Ecology: Concepts and Applications ISE

Name: Ecology: Concepts and Applications ISE
Price: 5050 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Anna Sher; Manuel Molles
ISBN: 9781266425394

Höfundar: Anna Sher; Manuel Molles (Útgáfa: 10)

Kaup valmöguleikar

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi: McGraw-Hill Higher Education (International)

ISBN: 9781266425394

Print ISBN: 9781266301339

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 10

Höfundar: Anna Sher; Manuel Molles

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2026-01-13

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Umhverfisfræði

Efnisflokkar: Vísindi › Vistfræði

Kaflar

Table of Contents and Preface
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Organization of the Book
Features Designed with the Student in Mind
New to the 2026 Revision
Significant Chapter-by-Chapter Changes
Online Materials
Related Title of Interest from McGraw-Hill Education
Acknowledgments
connect
Remote Proctoring & Browser-Locking Capabilities
Writing Assignment
Chapter 1 Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
Introduction
1.1 Overview of Ecology
1.2 Sampling Ecological Research
Types of Research
Climatic and Ecological Changes: Past and Future
Applications
Ecology Can Inform Environmental Law and Policy
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 2 Life on Land
Introduction
Terrestrial Biomes and the Importance of Plants
2.1 Large-Scale Patterns of Climatic Variation
Temperature, Atmospheric Circulation, and Precipitation
Climate Diagrams
2.2 Other Factors That Shape Terrestrial Biomes
2.3 Natural History and Geography of Biomes
Tropical Rain Forest
Tropical Dry Forest
Tropical Savanna
Desert
Woodland and Shrubland
Temperate Grassland
Temperate Forest
Boreal Forest
Tundra
Mountains: A Diversity of Biomes
Applications
Finer Scale Climatic Variation over Time and Space
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 3 Life in Water
Introduction
Aquatic Biomes and How They Differ
3.1 Water Cycling
The Hydrologic Cycle
The Effects of Wind and Temperature
3.2 The Natural History of Aquatic Environments
The Oceans
Life in Shallow Marine Waters: Kelp Forests and Coral Gardens
Marine Shores: Life Between High and Low Tides
Transitional Environments: Estuaries, Salt Marshes, Mangrove Forests, and Freshwater Wetlands
Rivers and Streams: Life Blood and Pulse of the Land
Lakes: Small Seas
Applications
Biological Integrity—Assessing the Health of Aquatic Systems
Number of Species and Species Composition
Trophic Composition
Fish Abundance and Condition
A Test
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 4 Population Genetics and Natural Selection
Introduction
4.1 Variation Within Populations
Variation in a Widely Distributed Plant
Variation in Alpine Fish Populations
4.2 Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Calculating Gene Frequencies
4.3 The Process of Natural Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Directional Selection
Disruptive Selection
4.4 Evolution by Natural Selection
Heritability: Essential for Evolution
Directional Selection: Adaptation by Soapberry Bugs to New Host Plants
4.5 Change Due to Chance
Evidence of Genetic Drift in Island Crickets
Genetic Diversity and Butterfly Extinctions
Applications
Evolution and Agriculture
Evolution of Herbicide Resistance in Weeds
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 5 Temperature Relations
Introduction
5.1 Microclimates
Altitude
Aspect
Vegetation
Color of the Ground
Presence of Boulders and Burrows
Aquatic Temperatures
5.2 Evolutionary Trade-Offs
The Principle of Allocation
5.3 Temperature and Performance of Organisms
Extreme Temperatures and Photosynthesis
Temperature and Microbial Activity
5.4 Regulating Body Temperature
Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss
Temperature Regulation by Plants
Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals
Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals
Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic Plants
5.5 Surviving Extreme Temperatures
Inactivity
Reducing Metabolic Rate
Hibernation by a Tropical Species
Applications
Local Extinction of a Land Snail in an Urban Heat Island
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 6 Water Relations
Introduction
6.1 Water Availability
Water Content of Air
Water Movement in Aquatic Environments
Water Movement Between Soils and Plants
6.2 Water Regulation on Land
Water Acquisition by Animals
Water Acquisition by Plants
Water Conservation by Plants and Animals
Dissimilar Organisms with Similar Approaches to Desert Life
Two Arthropods with Opposite Approaches to Desert Life
6.3 Water and Salt Balance in Aquatic Environments
Marine Fish and Invertebrates
Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates
Applications
Using Stable Isotopes to Study Water Uptake by Plants
Stable Isotope Analysis
Using Stable Isotopes to Identify Plant Water Sources
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 7 Energy and Nutrient Relations
Introduction
7.1 Photosynthetic Autotrophs
The Solar-Powered Biosphere
7.2 Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
7.3 Heterotrophs
Chemical Composition and Nutrient Requirements
7.4 Energy Limitation
Photon Flux and Photosynthetic Response Curves
Food Density and Animal Functional Response
7.5 Optimal Foraging Theory
Testing Optimal Foraging Theory
Optimal Foraging by Plants
Applications
Bioremediation—Using the Trophic Diversity of Bacteria to Solve Environmental Problems
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
Cyanide and Nitrates in Mine Spoils
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 8 Social Relations
Introduction
8.1 Mate Choice versus Predation
Mate Choice and Sexual Selection in Guppies
8.2 Mate Choice and Resource Provisioning
8.3 Nonrandom Mating in a Plant Population
8.4 Sociality
Cooperative Breeders
8.5 Eusociality
Eusocial Species
Evolution of Eusociality
Applications
Behavioral Ecology and Conservation
Tinbergen’s Framework
Environmental Enrichment and Development of Behavior
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 9 Population Distribution and Abundance
Introduction
9.1 Distribution Limits
Kangaroo Distributions and Climate
Distributions of Plants Along a Moisture-Temperature Gradient
Distributions of Barnacles Along an Intertidal Exposure Gradient
9.2 Patterns on Small Scales
Scale, Distributions, and Mechanisms
Distributions of Tropical Bee Colonies
Distributions of Desert Shrubs
9.3 Patterns on Large Scales
Bird Populations Across North America
Plant Distributions Along Moisture Gradients
9.4 Organism Size and Population Density
Animal Size and Population Density
Plant Size and Population Density
Applications
Rarity and Vulnerability to Extinction
Seven Forms of Rarity and One of Abundance
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 10 Population Dynamics
Introduction
10.1 Dispersal
Dispersal of Expanding Populations
Range Changes in Response to Climate Change
Dispersal in Response to Changing Food Supply
Dispersal in Rivers and Streams
10.2 Metapopulations
A Metapopulation of an Alpine Butterfly
Dispersal Within a Metapopulation of Lesser Kestrels
10.3 Patterns of Survival
Estimating Patterns of Survival
High Survival Among the Young
Constant Rates of Survival
High Mortality Among the Young
Three Types of Survivorship Curves
10.4 Age Distribution
Contrasting Tree Populations
A Dynamic Population in a Variable Climate
10.5 Rates of Population Change
Estimating Rates for an Annual Plant
Estimating Rates When Generations Overlap
Applications
Changes in Species Distributions in Response to Climate Warming
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 11 Population Growth
Introduction
11.1 Geometric and Exponential Population Growth
Geometric Growth
Exponential Growth
Exponential Growth in Nature
11.2 Logistic Population Growth
11.3 Limits to Population Growth
Environment and Birth and Death Among Darwin’s Finches
Applications
The Human Population
Distribution and Abundance
Population Dynamics
Population Growth
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 12 Life Histories
Introduction
12.1 Offspring Number versus Size
Egg Size and Number in Fish
Seed Size and Number in Plants
Seed Size and Seedling Performance
12.2 Adult Survival and Reproductive Allocation
Life History Variation Among Species
Life History Variation Within Species
12.3 Life History Classification
r and K Selection
Plant Life Histories
Opportunistic, Equilibrium, and Periodic Life Histories
Lifetime Reproductive Effort and Relative Offspring Size: Two Central Variables?
Applications
Climate Change and Timing of Reproduction and Migration
Altered Plant Phenology
Animal Phenology
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 13 Species Interactions and Competition
Introduction
Competitive Interactions Are Diverse
13.1 Intraspecific Competition
Intraspecific Competition Among Plants
Intraspecific Competition Among Planthoppers
Interference Competition Among Terrestrial Isopods
13.2 Competitive Exclusion and Niches
The Feeding Niches of Darwin’s Finches
Competition for Caterpillars
13.3 Mathematical and Laboratory Models
Modeling Interspecific Competition
Laboratory Models of Competition
13.4 Competition and Niches
Niches and Competition Among Plants
Niche Overlap and Competition Between Barnacles
Competition and the Niches of Small Rodents
Character Displacement
Evidence for Competition in Nature
Applications
Competition Between Native and Invasive Species
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 14 Exploitative Interactions: Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease
Introduction
14.1 Exploitation and Abundance
A Herbivorous Stream Insect and Its Algal Food
Bats, Birds, and Herbivory in a Tropical Forest
A Pathogenic Parasite, a Predator, and Its Prey
14.2 Dynamics
Cycles of Abundance in Snowshoe Hares and Their Predators
Experimental Test of Food and Predation Impacts
Population Cycles in Mathematical and Laboratory Models
14.3 Refuges
Refuges and Host Persistence in Laboratory and Mathematical Models
Exploited Organisms and Their Wide Variety of “Refuges”
14.4 Ratio-Dependent Models of Functional Response
Alternative Model for Trophic Ecology
Evidence for Ratio-Dependent Predation
14.5 Complex Interactions
Parasites and Pathogens That Manipulate Host Behavior
The Entangling of Exploitation with Competition
Applications
The Value of Pest Control by Bats: A Case Study
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 15 Mutualism
Introduction
15.1 Plant Mutualisms
Plant Performance and Mycorrhizal Fungi
Ants and Swollen Thorn Acacias
A Temperate Plant Protection Mutualism
15.2 Coral Mutualisms
Zooxanthellae and Corals
A Coral Protection Mutualism
15.3 Evolution of Mutualism
Facultative Ant–plant Protection Mutualisms
Applications
Mutualism and Humans
Guiding Behavior
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 16 Species Abundance and Diversity
Introduction
16.1 Species Abundance
The Lognormal Distribution
16.2 Species Diversity
A Quantitative Index of Species Diversity
Rank-Abundance Curves
16.3 Environmental Complexity
Forest Complexity and Bird Species Diversity
Niches, Heterogeneity, and the Diversity of Algae and Plants
The Niches of Algae and Terrestrial Plants
Complexity in Plant Environments
Soil and Topographic Heterogeneity
Nutrient Enrichment Can Reduce Environmental Complexity
Nitrogen Enrichment and Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Diversity
16.4 Disturbance and Diversity
The Nature and Sources of Disturbance
The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
Disturbance and Diversity in the Intertidal Zone
Disturbance and Diversity in Temperate Grasslands
Applications
Disturbance by Humans
Urban Diversity
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 17 Species Interactions and Community Structure
Introduction
17.1 Community Webs
Strong Interactions and Food Web Structure
17.2 Indirect Interactions
Indirect Commensalism
Apparent Competition
17.3 Keystone Species
Food Web Structure and Species Diversity
Experimental Removal of Sea Stars
Snail Effects on Algal Diversity
Fish as Keystone Species in River Food Webs
17.4 Mutualistic Keystones
A Cleaner Fish as a Keystone Species
Seed Dispersal Mutualists as Keystone Species
Applications
Human Modification of Food Webs
Parasitoid Wasps: Apparent Competition and Biological Control
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 18 Primary and Secondary Production
Introduction
18.1 Patterns of Terrestrial Primary Production
Actual Evapotranspiration and Terrestrial Primary Production
Soil Fertility and Terrestrial Primary Production
18.2 Patterns of Aquatic Primary Production
Patterns and Models
Whole-Lake Experiments on Primary Production
Global Patterns of Marine Primary Production
18.3 Primary Producer Diversity
Terrestrial Plant Diversity and Primary Production
Algal Diversity and Aquatic Primary Production
18.4 Consumer Influences
Piscivores, Planktivores, and Lake Primary Production
Grazing by Large Mammals and Primary Production on the Serengeti
18.5 Secondary Production
A Trophic Dynamic View of Ecosystems
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Controls on Secondary Production
Linking Primary Production and Secondary Production
Applications
Using Stable Isotope Analysis to Study Feeding Habits
Using Stable Isotopes to Identify Sources of Energy in a Salt Marsh
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 19 Nutrient Cycling and Retention
Introduction
19.1 Nutrient Cycles
The Phosphorus Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
19.2 Rates of Decomposition
Decomposition in Two Mediterranean Woodland Ecosystems
Decomposition in Two Temperate Forest Ecosystems
Decomposition in Aquatic Ecosystems
19.3 Organisms and Nutrients
Nutrient Cycling in Streams and Lakes
Animals and Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Plants and the Nutrient Dynamics of Ecosystems
19.4 Disturbance and Nutrients
Disturbance and Nutrient Loss from Forests
Flooding and Nutrient Export by Streams
Applications
Altering Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 20 Succession and Stability
Introduction
20.1 Community Changes During Succession
Primary Succession at Glacier Bay
Secondary Succession in Temperate Forests
Succession in Rocky Intertidal Communities
Succession in Stream Communities
20.2 Ecosystem Changes During Succession
Four Million Years of Ecosystem Change
Succession and Stream Ecosystem Properties
20.3 Mechanisms of Succession
Facilitation
Tolerance
Inhibition
Successional Mechanisms in the Rocky Intertidal Zone
Mechanisms in Old Field Succession
20.4 Community and Ecosystem Stability
Lessons from the Park Grass Experiment
Replicate Disturbances and Desert Stream Stability
Applications
Ecological Succession Informing Ecological Restoration
Applying Succession Concepts to Restoration
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 21 Landscape Ecology
Introduction
21.1 Landscape Structure
The Structure of Six Landscapes in Ohio
The Fractal Geometry of Landscapes
21.2 Landscape Processes
Landscape Structure and the Dispersal of Mammals
Habitat Patch Size and Isolation and the Density of Butterfly Populations
Habitat Corridors and Movement of Organisms
Landscape Position and Lake Chemistry
21.3 Origins of Landscape Structure and Change
Geological Processes, Climate, and Landscape Structure
Organisms and Landscape Structure
Fire and the Structure of a Mediterranean Landscape
Applications
Landscape Approaches to Mitigating Urban Heat Islands
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 22 Geographic Ecology
Introduction
22.1 Area, Isolation, and Species Richness
Island Area and Species Richness
Island Isolation and Species Richness
22.2 The Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography
Species Turnover on Islands
Experimental Island Biogeography
Colonization of New Islands by Plants
Manipulating Island Area
Island Biogeography Update
22.3 Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness
Latitudinal Gradient Hypotheses
Area and Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness
Continental Area and Species Richness
22.4 Historical and Regional Influences
Exceptional Patterns of Diversity
Historical and Regional Explanations
Applications
Global Positioning Systems, Remote Sensing, and Geographic Information Systems
Global Positioning Systems
Remote Sensing
Geographic Information Systems
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 23 Global Ecology
Introduction
The Atmospheric Envelope and the Greenhouse Earth
23.1 A Global System
The Historical Thread
El Niño and La Niña
El Niño Southern Oscillation and Marine Populations
El Niño and the Great Salt Lake
El Niño and Terrestrial Populations in Australia
23.2 Human Activity and the Global Nitrogen Cycle
23.3 Changes in Land Cover
Deforestation
23.4 Human Influence on Atmospheric Composition
Depletion and Recovery of the Ozone Layer
Applications
Impacts of Global Climate Change
Shifts in Biodiversity and Widespread Extinction of Species
Human Impacts of Climate Change
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Appendix A Investigating the Evidence
Appendix A Investigating the Evidence
Investigating the Evidence 1 The Scientific Method—Questions and Hypotheses
Investigating the Evidence 2: Determining the Sample Mean
Critiquing the Evidence 2
Investigating the Evidence 3: Determining the Sample Median
Critiquing the Evidence 3
Investigating the Evidence 4: Variation in Data
Critiquing the Evidence 4
Investigating the Evidence 5: Laboratory Experiments
Critiquing the Evidence 5
Investigating the Evidence 6: Sample Size
Critiquing the Evidence 6
Investigating the Evidence 7: Scatter Plots and the Relationship Between Variables
Critiquing the Evidence 7
Investigating the Evidence 8: Estimating Heritability Using Regression Analysis
Critiquing the Evidence 8
Investigating the Evidence 9: Clumped, Random, and Regular Distributions
Critiquing the Evidence 9
Investigating the Evidence 10: Hypotheses and Statistical Significance
Critiquing the Evidence 10
Investigating the Evidence 11: Frequency of Alternative Phenotypes in a Population
Critiquing the Evidence 11
Investigating the Evidence 12: A Statistical Test for Distribution Pattern
Critiquing the Evidence 12
Investigating the Evidence 13: Field Experiments
Knowledge of Initial Conditions
Controls
Replication
Investigating the Evidence 14: Standard Error of the Mean
Critiquing the Evidence 14
Investigating the Evidence 15: Confidence Intervals
Critiquing the Evidence 15
Investigating the Evidence 16: Estimating the Number of Species in Communities
Sampling Effort
Indicator Taxa
Standardized Sampling
Investigating the Evidence 17: Using Confidence Intervals to Compare Populations
Critiquing the Evidence 17
Investigating the Evidence 18: Comparing Two Populations with the t-Test
Critiquing the Evidence 18
Investigating the Evidence 19: Assumptions for Statistical Tests
Critiquing the Evidence 19
Investigating the Evidence 20: Variation Around the Median
Critiquing the Evidence 20
Investigating the Evidence 21: Comparison of Two Samples Using a Rank Sum Test
Critiquing the Evidence 21
Investigating the Evidence 22: Sample Size Revisited
Critiquing the Evidence 22
Investigating the Evidence 23: Discovering What’s Been Discovered
Critiquing the Evidence 23
Appendix B Statistical Tables
Appendix B
Appendix C: Abbreviations Used in This Text
Appendix C
Appendix D: Global Biomes
Appendix D
Glossary
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
References
References
Index
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Figure 15.11 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.12 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.13 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.14 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.15 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.16 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.17 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.19 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.20 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.23 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.24 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.25 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 16.3 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.4 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.5 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.6 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.7 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.8 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.9 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.10 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.11 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.12 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.13 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.14 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.15 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.16 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.17 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.18 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.19 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.20 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.21 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.23 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.24 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 17.2 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.5 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.6 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.7 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.8 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.9 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.10 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.11 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.12 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.14 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.15 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.16 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.17 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.18 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.20 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.22 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 18.2 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.3 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.4 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.5 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.6 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.7 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.8 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.9 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.10 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.11 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.12 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.13 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.14 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.15 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.16 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.17 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.18 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.19 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.20 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.21 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.22 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.23 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.24 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 19.1 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.2 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.3 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.4 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.5 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.6 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.7 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.8 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.9 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.10 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.11 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.12 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.13 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.14 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.15 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.17 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.18 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.19 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.20 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.21 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.22 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.23 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.24 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.25 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.26 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.27 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 20.4 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.5 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.6 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.8 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.9 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.10 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.11 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.13 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.14 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.15 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.16 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.17 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.18 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.19 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.20 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.21 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.22 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.23 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.24 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.25 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.26 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.27 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.28 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.30 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.31 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.33 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.34 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 21.4 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.5 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.6 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.7 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.10 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.11 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.13 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.14 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.15 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.16 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.18 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.19 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.20 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.21 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.22 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.25 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.26 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.28 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.29 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.30 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Unnumbered Figure 21.1 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 22.2 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.3 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.4 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.5 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.6 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.7 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.8 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.9 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.10 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.12 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.13 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.14 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.15 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.16 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.17 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.18 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.19 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.20 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.21 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.22 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.23 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.24 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.25 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.26 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.27 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.28 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Unnumbered Figure 22.1 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Unnumbered Figure 22.2 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 23.3 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.4 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.5 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.6 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.7 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.8 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.10 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.12 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.13 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.14 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.15 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.16 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.17 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.18 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.20 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.21 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.22 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.23 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.25 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.26 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.27 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Unnumbered Figure A.1 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Unnumbered Figure A.2 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Investigating the Evidence 6 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Investigating the Evidence 7 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Investigating the Evidence 8 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Investigating the Evidence 12 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Investigating the Evidence 14 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Investigating the Evidence 15 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Investigating the Evidence 17 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Investigating the Evidence 19 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Investigating the Evidence 20 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Unnumbered Figure D.1 Extended Description (Appendix D)