  • 6 Evolution and Ecology
  • Trophy Hunting and Inadvertent Evolution: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 6.1: Evolution can be viewed as genetic change over time or as a process of descent with modification.
  • What Is Evolution?
  • CONCEPT 6.2: Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can cause allele frequencies in a population to change over time.
  • Mechanisms of Evolution
  • CONCEPT 6.3: Natural selection is the mechanism for adaptive evolution.
  • Adaptive Evolution
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • CONCEPT 6.4: Long-term patterns of evolution are shaped by large-scale processes such as speciation, mass extinction, and adaptive radiation.
  • The Evolutionary History of Life
  • CONCEPT 6.5: Ecological interactions and evolution exert a profound influence on one another.
  • Joint Effects of Ecology and Evolution
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Trophy Hunting and Inadvertent Evolution
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: THE HUMAN IMPACT ON EVOLUTION
  • ANALYZING DATA 6.1: Does Predation by Birds Cause Evolution in Moth Populations?
  • 7 Life History
  • Nemo Grows Up: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 7.1: Life history patterns vary within and among species.
  • Life History Diversity
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE TIMING OF SEASONAL ACTIVITIES
  • CONCEPT 7.2: There are trade-offs between life history traits.
  • Trade-Offs
  • ANALYZING DATA 7.1: Is There a Trade-Off between Current and Delayed Reproduction in the Collared Flycatcher?
  • CONCEPT 7.3: Organisms face different selection pressures at different life cycle stages.
  • Life Cycle Evolution
  • CONCEPT 7.4: Life history patterns can be classified along several continua.
  • Life History Continua
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Nemo Grows Up
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: TERRITORIALITY, COMPETITION, AND LIFE HISTORY
  • 8 Behavioral Ecology
  • Baby Killers: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 8.1: Evolution is the basis for adaptive behavior.
  • An Evolutionary Approach to Behavior
  • CONCEPT 8.2: Animals make behavioral choices that enhance their energy gain and reduce their risk of becoming prey.
  • Foraging Behavior
  • CONCEPT 8.3: Mating behaviors reflect the costs and benefits of parental investment and mate defense.
  • Mating Behavior
  • CONCEPT 8.4: There are advantages and disadvantages to living in groups.
  • Living in Groups
  • ANALYZING DATA 8.1: Does the Dilution Effect Protect Individual Ocean Skaters from Fish Predators?
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Baby Killers
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO PREDATORS HAVE BROAD ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
  • Unit 3: Populations
  • 9 Population Distribution and Abundance
  • From Kelp Forest to Urchin Barren: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 9.1: Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that vary in size over space and time.
  • Populations and Individuals
  • ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 9.1: Estimating Abundance
  • CONCEPT 9.2: Species vary in their distribution and abundance across their geographic range.
  • Distribution and Abundance Patterns
  • CONCEPT 9.3: Species are limited in their distribution and abundance by habitat suitability, historical factors, and dispersal.
  • Processes Important to Distribution and Abundance
  • ANALYZING DATA 9.1: Have Introduced Grasses Altered the Occurrence of Fires in Hawaiian Dry Forests?
  • CONCEPT 9.4: In metapopulations, sets of spatially isolated populations are linked by dispersal.
  • Metapopulations
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: From Kelp Forest to Urchin Barren
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION Effects of Climate Change on the Geographic Distributions of Species
  • Connections in Nature From Urchins to Ecosystems
  • 10 Population Dynamics
  • A Sea in Trouble: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 10.1: Populations are dynamic entities that vary in size over time.
  • Patterns of Population Growth
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION Collapsing Population Cycles and Climate Change
  • CONCEPT 10.2: Delayed density dependence can cause populations to cycle.
  • Delayed Density Dependence
  • CONCEPT 10.3: The risk of extinction increases in populations that fluctuate in size and/or are small.
  • Population Extinction
  • ANALYZING DATA 10.1: How Does Variation in Population Growth Rate Affect Population Size?
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: A Sea in Trouble
  • Connections in Nature From Bottom to Top, and Back Again
  • 11 Population Growth and Regulation
  • Human Population Growth: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 11.1: Populations can grow exponentially when conditions are favorable, but exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely.
  • Geometric and Exponential Growth
  • ANALYZING DATA 11.1: How Has the Growth of the Human Population Changed over Time?
  • CONCEPT 11.2: Population size is determined by a combination of density-dependent and density-independent factors.
  • Effects of Density
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION Effects of Climate Change on Tree Mortality Rates
  • CONCEPT 11.3: The logistic equation incorporates limits to growth and shows how a population may stabilize at a maximum size, the carrying capacity.
  • Logistic Growth
  • CONCEPT 11.4: Life tables show how survival and reproduction vary with age or size structure, influencing population growth and size.
  • Life Tables
  • ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 11.1: Estimating Population Growth Rates in a Threatened Species
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Human Population Growth
  • Connections in Nature Your Ecological Footprint
  • Unit 4: Species Interactions
  • 12 Predation
  • Snowshoe Hare Cycles: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 12.1: Most carnivores have broad diets, whereas a majority of herbivores have relatively narrow diets.
  • Carnivore and Herbivore Dietary Preferences
  • CONCEPT 12.2: Predation results in a wide range of capture and avoidance mechanisms.
  • Mechanisms Important to Predation
  • ANALYZING DATA 12.1: Do Different Herbivore Species Select for Different Plant Genotypes?
  • CONCEPT 12.3: Predator populations can cycle with their prey populations.
  • Predator–Prey Population Cycles
  • CONCEPT 12.4: Predation can affect prey distribution and abundance, in some cases causing a shift from one community type to another.
  • Effects of Predation on Communities
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: CLIMATE CHANGE AND SPECIES INTERACTIONS
  • A CASE STUDY REVISTED Snowshoe Hare Cycles
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: FROM FEAR TO HORMONES TO POPULATION DYNAMICS
  • 13 Parasitism
  • Enslaver Parasites: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 13.1: Parasites typically feed on only one or a few host species, but host species have multiple parasite species.
  • Parasite Natural History
  • CONCEPT 13.2: Hosts have mechanisms for defending themselves against parasites, and parasites have mechanisms for overcoming host defenses.
  • Defense and Counterdefenses
  • ANALYZING DATA 13.1: Will a Defensive Symbiont Increase in Frequency in a Host Population Subjected to Parasitism?
  • CONCEPT 13.3: Host and parasite populations can evolve together, each in response to selection pressure imposed by the other.
  • Parasite–Host Coevolution
  • CONCEPT 13.4: Hosts and parasites can have important effects on each other’s population dynamics.
  • Host–Parasite Population Dynamics
  • CONCEPT 13.5: Parasites can alter the outcomes of species interactions, thereby causing communities to change.
  • Parasites Can Change Ecological Communities
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISEASE SPREAD
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Enslaver Parasites
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: FROM CHEMICALS TO EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEMS
  • 14 Competition
  • Competition in Plants That Eat Animals: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 14.1: Competition can be direct or indirect, vary in its intensity, and occur between similar or dissimilar species.
  • General Features of Competition
  • CONCEPT 14.2: Competing species are more likely to coexist when they use resources in different ways.
  • Competitive Coexistence
  • CONCEPT 14.3: Competitive interactions can be modeled using the logistic equation.
  • The Lotka–Volterra Competition Model
  • ANALYZING DATA 14.1: Will Competition with a Native Mosquito Species Prevent the Spread of an Introduced Mosquito?
  • CONCEPT 14.4: The outcome of competition can be altered by predation, the physical environment, and disturbance.
  • Altering the Outcome of Competition
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Competition in Plants That Eat Animals
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: THE PARADOX OF DIVERSITY
  • 15 Mutualism and Commensalism
  • The First Farmers: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 15.1: In positive interactions, no species is harmed, and the benefits are greater than the costs for at least one species.
  • Positive Interactions
  • CONCEPT 15.2: Each partner in a mutualistic interaction acts in ways that serve its own ecological and evolutionary interests.
  • Characteristics of Mutualism
  • ANALYZING DATA 15.1: Does a Mycorrhizal Fungus Transfer More Phosphorus to Plant Roots That Provide More Carbohydrates?
  • CONCEPT 15.3: Positive interactions affect the abundances and distributions of populations as well as the structure of ecological communities.
  • Ecological Consequences of Positive Interactions
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: The First Farmers
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: FROM MANDIBLES TO NUTRIENT CYCLING
  • Unit 5: Communities
  • 16 The Nature of Communities
  • “Killer Algae!”: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 16.1: Communities are groups of interacting species that occur together at the same place and time.
  • What Are Communities?
  • CONCEPT 16.2: Species diversity and species composition are important descriptors of community structure.
  • Community Structure
  • ANALYZING DATA 16.1: What Are the Effects of Invasive Species on Species Diversity?
  • CONCEPT 16.3: Communities can be characterized by complex networks of direct and indirect interactions that vary in strength and direction.
  • Interactions of Multiple Species
  • ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 16.1: Measurements of Interaction Strength
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: CONTEXT DEPENDENCE OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: “Killer Algae!”
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: STOPPING INVASIONS REQUIRES COMMITMENT
  • 17 Change in Communities
  • A Natural Experiment of Mountainous Proportions: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 17.1: Agents of change act on communities across all temporal and spatial scales.
  • Agents of Change
  • CONCEPT 17.2: Succession is the process of change in species composition over time as a result of abiotic and biotic agents of change.
  • The Basics of Succession
  • CONCEPT 17.3: Experimental work on succession shows its mechanisms to be diverse and context dependent.
  • Mechanisms of Succession
  • ANALYZING DATA 17.1: What Kinds of Species Interactions Drive Succession in Mountain Forests?
  • CONCEPT 17.4: Communities can follow different successional paths and display alternative states.
  • Alternative Stable States
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: A Natural Experiment of Mountainous Proportions
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: PRIMARY SUCCESSION AND MUTUALISM
  • 18 Biogeography
  • The Largest Ecological Experiment on Earth: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 18.1: Patterns of species diversity and distribution vary at global, regional, and local spatial scales.
  • Biogeography and Spatial Scale
  • CONCEPT 18.2: Global patterns of species diversity and composition are influenced by geographic area and isolation, evolutionary history, and global climate.
  • Global Biogeography
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS IN DIVERSITY UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE
  • CONCEPT 18.3: Regional differences in species diversity are influenced by area and distance, which determine the balance between immigration and extinction rates.
  • Regional Biogeography
  • ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 18.1: Species–Area Curves
  • ANALYZING DATA 18.1: Do Species Invasions Influence Species–Area Curves?
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: The Largest Ecological Experiment on Earth
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: TROPICAL RAINFOREST DIVERSITY BENEFITS HUMANS
  • 19 Species Diversity in Communities
  • Can Species Diversity Suppress Human Diseases? A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 19.1: Species diversity differs among communities as a consequence of regional species pools, abiotic conditions, and species interactions.
  • Community Membership
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: HOW ARE SPECIES INVASIONS ENHANCED BY CLIMATE CHANGE?
  • CONCEPT 19.2: Resource partitioning is theorized to reduce competition and increase species diversity.
  • Resource Partitioning
  • CONCEPT 19.3: Processes such as disturbance, stress, predation, and positive interactions can mediate resource availability, thus promoting species diversity.
  • Resource Mediation and Species Diversity
  • ANALYZING DATA 19.1: How Do Predation and Dispersal Interact to Influence Species Richness?
  • CONCEPT 19.4: Many experiments show that species diversity affects community function.
  • The Consequences of Diversity
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Can Species Diversity Suppress Human Diseases?
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: MANAGING PATHOGENS BY MANAGING BIODIVERSITY
  • Unit 6: Ecosystems
  • 20 Production
  • Life in the Deep Blue Sea, How Can It Be? A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 20.1: Energy in ecosystems originates with primary production by autotrophs.
  • Primary Production
  • ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 20.1: Remote Sensing
  • ANALYZING DATA 20.1: Does Deforestation Influence Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations?
  • CONCEPT 20.2: Net primary production is constrained by both physical and biotic environmental factors.
  • Environmental Controls on NPP
  • CONCEPT 20.3: Global patterns of net primary production reflect climate constraints and biome types.
  • Global Patterns of NPP
  • CONCEPT 20.4: Secondary production is generated through the consumption of organic matter by heterotrophs.
  • Secondary Production
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Life in the Deep Blue Sea, How Can It Be?
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: ENERGY-DRIVEN SUCCESSION AND EVOLUTION IN HYDROTHERMAL VENT COMMUNITIES
  • 21 Energy Flow and Food Webs
  • Toxins in Remote Places: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 21.1: Trophic levels describe the feeding positions of groups of organisms in ecosystems.
  • Feeding Relationships
  • CONCEPT 21.2: The amount of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next depends on food quality and on consumer abundance and physiology.
  • Energy Flow between Trophic Levels
  • CONCEPT 21.3: Changes in the abundances of organisms at one trophic level can influence energy flow at multiple trophic levels.
  • Trophic Cascades
  • ANALYZING DATA 21.1: Does the Identity of Organisms Influence Energy Flow between Trophic Levels?
  • CONCEPT 21.4: Food webs are conceptual models of the trophic interactions of organisms in an ecosystem.
  • Food Webs
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Toxins in Remote Places
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS
  • 22 Nutrient Supply and Cycling
  • A Fragile Crust: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 22.1: Nutrients enter ecosystems through the chemical breakdown of minerals in rocks or through fixation of atmospheric gases.
  • Nutrient Requirements and Sources
  • CONCEPT 22.2: Chemical and biological transformations in ecosystems alter the chemical form and supply of nutrients.
  • Nutrient Transformations
  • ANALYZING DATA 22.1: Does Lignin Always Inhibit Decomposition?
  • CONCEPT 22.3: Nutrients cycle repeatedly through the components of ecosystems.
  • Nutrient Cycles and Losses
  • ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 22.1: Instrumenting Catchments
  • CONCEPT 22.4: Freshwater and marine nutrient cycles occur in a moving medium and are linked to terrestrial ecosystems.
  • Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: A Fragile Crust
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: NUTRIENTS, DISTURBANCE, AND INVASIVE SPECIES
  • Unit 7: Applied and Large-Scale Ecology
  • 23 Conservation Biology
  • Can Birds and Bombs Coexist? A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 23.1: Conservation biology is an integrative discipline that applies the principles of ecology to the protection of biodiversity.
  • Conservation Biology
  • CONCEPT 23.2: Biodiversity is declining globally.
  • Declining Biodiversity
  • CONCEPT 23.3: Primary threats to diversity include habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation, pollution, disease, and climate change.
  • Threats to Diversity
  • ANALYZING DATA 23.1: Do Nitric Oxide Emissions Differ Statistically between Plots with and without Kudzu?
  • CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION: IMPACTS ON DIVERSITY
  • CONCEPT 23.4: Conservation biologists use many tools and work at multiple scales to manage declining populations.
  • Approaches to Conservation
  • ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 23.1: Forensics in Conservation Biology
  • CONCEPT 23.5: Prioritizing species helps maximize the biodiversity that can be protected with limited resources.
  • Ranking Species for Protection
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Can Birds and Bombs Coexist?
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: SOME BURNING QUESTIONS
  • 24 Global Ecology
  • Dust Storms of Epic Proportions: A Case Study
  • Introduction
  • CONCEPT 24.1: Elements move among geologic, atmospheric, oceanic, and biological pools at a global scale.
  • Global Biogeochemical Cycles
  • ANALYZING DATA 24.1: How Much Will Ocean pH Drop in the Twenty-First Century?
  • CONCEPT 24.2: Earth is warming because of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.
  • Global Climate Change
  • CONCEPT 24.3: Anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen cause acid deposition, alter soil chemistry, and affect the health of ecosystems.
  • Acid and Nitrogen Deposition
  • CONCEPT 24.4: Losses of ozone in the stratosphere and increases in ozone in the troposphere both pose risks to organisms.
  • Atmospheric Ozone
  • A CASE STUDY REVISITED: Dust Storms of Epic Proportions
  • CONNECTIONS in NATURE: DUST AS A VECTOR OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS
  • Appendix: Some Metric Measurements Used in Ecology
  • Glossary
  • Literature Cited
  • Index