Dynamics of Structures in SI Units

Höfundur: Anil K. Chopra (Útgáfa: 6)
Dynamics of Structures in SI Units

Kaup valmöguleikar

Dynamics of Structures introduces the theory of structural dynamics and its application to earthquake analysis, response, design and evaluation of structures. Expert Anil K. Chopra presents this often difficult subject as simply as possible. No prior knowledge of structural dynamics is assumed, and the presentation is detailed enough for self-study. Analytical procedures summarize key steps, making them easy for you to replicate.

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Útgefandi
Pearson International Content
ISBN
9781292468501
Print ISBN
9781292736556
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
6
Höfundar
Anil K. Chopra
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2024-12-10
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Title Page
  • Front Matter
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Resources for Instructors
  • Part I Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
  • Part I Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
  • Chapter 1 Equations of Motion, Problem Statement, and Solution Methods
  • Chapter 1 Equations of Motion, Problem Statement, and Solution Methods
  • 1.1 Simple Structures
  • 1.2 Single-Degree-of-Freedom System
  • 1.3 Force–Displacement Relation
  • 1.4 Damping Force
  • 1.5 Equation of Motion: External Force
  • 1.6 Mass–Spring–Damper System
  • 1.7 Equation of Motion: Earthquake Excitation
  • 1.8 Problem Statement and Element Forces
  • 1.9 Combining Static and Dynamic Responses
  • 1.10 Methods of Solution of the Differential Equation
  • 1.11 Study of SDF Systems: Organization
  • Appendix 1: Stiffness Coefficients for a Flexural Element
  • Problems
  • Chapter 2 Free Vibration
  • Chapter 2 Free Vibration
  • 2.1 Undamped Free Vibration
  • 2.2 Viscously Damped Free Vibration
  • 2.3 Energy in Free Vibration
  • 2.4 Coulomb-Damped Free Vibration
  • Problems
  • Chapter 3 Response to Harmonic and Periodic Excitations
  • Chapter 3 Response to Harmonic and Periodic Excitations
  • Part A: Viscously Damped Systems: Basic Results
  • 3.1 Harmonic Vibration of Undamped Systems
  • 3.2 Harmonic Vibration with Viscous Damping
  • Part B: Viscously Damped Systems: Applications
  • 3.3 Response to Vibration Generator
  • 3.4 Natural Frequency and Damping from Harmonic Tests
  • 3.5 Force Transmission and Vibration Isolation
  • 3.6 Response to Ground Motion and Vibration Isolation
  • 3.7 Vibration-Measuring Instruments
  • 3.8 Energy Dissipated in Viscous Damping
  • 3.9 Equivalent Viscous Damping
  • Part C: Systems with Nonviscous Damping
  • 3.10 Harmonic Vibration with Rate-Independent Damping
  • 3.11 Harmonic Vibration with Coulomb Friction
  • Part D: Response to Periodic Excitation
  • 3.12 Fourier Series Representation
  • 3.13 Response to Periodic Force
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix 3: Four-Way Logarithmic Graph Paper
  • Problems
  • Chapter 4 Response to Arbitrary, Step, and Pulse Excitations
  • Chapter 4 Response to Arbitrary, Step, and Pulse Excitations
  • Part A: Response to Arbitrarily Time-Varying Forces
  • 4.1 Response to Unit Impulse
  • 4.2 Response to Arbitrary Force
  • Part B: Response to Step and Ramp Forces
  • 4.3 Step Force
  • 4.4 Ramp or Linearly Increasing Force
  • 4.5 Step Force with Finite Rise Time
  • Part C: Response to Pulse Excitations
  • 4.6 Solution Methods
  • 4.7 Rectangular Pulse Force
  • 4.8 Half-Cycle Sine Pulse Force
  • 4.9 Symmetrical Triangular Pulse Force
  • 4.10 Effects of Pulse Shape and Approximate Analysis for Short Pulses
  • 4.11 Effects of Viscous Damping
  • 4.12 Response to Ground Motion
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 5 Numerical Evaluation of Dynamic Response
  • Chapter 5 Numerical Evaluation of Dynamic Response
  • 5.1 Time-Stepping Methods
  • 5.2 Methods Based on Interpolation of Excitation
  • 5.3 Central Difference Method
  • 5.4 Newmark’s Method
  • 5.5 Stability and Computational Error
  • 5.6 Nonlinear Systems: Central Difference Method
  • 5.7 Nonlinear Systems: Newmark’s Method
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 6 Earthquake Response of Linear Systems
  • Chapter 6 Earthquake Response of Linear Systems
  • 6.1 Earthquake Excitation
  • 6.2 Equation of Motion
  • 6.3 Response Quantities
  • 6.4 Response History
  • 6.5 Response Spectrum Concept
  • 6.6 Deformation, Pseudo-Velocity, and Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectra
  • 6.7 Peak Structural Response from the Response Spectrum
  • 6.8 Response Spectrum Characteristics
  • 6.9 Elastic Design Spectrum: Classical Method
  • 6.10 Elastic Design Spectrum: Modern Methods
  • 6.11 Velocity and Acceleration Response Spectra
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix 6: El Centro, 1940 Ground Motion
  • Problems
  • Chapter 7 Earthquake Response of Inelastic Systems
  • Chapter 7 Earthquake Response of Inelastic Systems
  • 7.1 Force–Deformation Relations
  • 7.2 Normalized Yield Strength, Yield-Strength Reduction Factor, and Ductility Factor
  • 7.3 Equation of Motion and Controlling Parameters
  • 7.4 Effects of Yielding
  • 7.5 Response Spectrum for Yield Deformation and Yield Strength
  • 7.6 Yield Strength and Deformation from the Response Spectrum
  • 7.7 Yield Strength–Ductility Relation
  • 7.8 Relative Effects of Yielding and Damping
  • 7.9 Dissipated Energy
  • 7.10 Supplemental Energy Dissipation Devices
  • 7.11 Inelastic Design Spectrum
  • 7.12 Applications of the Design Spectrum
  • 7.13 Gravity Load Effects and Collapse
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 8 Generalized Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
  • Chapter 8 Generalized Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
  • 8.1 Generalized SDF Systems
  • 8.2 Rigid-Body Assemblages
  • 8.3 Systems with Distributed Mass and Elasticity
  • 8.4 Lumped-Mass System: Shear Building
  • 8.5 Natural Vibration Frequency by Rayleigh’s Method
  • 8.6 Selection of Shape Function
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix 8: Inertia Forces for Rigid Bodies
  • Problems
  • Part II Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
  • Part II Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
  • Chapter 9 Equations of Motion, Problem Statement, and Solution Methods
  • Chapter 9 Equations of Motion, Problem Statement, and Solution Methods
  • 9.1 Simple System: Two-Story Shear Building
  • 9.2 General Approach for Linear Systems
  • 9.3 Static Condensation
  • 9.4 Planar or Symmetric-Plan Systems: Ground Motion
  • 9.5 One-Story Unsymmetric-Plan Buildings
  • 9.6 Multistory Unsymmetric-Plan Buildings
  • 9.7 Multiple Support Excitation
  • 9.8 Inelastic Systems
  • 9.9 Problem Statement
  • 9.10 Element Forces
  • 9.11 Methods for Solving the Equations of Motion: Overview
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 10 Free Vibration
  • Chapter 10 Free Vibration
  • Part A: Natural Vibration Frequencies and Modes
  • 10.1 Systems Without Damping
  • 10.2 Natural Vibration Frequencies and Modes
  • 10.3 Modal and Spectral Matrices
  • 10.4 Orthogonality of Modes
  • 10.5 Interpretation of Modal Orthogonality
  • 10.6 Normalization of Modes
  • 10.7 Modal Expansion of Displacements
  • Part B: Free Vibration Response
  • 10.8 Solution of Free Vibration Equations: Undamped Systems
  • 10.9 Systems with Damping
  • 10.10 Solution of Free Vibration Equations: Classically Damped Systems
  • Part C: Computation of Vibration Properties
  • 10.11 Solution Methods for the Eigenvalue Problem
  • 10.12 Rayleigh’s Quotient
  • 10.13 Inverse Vector Iteration Method
  • 10.14 Vector Iteration with Shifts: Preferred Procedure
  • 10.15 Transformation of kϕ=ω2mϕ to the Standard Form
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 11 Damping in Structures
  • Chapter 11 Damping in Structures
  • Part A: Experimental Data and Recommended Modal Damping Ratios
  • 11.1 Vibration Properties of Millikan Library Building
  • 11.2 Estimating Modal Damping Ratios
  • Part B: Construction of Damping Matrix
  • 11.3 Damping Matrix
  • 11.4 Classical Damping Matrix
  • 11.5 Nonclassical Damping Matrix
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 12 Dynamic Analysis and Response of Linear Systems
  • Chapter 12 Dynamic Analysis and Response of Linear Systems
  • Part A: Two-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
  • 12.1 Analysis of Two-DOF Systems Without Damping
  • 12.2 Vibration Absorber or Tuned Mass Damper
  • Part B: Modal Analysis
  • 12.3 Modal Equations for Undamped Systems
  • 12.4 Modal Equations for Damped Systems
  • 12.5 Displacement Response
  • 12.6 Element Forces
  • 12.7 Modal Analysis: Summary
  • Part C: Modal Response Contributions
  • 12.8 Modal Expansion of Excitation Vector p(t)=sp(t)
  • 12.9 Modal Analysis for P(t)=sp(t)
  • 12.10 Modal Contribution Factors
  • 12.11 Modal Responses and Required Number of Modes
  • Part D: Special Analysis Procedures
  • 12.12 Static Correction Method
  • 12.13 Mode Acceleration Superposition Method
  • 12.14 Mode Acceleration Superposition Method: Arbitrary Excitation
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 13 Earthquake Analysis of Linear Systems
  • Chapter 13 Earthquake Analysis of Linear Systems
  • Part A: Response History Analysis
  • 13.1 Modal Analysis
  • 13.2 Multistory Buildings with Symmetric Plan
  • 13.3 Multistory Buildings with Unsymmetric Plan
  • 13.4 Torsional Response of Symmetric-Plan Buildings
  • 13.5 Response Analysis for Multiple Support Excitation
  • 13.6 Structural Idealization and Earthquake Response
  • Part B: Response Spectrum Analysis
  • 13.7 Peak Response from Earthquake Response Spectrum
  • 13.8 Multistory Buildings with Symmetric Plan
  • 13.9 Multistory Buildings with Unsymmetric Plan
  • 13.10 A Response-Spectrum-Based Envelope for Simultaneous Responses
  • 13.11 A Response-Spectrum-Based Estimation of Principal Stresses
  • 13.12 Peak Response to Multicomponent Ground Motion
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 14 Analysis of Nonclassically Damped Linear Systems
  • Chapter 14 Analysis of Nonclassically Damped Linear Systems
  • Part A: Classically Damped Systems: Reformulation
  • 14.1 Natural Vibration Frequencies and Modes
  • 14.2 Free Vibration
  • 14.3 Unit Impulse Response
  • 14.4 Earthquake Response
  • Part B: Nonclassically Damped Systems
  • 14.5 Natural Vibration Frequencies and Modes
  • 14.6 Orthogonality of Modes
  • 14.7 Free Vibration
  • 14.8 Unit Impulse Response
  • 14.9 Earthquake Response
  • 14.10 Systems with Real-Valued Eigenvalues
  • 14.11 Response Spectrum Analysis
  • 14.12 Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix 14: Derivations
  • Problems
  • Chapter 15 Reduction of Degrees of Freedom
  • Chapter 15 Reduction of Degrees of Freedom
  • 15.1 Kinematic Constraints
  • 15.2 Mass Lumping in Selected DOFs
  • 15.3 Rayleigh–Ritz Method
  • 15.4 Selection of Ritz Vectors
  • 15.5 Dynamic Analysis Using Ritz Vectors
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 16 Numerical Evaluation of Dynamic Response
  • Chapter 16 Numerical Evaluation of Dynamic Response
  • 16.1 Time-Stepping Methods
  • 16.2 Linear Systems with Nonclassical Damping
  • 16.3 Nonlinear Systems
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 17 Systems with Distributed Mass and Elasticity
  • Chapter 17 Systems with Distributed Mass and Elasticity
  • 17.1 Equation of Undamped Motion: Applied Forces
  • 17.2 Equation of Undamped Motion: Support Excitation
  • 17.3 Natural Vibration Frequencies and Modes
  • 17.4 Modal Orthogonality
  • 17.5 Modal Analysis of Forced Dynamic Response
  • 17.6 Earthquake Response History Analysis
  • 17.7 Earthquake Response Spectrum Analysis
  • 17.8 Difficulty in Analyzing Practical Systems
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Chapter 18 Introduction to the Finite Element Method
  • Chapter 18 Introduction to the Finite Element Method
  • Part A: Rayleigh–Ritz Method
  • 18.1 Formulation Using Conservation of Energy
  • 18.2 Formulation Using Virtual Work
  • 18.3 Disadvantages of Rayleigh–Ritz Method
  • Part B: Finite Element Method
  • 18.4 Finite Element Approximation
  • 18.5 Analysis Procedure
  • 18.6 Element Degrees of Freedom and Interpolation Functions
  • 18.7 Element Stiffness Matrix
  • 18.8 Element Mass Matrix
  • 18.9 Element Geometric Stiffness Matrix
  • 18.10 Element (Applied) Force Vector
  • 18.11 Comparison of Finite Element and Exact Solutions
  • 18.12 Dynamic Analysis of Structural Continua
  • Further Reading
  • Problems
  • Part III Earthquake Response, Design, and Evaluation of Multistory Buildings
  • Part III Earthquake Response, Design, and Evaluation of Multistory Buildings
  • Chapter 19 Earthquake Response of Linearly Elastic Buildings
  • Chapter 19 Earthquake Response of Linearly Elastic Buildings
  • 19.1 Systems Analyzed, Design Spectrum, and Response Quantities
  • 19.2 Influence of T1 and ρ on Response
  • 19.3 Modal Contribution Factors
  • 19.4 Influence of T1 on Higher-Mode Response
  • 19.5 Influence of ρ on Higher-Mode Response
  • 19.6 Heightwise Variation of Higher-Mode Response
  • 19.7 How Many Modes to Include
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 20 Earthquake Analysis and Response of Inelastic Buildings
  • Chapter 20 Earthquake Analysis and Response of Inelastic Buildings
  • Part A: Nonlinear Response History Analysis
  • 20.1 Equations of Motion: Formulation and Solution
  • 20.2 Computing Seismic Demands: Factors To Be Considered
  • 20.3 Story Drift Demands
  • 20.4 Strength Demands for SDF and MDF Systems
  • Part B: Structural Modeling
  • 20.5 Overall System
  • 20.6 Structural Elements
  • 20.7 Viscous Damping
  • Part C: Ground Motion Selection and Modification
  • 20.8 Target Spectrum
  • 20.9 Ground Motion Selection and Amplitude Scaling
  • 20.10 Ground Motion Selection to Match Target Spectrum Mean and Variance
  • 20.11 Influence of GM Selection and Amplitude Scaling on Seismic Demands
  • 20.12 Ground Motion Selection and Spectral Matching
  • 20.13 Influence of GM Selection and Spectral Matching on Seismic Demands
  • 20.14 Amplitude Scaling versus Spectral Matching of Ground Motions
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 21 Earthquake Dynamics of Base-Isolated Buildings
  • Chapter 21 Earthquake Dynamics of Base-Isolated Buildings
  • 21.1 Isolation Systems
  • 21.2 Base-Isolated One-Story Buildings
  • 21.3 Effectiveness of Base Isolation
  • 21.4 Base-Isolated Multistory Buildings
  • 21.5 Applications of Base Isolation
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 22 Earthquake Dynamics of Building–Soil Interaction
  • Chapter 22 Earthquake Dynamics of Building–Soil Interaction
  • 22.1 Simple Interacting System, Excitation, and Degrees of Freedom
  • 22.2 Equations of Motion
  • 22.3 Foundation on Viscoelastic Halfspace
  • 22.4 Analysis of Simple Interacting Systems
  • 22.5 Effective Motion of Foundation
  • 22.6 Effects of Soil–Structure Interaction
  • 22.7 Equivalent SDF System
  • 22.8 Multistory Buildings
  • 22.9 Limited Scope of Presentation
  • 22.10 Soil–Structure Interaction in Building Codes
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 23 Structural Dynamics in Building Codes
  • Chapter 23 Structural Dynamics in Building Codes
  • Part A: Building Codes and Structural Dynamics
  • 23.1 International Building Code (United States), 2021
  • 23.2 National Building Code of Canada, 2020
  • 23.3 México City Code, 2018
  • 23.4 Eurocode 8, 2004
  • 23.5 Structural Dynamics in Building Codes
  • Part B: Evaluation of Building Codes
  • 23.6 Base Shear
  • 23.7 Equivalent Static Forces
  • 23.8 Overturning Moments
  • 23.9 Concluding Remarks
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 24 Structural Dynamics in Building Evaluation Guidelines
  • Chapter 24 Structural Dynamics in Building Evaluation Guidelines
  • 24.1 Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure: Current Practice
  • 24.2 SDF-System Estimate of Roof Displacement
  • 24.3 Estimating Deformation of Inelastic SDF Systems
  • 24.4 Nonlinear Static Procedures
  • 24.5 Concluding Remarks
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix A Frequency-Domain Method of Response Analysis
  • A Frequency-Domain Method of Response Analysis
  • A.1 Complex Frequency-Response Function
  • A.2 Response to Periodic Excitation
  • A.3 Response to Arbitrary Excitation
  • A.4 Relationship between Complex Frequency Response and Unit Impulse Response
  • A.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Methods
  • A.6 Possible Errors in Classical DFT Solution
  • A.7 Improved DFT Solution
  • A.8 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix B Notation
  • Appendix B Notation
  • Part I: Chapters 1–8
  • Part II: Chapters 9–18
  • Part III: Chapters 19–24
  • Appendix A
  • Appendix C Answers to Selected Problems
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 1
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 2
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 3
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 4
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 5
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 6
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 7
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 8
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 9
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 10
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 11
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 12
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 13
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 14
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 15
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 16
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 17
  • Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 18