Cultural Tourism

Höfundar: Hilary du Cros; Bob McKercher; Chin Ee Ong (Útgáfa: 4)
Cultural Tourism

Kaup valmöguleikar

Cultural Tourism remains the only book to bridge the gap between cultural tourism and arts/heritage management. Previous editions explored how heritage and tourism goals can be integrated in a management and marketing framework to produce sustainable cultural tourism. The current edition takes this further to examine cultural tourism as it encounters the shocks and disruptions of the 21st century.

An umbrella approach to cultural tourism represents a unique feature of the book, proposing solutions to achieve an optimal outcome for all sectors. In doing so, it provides a blueprint for producing top quality, long-term cultural tourism products and experiences. This new edition has been completely revised and updated to reflect the important developments in the field with new sections on: Increasingly relevant topics including climate change, the threat of de-globalization, under- and overtourism and national mythmaking.

Experience creation, strategic visitor management, resilience building and Indigenous rights-based tourism development. Ethical and satisfactory cultural tourism experience in an age of rapidly developing technology. Written by experts in both tourism and cultural heritage management, this book will enable professionals and students to gain a better understanding of their own and each other's roles in achieving exceptional cultural tourism practices.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Taylor & Francis
ISBN
9781040681428
Print ISBN
9781032978055
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
4
Höfundar
Hilary du Cros; Bob McKercher; Chin Ee Ong
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2026-04-13
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Half Title page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Plates
  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Acknowledgements
  • Abbreviations
  • Part A Setting the context
  • 1 Introduction: Defining cultural tourism
  • What is cultural tourism?
  • Cultural tourism: An umbrella term that defines a product category
  • An umbrella product class
  • References
  • 2 Challenges in building resilient cultural tourism
  • Introduction
  • The challenge of building resilience in a post-COVID world
  • The challenge for cultural tourism of an emerging climate crisis
  • Parallel evolution of tourism and cultural management
  • Collaborators or competitors?
  • Relationships between tourism and cultural management
  • Full cooperation
  • Working relationships
  • Peaceful co-existence
  • Mild annoyance
  • Nascent conflict
  • Full conflict
  • The consequences
  • References
  • 3 Issues, benefits, risks and costs
  • Introduction
  • Community
  • Cultural tourism and enhanced quality of life
  • Economic benefits
  • Conservation and adaptive reuse
  • Community well-being and provision of leisure and recreation facilities
  • Costs associated with cultural tourism
  • Over-use
  • Overtourism
  • Under-use
  • Misuse
  • Cultural commodification, loss of authenticity and diversity
  • Impacts from the glocal nature of tourism
  • Short-term goals / flawed or absent planning process
  • Optimizing benefits and minimizing impacts?
  • References
  • 4 The politics of cultural tourism: Power, identity and the shaping of cultural tourism
  • Introduction
  • Promotion, national identities and national mythmaking
  • Promoting nations: Tourism, identity and mythmaking
  • State-led revitalization through culture: Economic imperatives and cultural commodification
  • Gender politics and cultural tourism
  • Class politics and cultural tourism
  • Inclusive and culturally centric strategic public planning approaches
  • What does culturally centric mean and why is this important?
  • Good policy making for strategic and resilient public tourism planning
  • Navigating the crossroads of culture, politics and tourism
  • References
  • Part B Cultural assets
  • 5 Cultural heritage management principles and practice
  • Introduction
  • Cultural asset sub-categories and definitions
  • Cultural heritage management
  • Heritage varies in scale, complexity and management challenges
  • Cultural heritage management’s evolving framework
  • Stakeholders
  • Discussion and conclusion
  • References
  • 6 Tangible cultural heritage
  • Introduction
  • Conventions, codes, charters and declarations
  • A four-stage planning process
  • Identification: Differing categories of tangible heritage
  • Assessing cultural significance: The intrinsic values of tangible heritage
  • Use should not clash with intrinsic cultural values
  • Management: Visitor accessibility and use
  • References
  • 7 World Heritage
  • Introduction
  • UNESCO World Heritage Convention
  • The nomination process
  • Supra-national organizations and the shaping of cultural tourism
  • Does tourism benefit from World Heritage inscription?
  • Rise of online resources and management tools
  • UNESCO World Heritage Cities Program
  • New approaches: VMAST, the OWHC framework and STORM
  • References
  • 8 Intangible cultural heritage
  • Introduction
  • Conventions, codes, charters and declarations
  • A three-stage approach to safeguarding intangible cultural heritage
  • Key producers, performers and bearers of intangible cultural heritage
  • Categories of intangible cultural heritage and their commodification for tourism
  • Tourism, authenticity and intangible cultural heritage
  • Developing rights-based Indigenous tourism
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 9 Contemporary culture and the advent of creative tourism
  • Creatives and arts ecologies
  • Contemporary culture and the advent of creative tourism
  • Cultural capital and healthy arts ecologies
  • Arts and souvenirs
  • Souvenirs as a reflection of local culture
  • Photography vs souvenirs
  • Creating affordable, culturally sensitive and appealing souvenirs
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Part C Tourism, the tourist and stakeholders
  • 10 How tourism works
  • Introduction
  • The nature of tourism
  • Tourism is a commercial activity
  • Tourism involves the consumption of experiences
  • Tourism is entertainment
  • Tourism is a demand-driven activity that is difficult to control
  • Attractions drive tourism
  • Attractions serve as needs satisfiers
  • Not all tourism attractions are equal
  • Cultural heritage attractions are part of tourism
  • Not all cultural assets are cultural tourist attractions
  • World Heritage (or other) designation does not mean an automatic influx of tourists
  • Factors influencing visitation levels
  • Access and proximity dictate the potential number of visitors
  • Time availability will influence the quality and depth of experience
  • Tourist behaviour
  • There is no difference between a tourist and a traveller
  • The tourist experience must be controlled, which in turn controls the actions of the tourist
  • Tourists want controlled experiences
  • The more mainstream (or mass) the market being targeted, the more quickly and easily the tourism product must be able to be consumed
  • The mass market has not fractured
  • Tourists seeking deep experiences exist but represent only a small share of the market
  • Cultural tourism
  • Not all cultural tourists are alike
  • Consumer groups must be compatible or the potential for conflict can arise
  • Products may be challenging and confronting, but cannot be intimidating or accusatory
  • People want ‘authenticity’ but not necessarily reality
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 11 The cultural tourism market: A cultural tourism typology
  • Introduction
  • Cultural tourists
  • Segmenting the cultural tourism market
  • A cultural tourist typology: Centrality of motive and depth of experience
  • The centrality dimension
  • Depth of experience
  • The typology in practice
  • Implications for cultural tourism
  • A few words of caution about numbers that appear too good to be true
  • References
  • 12 Why do cultural tourists travel?
  • Introduction
  • Approaches to motivation studies
  • Dann’s Push/Pull model
  • Travel career patterns
  • Generalist vs specialized needs
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 13 Tourism attraction systems, markers and gatekeepers
  • Introduction
  • Tourist attraction systems
  • Markers
  • Gatekeepers and knowledge brokers
  • The role of gatekeepers in conveying messages
  • The asset
  • On-site guide/interpreter
  • Friends and family
  • Commercial media
  • Tourism media including tourism social networking sites
  • Smart Tourism as a gatekeeper
  • Tourist information centres
  • Local tour operators
  • Tour escort
  • Inbound tour operator
  • Tour wholesaler
  • Retail and online travel agents
  • Effect of multiple gatekeepers on the message passed to the tourist
  • References
  • 14 How cultural tourists consume a destination
  • Introduction
  • Nature of the destination and its attractions
  • Destinations consist of three types of space
  • Attractions and experiences can be found at points, lines and areas
  • Nature of the visit
  • Time availability and valuation of time
  • Role of the destination
  • The tourist
  • Travel party composition
  • Nationality and cultural background of the visitor
  • Information availability and search patterns, technology and generative AI
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 15 Deterioration, shocks and crises in cultural tourism
  • Introduction
  • Shocks from having too much of a ‘good thing’? Overtourism and its impacts on cultural tourism
  • Physical wear and tear
  • Loss of authenticity and sense of place
  • Community displacement
  • Strategies to address overtourism
  • Natural disasters and cultural tourism
  • The 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan
  • Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans (2005)
  • The 2010 earthquake in Haiti
  • 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, New Zealand
  • 2015 Nepal earthquake
  • Climate change and its effects on cultural tourism
  • Economic and geopolitical disruptions in cultural tourism
  • The 1987 Black Friday stock market crash
  • The 1997 Asian financial crisis
  • The 2000 dot-com bubble
  • The 2008 global financial crisis
  • The COVID-19 pandemic and 2020 stock market crash
  • De-globalization and the April 2025 market plunge
  • The Vietnam War and its aftermath
  • The 2001 September 11 terrorist attacks
  • Deterioration and ‘tourism afterworlds’
  • Weaving a tapestry of resilience: A multifaceted approach to navigating shocks, crises and change
  • References
  • Part D Products and experiences
  • 16 Cultural tourism products and experiences
  • Introduction
  • Cultural assets as tourism products and experiences
  • Thinking conceptually of products
  • Products exist to satisfy consumer needs
  • A marketing approach to product development
  • Products as attractions or demand generators
  • Hierarchy of attractions
  • Cultural tourism attractions are embedded in the broader destination attraction mix
  • A product taxonomy, and matching needs to product tier
  • Interest in cultural products depends on compatibility with destination image
  • The environmental bubble and the necessity of standardizing and commodifying products
  • Co-creation, co-design, tourists and the community
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 17 Assessing potential
  • Introduction
  • Considering the wider context
  • Legislative/political context
  • Cultural/heritage assets
  • Tourism activity
  • Understanding the asset in its setting
  • Socio-historical setting
  • Physical setting
  • Access
  • Asset-specific considerations: Place and cultural spaces
  • Tangible assets
  • Intangible assets
  • Current and potential uses
  • Stakeholder and consultation issues
  • Stakeholder identification and consultation
  • Stakeholder issues
  • Involvement of stakeholders in the development of tourism products/experiences
  • People, skills and financial resources
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 18 Useful auditing tools: Market Appeal/Robusticity Matrix and Sustainable Creative Advantage Assessment
  • Introduction
  • The Market Appeal/Robusticity Matrix
  • Robusticity
  • Market appeal
  • A qualitative tool
  • Operationalization: A two-step process
  • Step 1—sequential audit
  • Step 2—integration
  • Sustainable creative advantage and arts events
  • Glocality: Orientation and support
  • Marketing: Brand, image and position
  • Conceptual uniqueness
  • Event experience
  • Running an arts event
  • The assessment process
  • Conclusion: A precursor to site, event and experience management
  • References
  • Part E Operationalization
  • 19 Framework for successful experiences
  • Introduction
  • Success factors
  • Development options
  • Building
  • Packaging and bundling
  • Clustering and precincts
  • Linear or circular tours and networks
  • Rebranding/creating a specific cultural tourism product area or network
  • Festivals and events
  • Creating memorable experiences
  • Tell a story
  • Make the asset come alive
  • Make the experience participatory and engaging
  • Focus on quality and cultural sensitivity
  • Make it relevant to the tourist
  • References
  • 20 Applying planning and management frameworks
  • Introduction
  • Planning
  • Situation analysis
  • Establishment of an overall mission or vision and goal getting
  • Creation of action plans
  • Marketing
  • Planning for greater access
  • Demarketing as a management strategy
  • Evaluation and feedback mechanisms
  • References
  • 21 Interpretation and experience creation
  • Introduction
  • What is interpretation and what are the benefits of good interpretation?
  • The ICOMOS interpretation charter (ENAME)
  • Goal of interpretation and success factors
  • Adopting good practice
  • The interpretation process
  • Tactics to create peak experiences
  • Mythologize the asset
  • Build a story around the asset
  • Emphasize its otherness
  • Show a direct link from the past to the present
  • Make it triumphant
  • Make it a spectacle
  • Make it a fantasy
  • Make it fun, light and entertaining
  • Make it unique
  • References
  • 22 Digital cultures and heritage
  • Introduction
  • Digital heritage
  • Cultural and natural digital heritage
  • Digitizing cultures and heritage
  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • 3D Modelling
  • Archaeology using satellite technology
  • Laser scanning
  • Virtual and augmented reality
  • The use of AI in cultural heritage management and cultural tourism
  • Enhancing preservation, restoration and conservation
  • Digital reconstruction and archaeological discovery
  • Ethical considerations and responsible use of AI
  • AI-driven archives and documentation
  • Citizen science and community engagement
  • Transforming museums and cultural institutions
  • Promises and challenges
  • Challenges in digital heritage projects
  • Virtual heritage
  • Digital heritage stewardship
  • Digital heritage studies
  • Leveraging digital heritage for sustainable cultural tourism
  • References
  • Epilogue
  • Improvements needed
  • Challenges still remain
  • General observations
  • Potential areas for research
  • Glossary
  • Index